Simulated Water Levels Research Articles

A Support Vector Machine Forecasting Model for Typhoon Flood Inundation Mapping and Early Flood Warning Systems

Accurate real-time forecasts of inundation depth and extent during typhoon flooding are crucial to disaster emergency response. To manage disaster risk, the development of a flood inundation forecasting model has been recognized as essential. In this paper, a forecasting model by integrating a hydrodynamic model, k-means clustering algorithm and support vector machines (SVM) is proposed. The task of this study is divided into four parts. First, the SOBEK model is used in simulating inundation hydrodynamics. Second, the k-means clustering algorithm classifies flood inundation data and identifies the dominant clusters of flood gauging stations. Third, SVM yields water level forecasts with 1–3 h lead time. Finally, a spatial expansion module produces flood inundation maps, based on forecasted information from flood gauging stations and consideration of flood causative factors. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed forecasting model, we present an application to the Yilan River basin, Taiwan. The forecasting results indicate that the simulated water level forecasts from the point forecasting module are in good agreement with the observed data, and the proposed model yields the accurate flood inundation maps for 1–3 h lead time. These results indicate that the proposed model accurately forecasts not only flood inundation depth but also inundation extent. This flood inundation forecasting model is expected to be useful in providing early flood warning information for disaster emergency response.

Two Models Solutions for the Douro Estuary: Flood Risk Assessment and Breakwater Effects

Estuarine floods are one of the most harmful and complex extreme events occurring in coastal environments. To predict the associated effects, characterize areas of risk, and promote population safety, numerical modeling is essential. This work performs a comparison and a combination of two 2-dimensional depth-averaged estuarine models (based on openTELEMAC-MASCARET and Delft3D hydrodynamic software packages), to develop a two-model ensemble approach that will improve forecast robustness when compared to a one-model approach. The ensemble was applied to one of the main Portuguese estuaries, the Douro river estuary, to predict the expected water levels associated with extreme river discharges in the present-day configuration with the new breakwaters. This is a region that is periodically under heavy flooding, which entails economic losses and damage to protected landscape areas and hydraulic structures. Both models accurately simulated water levels and currents for tidal- and flood-dominated validation simulations, with correlation values close to 1, RMSE below 15%, and small Bias and Skill coefficient close to 1. The two-model ensemble results revealed that the present-day estuarine mouth configuration will produce harsher effects for the riverine populations in case identical historical river floods take place. This is mainly due to the increase in the area and volume of the estuary’s sand spit related to the construction of the new breakwaters.

Flow Routing and Surface Water Balance Simulation of a Tank Cascaded Catchment Using Coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 Modeling

Hydrology of a tank cascaded basin in semiarid region is unique and different from a plain terrain hydrology as it consists of intervening surface storage structures called tanks. The incorporation of physical processes of irrigation tank cascaded system in hydrological modeling is essential for accurate estimation and simulation of its water balance components. The earlier studies of rainfall–runoff modeling in such catchments and the effects and processes of these tanks were lumped while modeling as it requires extensive data. Routing through the streams without considering the intervening tank storages will not give accurate estimation of surface water resource potential. Hence, an attempt has been made in this study to characterize the physical processes and to simulate the flow routing through an irrigation tank cascaded system with the application of coupled MIKE SHE and MIKE 11, a fully integrated physically based deterministic and distributed model. With the help of primary and secondary data, the model has been set up by coupling MIKE SHE and MIKE 11 model and the dynamics of water movement has been simulated. The model simulation results have been evaluated through calibration and validation of simulated tank yield with that of observed values. Water level at three tank outlets located at the upper, middle and tail reach of the tank cascaded catchment was used to study the model performance evaluation. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients obtained are 0.91, 0.94 and 0.92 for three tank water levels showing satisfactory goodness of fit between the observed and simulated water levels. The statistical parameters obtained from the validation process, such as error matrix, correlation coefficient and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient values, indicate good simulation and prediction capability of the developed coupled model that incorporates a methodology which takes into account all the physical processes of the tank cascaded system.

