Simulated Performance Metrics Research Articles

Privacy preservation in wireless sensor network using energy efficient multipath routing for healthcare data

Every day, WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) based healthcare systems is witnessing improvement in providing advice to the health condition and living habits of people. Healthcare applications based on WSNs face crucial problems of security and are vulnerable to assaults. In this study, a privacy-preserving method using the multipath routing and principles of secret keys are suggested for healthcare applications based on WSNs. Multiple paths to the sink will be computed using ECSO (Enhanced Cuckoo Search Optimization). The proposed algorithm utilizes distance and also the traffic rate of paths in the form of a parameter for discovering the optimum paths utilizing ECSO. Among these chosen paths, just one ideal path is chosen based on node energy using BO (Butterfly Optimization) that helps in decreasing the energy demands of the network. Encrypted data will be sent to the sink using the selected path. It is found from the results that the secret key merged with multipath routing is helpful in achieving security of privacy in healthcare systems based on WSNs. The results of simulation performance metrics are throughput, End to End delay, PDR, Energy Consumption, encryption time.

Guidance on large scale hydrologic model calibration with isotope tracers

Standard hydrologic model evaluation and calibration approaches focus on the accurate simulation of streamflow, disregarding internal process simulations. Stable isotope tracers can provide additional information on water sources, and process flux and storage, which can be used to inform model calibration. This study assesses the added value of isotope data in comparison to current best-practice flow-only calibration methods and evaluates the merits and limitations of isotope simulation performance metrics for the purposes of hydrological model calibration. Following several years of regular isotope sampling and measurement, an isotope-enabled process-based hydrologic model was tested on a large watershed in western Canada (Athabasca River), which allowed model calibration using global sensitivity analyses, Monte Carlo simulations, and multi-objective optimizations. Isotope tracer data were found to improve both process and streamflow component identifiability and produced some minor improvement in individual parameter value identifiability. Calibrating to optimize both flow and isotope simulation performance produced better flow simulation ensembles, with improved observation capture and validation performance, relative to calibrating to optimize flow simulations alone. Using an isotope simulation performance metric which includes timing error as a secondary optimization objective led to more robust streamflow modeling, even in mesoscale watersheds with limited isotope observation datasets.

A microworld simulation of dynamic cognition as a test of executive function

ABSTRACT Introduction The lack of consensus regarding the nature or composition of executive functioning (EF) has led to a proliferation of executive tasks to assess the concept. Many do agree however that the theoretical concept of EF is a holistic one, leading us to consider whether it would be beneficial to assess EF in a more holistic manner. We explore how well a computerized simulation of dynamic cognition – that reproduces the context of real-world complex decision-making – can predict performance on nine classical neuropsychological tasks of EF. Methods A sample of 121 participants completed all tasks, and canonical correlations were used to assess the nine tasks as predictors of the three simulation performance metrics to evaluate the multivariate-shared relationship between the two variable sets: executive functions and dynamic cognition. Results Results show that a substantial amount of variance in two indices of dynamic cognition can be explained by a linear combination of three key types of neuropsychological tasks (planning, inhibition, working memory), with a larger contribution from the planning tasks. Conclusion Our findings suggest that tasks of dynamic cognition could augment traditional, separate tests of EF, offering benefits in terms of parsimony, ecological validity, sensitivity, and computerized delivery.

High-throughput multi-resolution foveated laparoscope for minimally invasive surgery.

Feasibility and clinical utility of a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) was previously tested in a porcine surgical study. The study revealed several clinical limitations of the system including moisture proofing, working distance, image quality, low light performance, color accuracy, size, and weight. In this paper, we discuss the root causes of these limitations and strategies to correct them, present the design and prototyping of a new high throughput multi resolution foveated laparoscope (HT-MRFL), and demonstrate the HT-MRFL prototype performance in comparison to the MRFL and simulated performance metrics.

Fine-Grain Reconfigurable Logic Circuits for Adaptive and Secure Computing via Work-Function Engineered Schottky Barrier FinFETs

A comprehensive simulation study has been conducted to show fine-grain reconfigurability in CMOS circuits using work-function engineering (WFE) on Schottky Barrier (SB) FinFETs for sub-10nm gate length. The study has three subsections. First, two-transistor (2T) & 4T AOI (and-or-invert)/ OAI (or-and-invert) gates with select bits that allow multiple logic functions are introduced. Secondly, the use of WFE to create ultra-compact reconfigurable logic circuits of fundamental operations (0,1,OR, AND,NAND,NOR,XOR) are explored via novel 2T, 3T and 4T gates. These circuits include one or two select bits that are capable of commanding up to four functions with two inputs. To further illustrate the potential of WFE for reconfigurable logic, novel multi-stage circuits such as compact full-adders are also modelled via TCAD simulations. Power×delay product (PDP) figures and DC gain of the proposed gates are quantified and compared against the CMOS designs with similar functionality. Finally, we also design a novel compact one-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which has seven exclusive logic operations (1, NAND, OR, XOR, NOR, Addition, Subtraction) with three select bits using only 26 SB-FinFETs, saving substantial amount of power and chip area. The trade-offs between the number of metal work-functions used in the designs, circuit complexity and simulated performance metrics are also provided. The comparative simulations between reconfigurable SB-FinFET based designs versus conventional p-n junction FinFET circuits show that WFE can lead to absolutely minimalist reconfigurable CMOS logic blocks using ×3 to ×10 less power and between ×2 and ×15 less area than static CMOS counterparts. Although they suffer greater delays (×2 to ×5), the overall PDP performance remains comparable to conventional CMOS.