Flood Routing Model with Particle Filter-Based Data Assimilation for Flash Flood Forecasting in the Micro-Model of Lower Yellow River, China

Reliable real-time flood forecasting is a challenging prerequisite for successful flood protection. This study developed a flood routing model combined with a particle filter-based assimilation model and a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model. This model was applied to an indoor micro-model, using the Lower Yellow River (LYR) as prototype. Real-time observations of the water level from the micro-model were used for data assimilation. The results show that, compared to the traditional hydrodynamic model, the assimilation model could effectively update water level, flow discharge, and roughness coefficient in real time, thus yielding improved results. The mean water levels of the particle posterior distribution are closer to the observed values than before assimilation, even when water levels change greatly. In addition, the calculation results for different lead times indicate that the root mean square error of the forecasting water level gradually increases with increasing lead time. This is because the roughness value changes greatly in response to unsteady water flow, and the incurring error accumulates with the predicted period. The results show that the assimilation model can simulate water level changes in the micro-model and provide both research method and technical support for real flood forecasting in the LYR.

Hydrodynamic and water quality modeling of a large floodplain lake (Poyang Lake) in China.

Floodplain lakes are valuable to humans because of their various functions and are characterized by dramatic hydrological condition variations. In this study, a two-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied in a large floodplain lake (i.e., Poyang Lake), to investigate spatial and temporal water quality variations. The model was established based on detailed data such as lake terrain, hydrological, and water quality. Observed lake water level and discharge and water quality parameters (TN, TP, CODMn, and NH4-N) were used to assess model performance. The hydrodynamic model results showed satisfactory results with R2 and MRE values ranging between 0.96 and 0.99 and between 2.45 and 6.14%, respectively, for lake water level simulations. The water quality model basically captured the temporal variations in water quality parameters with R2 of TN, TP, CODMn, and NH4-N simulation ranges of 0.56-0.91, 0.44-0.66, 0.64-0.67, and 0.44-0.57, respectively, with TP of Xingzi Station and CODMn of Duchang Station excluded, which may be further optimized with supplementation of sewage and industrial discharge data. The modeled average TN, TP, CODMn, and NH4-N concentrations across the lake were 1.36, 0.05, 1.99, and 0.48mg/L, respectively. The modeled spatial variations of the lake showed that the main channel of the lake acted as a main pollutant passageway, and the east part of the lake suffered high level of pollution. In addition, consistent with previous water quality evaluations based on field investigations, water quality was the highest (average TN = 1.35mg/L) during high water level periods and the poorest (average TN = 1.96mg/L) during low water level periods. Scenario analysis showed that by decreasing discharge of upstream flow by 20% could result in the increase of TN and TP concentrations by 25.6% and 23.2% respectively. In summary, the model successfully reproduced the complex water and pollutant exchange processes in the systems involving upstream rivers, the Poyang Lake, and the Yangtze River. The model is beneficial for future modeling of the impact of different load reduction and other hydrological regime changes on water quality variation and provides a relevant example for floodplain lake management.

Comparison of Flow over Broad Crested Weir in Laboratory and by a Numerical Method

The main purpose of this study is to test the ability of competition fluid dynamic (CFD) model which (FLUENT) program to simulate the flow over broad crested weir with lower cost and lesser time. This purpose is done by operating an experimental model in the laboratory and then validating this model in the GAMBIT program and FLUENT (ANSYS R 15.0), by comparing the results. The FLUENT can solve Navier- Stokes equations of the flow numerically, the volume of fluid method (VOF) and Standard k– ε turbulence equation is depended to simulate water level. Generally, it can be established that the experimental results of flow have a good agreement with the numerical results. The percentage of error (RE %) between numerical and experimental discharge is 2.94%, while the maximum RE % for water level is 6.25%. The numerical results of flow over broad crested weir showed in counter and vector results, and the streamlines of flow was clear than that of the experimental model. Finally, the FLUENT proved that can it be relied upon in future by designing weirs without needing to work experimentally.

Impact Assessment of a Major River Basin in Bangladesh on Storm Surge Simulation

A two-dimensional bay and river coupled numerical model in Cartesian coordinates was developed to find the impact of the river on the simulated water levels associated with a storm along the coast of Bangladesh. The shallow water models developed for both the bay and river were discretized by the finite difference method with forward in time and central in space. The boundaries for the coast and islands were approximated through proper stair steps representation and solved by a conditionally stable semi-implicit manner on a staggered Arakawa C-grid. A one-way nested scheme technique was used in the bay model to include coastal complexities as well as to save computational costs. A stable tidal condition was made by forcing the sea levels with the most energetic tidal constituent, M2, along with the southern open boundary of the bay model omitting wind stress. The developed model was then applied to foresee the sea-surface elevation associated with the catastrophic cyclone of 1991 and cyclone MORA. A comparative study of the water levels associated with a storm was made through model simulations with and without the inclusion of the river system. We found that the surge height in the bay-river junction area decreased by 20% and the surge height reduced by about 3–8% outside the junction area from this study. The obtained results were found to have a satisfactory similarity with some of the observed data.

Multi-hydro hydrological modelling of a complex peri-urban catchment with storage basins comparing C-band and X-band radar rainfall data

ABSTRACTThe spread of impervious surfaces in urban areas combined with the rise in the intensity of rainfall events as a result of climate change has led to dangerous increases in storm water flows. This paper discusses a new implementation of the fully distributed hydrological model Multi-Hydro (developed at École des Ponts ParisTech), when operating storage basins, and its ability to deal with high-resolution radar rainfall data. The peri-urban area of Massy (south of Paris, France) was selected as a case study for having six of these drainage facilities, used extensively in flood control. Two radar rainfall datasets with different spatiotemporal resolutions were used: Météo-France’s PANTHER rainfall product (C-band) and ENPC’s X-band DPSRI. The rainfall spatiotemporal variability was analysed statistically using Universal Multifractals (UM). Finally, to validate the application, the water level simulations were compared with local measurements in the Cora storage basin located next to the catchment’s single outlet.

A first integrated modelling of a river-lagoon large-scale hydrological system for forecasting purposes

Hydrological-hydrodynamic modelling of basins, rivers and large bodies of water, such as lakes and lagoons, is usually performed by external coupling of hydrological-hydraulic models and 2D or 3D hydrodynamic models. Therefore, the river discharges into the lake are calculated by using the hydrologic model. The data is used then as an input to the hydrodynamic model. This approach allows for a detailed simulation of lake or lagoon hydrodynamics and circulation. However, when the objective is solely to simulate water levels and flooded areas, this approach may become too costly, making it difficult to establish operational systems such as those for flood forecasting. Therefore, in the present study, we propose a first integrated approach using one single hydrologic-hydraulic model, the MGB-IPH model, to simulate complex systems such as wind shear influence. This model was applied to simulate the Patos Lagoon (PL) basin located in Brazil and Uruguay countries. Results showed that it was possible to use the single model to simulate hydrographs, flooded areas and water levels in the PL basin. Results of performance indicators in the lakes and lagoons were within the range of results available in the literature. Improvements of model performance metrics were verified with the inclusion of wind effect in the flow routing algorithm, thus encouraging the use of the proposed model for the establishment of flood forecasting systems or for the simulation of other similar hydrological systems.

Identification of extreme storm surges with high-impact potential along the German North Sea coastline

Planning and design of coastal protection rely on information about the probabilities of very severe storm tides and the possible changes that may occur in the course of climate change. So far, this information is mostly provided in the form of high percentiles obtained from frequency distributions or return values. More detailed information and assessments of events that may cause extreme damages or have extreme consequences at the coast are so far still unavailable. We describe and compare two different approaches that may be used to identify highly unlikely but still physically possible and plausible events from model simulations. Firstly, in the case when consistent wind and tide-surge data are available, different metrics such as the height of the storm surge can be derived directly from the simulated water levels. Secondly, in cases where only atmospheric data are available, the so called effective wind may be used. The latter is the projection of the horizontal wind vector on that direction which is most effective in producing surges at the coast. Comparison of events identified by both methods show that they can identify extreme events but that knowledge of the effective wind alone does not provide sufficient information to identify the highest storm surges. Tracks of the low-pressure systems over the North Sea need to be investigated to find those cases, where the duration of the high wind is too short to induce extreme storm tides. On the other hand, factors such as external surges or variability in mean sea level may enhance surge heights and are not accounted for in estimates based on effective winds only. Results from the analysis of an extended data set suggest that unprecedented storm surges at the German North Sea coast are possible even without taking effects from rising mean sea level into account. The work presented is part of the ongoing project “Extreme North Sea Storm Surges and Their Consequences” (EXTREMENESS) and represents the first step towards an impact assessment for very severe storm surges which will serve as a basis for development of adaptation options and evaluation criteria.