SCaLAr – A surrounding spherical cap loudspeaker array for flexible generation and evaluation of virtual acoustic environments

Introduction: Surrounding spherical loudspeaker arrays facilitate the application of various spatial audio reproduction methods and can be used for a broad range of acoustic measurements and perceptual evaluations. Methods: Installed in an anechoic chamber, the design and implementation of such an array of 68 coaxial loudspeakers, sampling a spherical cap with a radius of 1.35 m on an equal-area grid, is presented. A network-based audio backbone enables low-latency signal transmission with low-noise amplifiers providing a high signal-to-noise ratio. To address batch-to-batch variations, the loudspeaker transfer functions were equalised by individually designed 512-taps finite impulse response filters. Time delays and corresponding level adjustments further helped to minimise radial mounting imperfections. Results: The equalised loudspeaker transfer functions measured under ideal conditions and when mounted, their directivity patterns, and in-situ background noise levels satisfy key criteria towards applicability. Advantages and shortcomings of the selected decoders for panning-based techniques, as well as the influence of loudspeaker positioning errors, are analysed in terms of simulated performance metrics. An evaluation of the achievable channel separation allows deriving recommendations of feasible subset layouts for loudspeaker-based binaural reproduction. Conclusion: The combination of electroacoustic properties, simulated sound field synthesis performance and measured channel separation classifies the system as suitable for its target applications.

Validation studies of virtual reality simulation performance metrics for mechanical thrombectomy in ischemic stroke

IntroductionMechanical thrombectomy (MT) has transformed the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, patient access to MT may be limited due to a shortage of doctors specifically trained to perform MT. The...

New VHP-Female v. 2.0 full-body computational phantom and its performance metrics using FEM simulator ANSYS HFSS.

Simulation of the electromagnetic response of the human body relies heavily upon efficient computational models or phantoms. The first objective of this paper is to present a new platform-independent full-body electromagnetic computational model (computational phantom), the Visible Human Project(®) (VHP)-Female v. 2.0 and to describe its distinct features. The second objective is to report phantom simulation performance metrics using the commercial FEM electromagnetic solver ANSYS HFSS.

A Comprehensive Analysis of CBCDACP in Wireless Sensor Networks

As wireless sensor networks are equipped with sensor nodes which have a limited energy and sensing capabilities, a good routing protocol must be designed to make the network energy efficient. In [1] we proposed a centralized routing protocol called Central Base Station Controlled Density Aware Clustering Protocol (CBCDACP) where the base station centrally performs the cluster formation task. In CBCDACP, an optimum set of cluster heads is selected by using a new cluster head selection algorithm focusing on both the density of the sensor nodes and the minimum distances among the cluster head and its neighbor nodes. It calculates the optimum set of cluster head by first selecting the candidate node, then calculating the minimum distance and also calculates the density and finally executing the main BS setup algorithm. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of CBCDACP algorithm is stated varying the simulation parameters to demonstrate the robustness of this algorithm and explaining the algorithm blocks of CBCDACP. The simulation performance of CBCDACP is then compared with some clustering-based schemes such as Static-Clustering, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Centralized LEACH (LEACH-C). Simulation results show that CBCDACP can improve system life time and energy efficiency in terms of different simulation performance metrics over its comparatives . As wireless sensor networks are equipped with sensor nodes which have a limited energy and sensing capabilities, a good routing protocol must be designed to make the network energy efficient. In [1] we proposed a centralized routing protocol called Central Base Station Controlled Density Aware Clustering Protocol (CBCDACP) where the base station centrally performs the cluster formation task. In CBCDACP, an optimum set of cluster heads is selected by using a new cluster head selection algorithm focusing on both the density of the sensor nodes and the minimum distances among the cluster head and its neighbor nodes. It calculates the optimum set of cluster head by first selecting the candidate node, then calculating the minimum distance and also calculates the density and finally executing the main BS setup algorithm. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of CBCDACP algorithm is stated varying the simulation parameters to demonstrate the robustness of this algorithm and explaining the algorithm blocks of CBCDACP. The simulation performance of CBCDACP is then compared with some clustering-based schemes such as Static-Clustering, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Centralized LEACH (LEACH-C). Simulation results show that CBCDACP can improve system life time and energy efficiency in terms of different simulation performance metrics over its comparatives .

Analytical risk-based model of gaseous and liquid-phase radon transport in landfills with radium sources

An analytical model of gaseous and liquid-phase radon transport through soils is derived for environmental modeling of landfills containing uranium mill tailings or Ra-226 sources. Processes include radon diffusion in both the gas and liquid phases, advection of soluble radon in percolating water, radioactive decay, equilibrium partitioning between gas and liquid phases, and emanation from different source terms. A probabilistic framework for the radon-transport model is introduced that provides uncertainty and sensitivity analyses for risk-based assessments. Uncertainty analyses are used to compare simulated performance metrics (e.g., radon surface flux) against regulatory standards. Sensitivity analyses are used to identify key parameters and processes that impact the variability of the simulated results. The models and analyses are illustrated with a probabilistic performance assessment of the Mixed Waste Landfill at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM.

A probabilistic model and software tool for evaluating the long-term performance of landfill covers

A probabilistic model and software tool has been developed to assist in the selection, design, and monitoring of long-term covers for contaminated subsurface sites. The software platform contains multiple modules that can be used to simulate relevant features, events, and processes that include water flux through the cover, source-term release, vadose-zone transport, saturated-zone transport, gas transport, and exposure pathways. The component models are integrated into a probabilistic total-system performance-assessment model within a drag-and-drop software platform. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses can be conducted that yield the following primary benefits: (1) quantification of uncertainty in the simulated performance metrics; (2) identification of parameters most important to performance; and (3) comparison of alternative designs to optimize cost and performance. A case study has been performed using the Monticello Mill Tailings Site in Utah to illustrate the important features and benefits of the modeling approach and software.