The Influence of Wind on Hydrodynamic Processes in Robbins Passage, Tasmania, Australia

Nguyen, Q.C.; Ian, D.G.; Mortlock R.T., and Gallop L.S., 2018. The influence of wind on hydrodynamic processes in Robbins Passage, Tasmania, Australia. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 141–145. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Understanding the hydrodynamic conditions in tidal inlets is vital for sustainable coastal management and structural design such as of harbours, sluices and dykes. The development and evolution of tidal inlets is due mainly to the interaction between tidal currents, longshore currents, waves and river flow with sediment transport. In addition, wind also plays an important role by generating local wind-waves that control the near-surface and also by its influence on water circulation. Robbins Passage is located off the far northwest of Tasmania, Australia. Robbins Passage is sheltered from swell, wave actions and uniquely oriented east-west, thus making it open to opposing wind directions and synoptic climate patterns. This study investigates the effect of wind on the hydrodynamic processes operating in Robbins Passage tidal inlet, using a two-dimensional flow model (MIKE21 HD) with high-resolution LiDAR-derived bathymetry. The simulated water levels were compared to water level observations at the eastern and western entrances of the inlet. Results from the calibrated model indicated that the model reproduces hydrodynamic conditions reasonably well (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 0.09 at Kangaroo and R2 = 0.84, RMSE = 0.12 at Howie station). Results suggested that water level variations depend largely on wind direction. A shift in the predominant wind direction from Easterly to Westerly can change the tidal inlet regime from flood-dominated to ebb-dominated. Model results also indicate that a westerly wind stress can accelerate the ebb current and decrease water levels inside the inlet by up to 20% compared to easterly wind forcing, independent of tide. This may have implications for the hydrodynamic response of tidal inlets to changes in regional wind patterns predicted for the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude tidal inlets.

Non-stationary Modeling of Trends in Extreme Water Level Changes Along the Baltic Sea Coast

ABSTRACT Kudryavtseva, N.; Pindsoo, K., and Soomere, T., 2018. Application of Non-stationary Extreme Value Modeling to Account for Trends in Extreme Water Level Changes Along the Baltic Sea Coast. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 586–590. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The classic approach to extreme water levels and their return periods relies on the choice of a convenient extreme value distribution and the subsequent evaluation of its parameters. However, there is increasing evidence that these parameters vary with time owing to climate change. A novel non-stationary modeling of parameters of a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is implemented based on the block maximum approach, looking for linear trends in the location parameter of the GEV distribution. The analysis is performed for simulated NEMO-Nordic water level data ...

A Multiple-Iterated Dual Control Model for Groundwater Exploitation and Water Level Based on the Optimal Allocation Model of Water Resources

In order to mitigate environmental and ecological impacts resulting from groundwater overexploitation, we developed a multiple-iterated dual control model consisting of four modules for groundwater exploitation and water level. First, a water resources allocation model integrating calculation module of groundwater allowable withdrawal was built to predict future groundwater recharge and discharge. Then, the results were input into groundwater numerical model to simulate water levels. Groundwater exploitation was continuously optimized using the critical groundwater level as the feedback, and a groundwater multiple-iterated technique was applied to the feedback process. The proposed model was successfully applied to a typical region in Shenyang in northeast China. Results showed the groundwater numerical model was verified in simulating water levels, with a mean absolute error of 0.44 m, an average relative error of 1.33%, and a root-mean-square error of 0.46 m. The groundwater exploitation reduced from 290.33 million m3 to 116.76 million m3 and the average water level recovered from 34.27 m to 34.72 m in planning year. Finally, we proposed the strategies for water resources management in which the water levels should be controlled within the critical groundwater level. The developed model provides a promising approach for water resources allocation and sustainable groundwater management, especially for those regions with overexploited groundwater.

Investigation of hydraulic regime at middle part of the Loire River in context of floods and low flow events

Significant variability characterizes natural streams in space and time that describe hydraulic regime of the entire stream. In this paper, the importance of investigation and assessment of hydraulic system in the context of management of surface water resources is discussed. The objective of this study is to investigate hydraulic regime in the middle part of Loire River located in France. Loire River basin is the largest river basin in France and origin of many potential flood events. Investigation of a hydraulic regime of the Loire River is conducted using traditional hydraulic simulation model HEC-RAS. Hydraulic modeling of the river is carried out by considering two different datasets (i.e. flood and low flow events). A certain number of hydraulic structures, which have the significant effect on the hydraulic regime of the river, is considered as well. Through Froude number computation, it is noticed that middle part of the Loire River demonstrates subcritical regime. Accurate calibration and validation of the model are performed by changing Manning coefficient along the riverbed. Computation carried out for both data sets; show that there are no big differences between observed and simulated water levels, results obtained are satisfactory. Therefore, to get more accurate information about the hydraulic regime at the middle part at of Loire River, the further simulation needs to be done by considering an additional dataset of floods and low flow events.

Error correction-based forecasting of reservoir water levels: Improving accuracy over multiple lead times

Providing reliable reservoir water level forecasts is a challenge because of the accumulative errors in hydrological and reservoir routing models. We present a novel forecasting model that addresses these issues. The model consists of a hydrological model to simulate inflow, a reservoir routing model to simulate water levels, and an autoregressive model for error correction. The parameters for the hydrological model were calibrated with the objective of forecasting water levels over multiple lead times, while a back-fitting algorithm was used to recalibrate the parameters sequentially for the hydrological and autoregressive models. The results show that: (1) the forecasting performance of effective lead times can be enhanced by minimizing the difference between the forecasted and observed water levels for multiple lead times; (2) the most recent errors method is better than the one-step-ahead recursive prediction method; and (3) the back-fitting algorithm is superior to the joint inference method.

Flood Inundation Modelling in the Kuantan River Basin using 1D-2D Flood Modeller coupled with ASTER-GDEM

Topography dataset is an important input in performing flood inundation modelling. However, it is always difficult to obtain high resolution topography that provide accurate elevation information. Fortunately, there are some open source topography datasets available with reasonable resolution such as SRTM and ASTER-GDEM. In Malaysia particularly in Kuantan, the modelling research on the floodplain area is still lacking. This research aims to: a) to investigate the suitability of ASTER-GDEM to be applied in the 1D-2D flood inundation modelling for the Kuantan River Basin; b) to generate flood inundation map for Kuantan river basin. The topography dataset used in this study is ASTER-GDEM to generate physical characteristics of watershed in the basin. It is used to perform rainfall runoff modelling for hydrological studies and to delineate flood inundation area in the Flood Modeller. The results obtained have shown that a 30m resolution ASTER-GDEM is applicable as an input for the 1D-2D flood modelling. The simulated water level in 2013 has NSE of 0.644 and RSME of 1.259. As a conclusion, ASTER-GDEM can be used as one alternative topography datasets for flood inundation modelling. However, the flood level obtained from the hydraulic modelling shows low accuracy at flat urban areas.

Hydrodynamic modelling of a tidal delta wetland using an enhanced quasi-2D model

Knowledge about the hydrological regime of wetlands is key to understand their physical and biological properties. Modelling hydrological and hydrodynamic processes within a wetland is therefore becoming increasingly important. 3D models have successfully modelled wetland dynamics but depend on very detailed bathymetry and land topography. Many 1D and 2D models of river deltas highly simplify the interaction between the river and wetland area or simply neglect the wetland area. This study proposes an enhanced quasi-2D modelling strategy that captures the interaction between river discharge and moon tides and the resulting hydrodynamics, while using the scarce data available. The water flow equations are discretised with an interconnected irregular cell scheme, in which a simplification of the 1D Saint-Venant equations is used to define the water flow between cells. The spatial structure of wetlands is based on the ecogeomorphology in complex estuarine deltas. The islands within the delta are modelled with levee cells, creek cells and an interior cell representing a shallow marsh wetland. The model is calibrated for an average year and the model performance is evaluated for another average year and additionally an extreme dry three-month period and an extreme wet three-month period. The calibration and evaluation are done based on two water level measurement stations and two discharge measurement stations, all located in the main rivers. Additional calibration is carried out with field water level measurements in a wetland area. Accurate simulations are obtained for both calibration and evaluation with high correlations between observed and simulated water levels and simulated discharges in the same order of magnitude as observed discharges. Calibration against field measurements showed that the model can successfully simulate the overflow mechanism in wetland areas. A sensitivity analysis for several wetland parameters showed that these parameters are all influencing the water level fluctuation within the wetlands to varying degrees. The enhanced quasi-2D model has the potential to accurately simulate river and wetland dynamics for large wetland areas and help to understand their hydrodynamics.

DELINEATION OF FLOOD RISK ZONES AND 3D MODELING IN TERENGGANU RIVER CATCHMENT USING GIS AND SWAT

For many years, during the monsoon period the River (Sungai) Terengganu catchment in Malaysia has been flooding and causing flood risk problems to the inhabitants as well as the environment. This study uses the real-time simulation in ArcGIS 10.3 and 3D in ArcScene 10.3, and the variables obtained from the soil and water assessment tool SWAT such as the land use, soil and slope are the parameters measured to induce the flood. the application of soil water assessment tool (SWAT) has produced the demarcation or boundary called delineation of the whole Terengganu watershed. When certain portions of the Hydrologic response unit HRU; land use, soil or slope is changed due to temporal adjustment and climate change, then the model can predict zones of low, moderate and high flood risk. The 3D simulations appear to produce a visual model for decision-making, planning, management, and mitigation. The simulation helps in determining the extent of the flood by using animation in ArcScence 10.3, to visualize the simulated flood water level.

Evaluation of weather forecast systems for storm surge modeling in the Chesapeake Bay

Accurate forecast of sea-level heights in coastal areas depends, among other factors, upon a reliable coupling of a meteorological forecast system to a hydrodynamic and wave system. This study evaluates the predictive skills of the coupled circulation and wind-wave model system (ADCIRC+SWAN) for simulating storm tides in the Chesapeake Bay, forced by six different products: (1) Global Forecast System (GFS), (2) Climate Forecast System (CFS) version 2, (3) North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM), (4) Rapid Refresh (RAP), (5) European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and (6) the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2). This evaluation is based on the hindcasting of four events: Irene (2011), Sandy (2012), Joaquin (2015), and Jonas (2016). By comparing the simulated water levels to observations at 13 monitoring stations, we have found that the ADCIR+SWAN System forced by the following: (1) the HURDAT2-based system exhibited the weakest statistical skills owing to a noteworthy overprediction of the simulated wind speed; (2) the ECMWF, RAP, and NAM products captured the moment of the peak and moderately its magnitude during all storms, with a correlation coefficient ranging between 0.98 and 0.77; (3) the CFS system exhibited the worst averaged root-mean-square difference (excepting HURDAT2); (4) the GFS system (the lowest horizontal resolution product tested) resulted in a clear underprediction of the maximum water elevation. Overall, the simulations forced by NAM and ECMWF systems induced the most accurate results best accuracy to support water level forecasting in the Chesapeake Bay during both tropical and extra-tropical storms.

Modelling of dam failure-induced flows over movable beds considering turbulence effects

Waves induced due to partial dam failure in the suddenly enlarged section over a mobile bed are simulated. TVD-WAF scheme combined with HLLC scheme is deployed as a second-order approximate Riemann solver for solving shallow water equations in conjunction with Exner equation. Also, an approach for considering turbulence effects is used based on Boussinesq's turbulent viscosity hypothesis. In the present model, five different bed load movement formulations are used for comparative evaluation of bed load movement. The present model applied for modelling two laboratory tests for dam failure on mobile beds. According to the results of the evaluation, the numerical results of the Ribberink formulation and the Wong and Parker formulation are better than the results of other formulations. In general, the results indicate good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data both in the water level and bed level simulation in the selected test cases.