Simulated Coal-fired Flue Gas Research Articles

Deactivation effect of elemental mercury oxidation over a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst by Pb in simulated coal-fired flue gas

Lead (Pb) is a typical heavy metal in the flue gas of coal-fired power plants, which can cause the deactivation of SCR catalysts. In this study, Pb-doped vanadium-based catalysts were prepared and investigated for the deactivation effect and mechanism of elemental Hg oxidation caused by Pb. The results showed that doping Pb on vanadium-based catalysts led to severe deactivation, which was more pronounced with increased Pb content. Further investigation illustrated that the introduction of Pb not only weakened the BET surface properties of vanadium-based catalysts but also increased the aggregation of surface species on the catalysts. After Pb introduction, the adsorption capacity toward elemental Hg, proportion of highly oxidized V5+, and surface Oβ ratio significantly decreased severely weakening the activity of the catalyst. In addition, we demonstrated that the reaction between Pb and active VO/V−OH groups of the catalyst formed inactive V−O−Pb species, which was the direct cause of catalyst deactivation.

Thiol-grafted MnOx/TiO2 as a dual-site adsorbent for removal of Hg0 from simulated coal-fired flue gas

Emissions of elemental mercury (Hg0) from coal-fired power plant have become a great threaten to the ecosystems. Adsorption is a practical strategy for abating Hg0, but limited Hg0-targeted sites is a stumbling block to developing high-efficiency adsorbents. This work aims to design an efficient adsorbent for Hg0 purification at high gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) is achieved by co-implanting porous TiO2 with inorganic–organic dual functional sites (SH and MnOx). The 2SH-MnOx/TiO2 prepared at SH: MnOx ratios of 2:6 is demonstrated a Hg0 removal efficiency of 90 % at 175 °C under a GHSV of 120,000 h−1. Based on Hg-Temperature Program Desorption (Hg-TPD) analysis, the adsorbed Hg0 converted to HgS and HgO at the SH and MnOx sites of the adsorbents, respectively. The existence of MnOx was revealed to facilitate the generation of HgS. Theoretical calculations suggested that the co-existence of SH and MnOx promotes Hg0 adsorption and boost electrons transfer from Hg0 to adsorbent surface. This study provides a new prospect in developing an advanced alternative adsorbent to increase the efficiency of Hg0 removal from coal-combustion flue gas.

Migration and transformation of sulfur and zinc during high-temperature flue gas pyrolysis of waste tires

Waste tires (WT) are known as “black pollution”, and disposal of WT is an issue of concern. In addition, some coal-fired power plants have difficulty operating at full capacity. The use of high-temperature flue gas from coal-fired boiler for solid waste disposal was proposed as a solution. In this study, the weight loss properties of WT were investigated using TG-MS test. WT pyrolysis under simulated coal-fired flue gas was carried out, and the transformation characteristics of S and Zn during WT pyrolysis were performed. It indicated that the weight loss of WT was broken down into three main stages, which corresponded to the evaporation of water, the breakdown of the primary components, and secondary reactions. The principal sulfur-containing gas emitted throughout the weightless process was H2S. During WT pyrolysis in simulated flue gas, the temperature had a major impact on S and Zn enrichment in the solid product. At 750 °C, both exhibited high enrichment in the solid product. The addition of MgO promoted the enrichment of Zn. The addition of Fe2O3 resulted in the highest sulfur fixation in the solid product. Additionally, when flue gas pyrolysis was performed, all the sulfur in the solid product was sulfate. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical references for related pollutant control technologies.

Adsorption, regeneration and kinetic of gas phase elemental mercury capture on sulfur incorporated porous carbon synthesized by template method under simulated coal-fired flue gas

A sulfur incorporated porous carbon (SIC) was synthesized by utilizing template method with precursor of 2-thiophene ethanol (C6H8OS) and thymol blue (C27H30O5S). Gas phase elemental mercury capture and regeneration capability of the SIC was explored in a fixed-bed experimental system. Mercury capture product on the SIC was studied by using Hg-TPD experiment. The kinetic parameter, activation energy, and mass transfer characteristic of mercury capture by the SIC was analyzed by using different mathematical models to reveal the mechanism of mercury removal. The results show that the SIC displays excellent mercury capture capability under different flue gas component with adsorption product of HgS. Coexistence of SO2 and H2O in flue gas slightly promotes mercury capture with formation of a small amount of HgSO4. The SIC also exhibits good regeneration ability that after multiple cycles of mercury capture and regeneration, the SIC still keeps a mercury capture rate of 90%. This is because after thermal regeneration, the group of C-S-C on the SIC gets restore and the adsorbed oxidized sulfur is released. Mercury adsorption on the SIC has better thermal stability compared to traditional activated carbon with an adsorption energy of −62.82 kJ/mol, which belongs to chemisorption. Mercury capture on the SIC is firstly dominated by surface adsorption and then converts to internal diffusion adsorption. External mass transfer is mercury adsorption control step and increase of initial mercury concentration promotes global mass transfer mainly via improvement of internal diffusion rate.

Influence of SO3 on the MnOx/TiO2 SCR catalyst for elemental mercury removal and the function of Fe modification

Elemental mercury (Hg0) is a highly hazardous pollutant of coal combustion. The low-temperature SCR catalyst of MnOx/TiO2 can efficiently remove Hg0 in coal-burning flue gas. Considering its sulfur sensitivity, the effect of SO3 on the catalytic efficiency of MnOx/TiO2 and Fe modified MnOx/TiO2 for Hg0 removal was investigated comprehensively for the first time. Characterizations of Hg-TPD and XPS were conducted to explore the catalytic mechanisms of Hg0 removal processes under different conditions. Hg0 removal efficiency of MnOx/TiO2 was inhibited irreversibly from 92% to approximately 60% with the addition of 50 ppm SO3 at 150 ℃, which resulted from the transformation of Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen to MnSO4. The existence of H2O would intensify the inhibitory effect. The inhibition almost disappeared and even converted to promotion as the temperature increased to 250 ℃ and above. Fe modification on MnOx/TiO2 improved the Hg0 removal performance in the presence of SO3. The addition of SO3 caused only a slight inhibition of 1.9% on Hg0 removal efficiency of Fe modified MnOx/TiO2 in simulated coal-fired flue gas, and the efficiency maintained good stability during a 12 h experimental period. This work would be conducive to the future application of MnOx/TiO2 for synergistic Hg0 removal.

Sustainably Cultivating and Harvesting Microalgae through Sedimentation and Forward Osmosis Using Wastes.

Cost-effective nutrient sources and dewatering are major obstacles to sustainable, scaled-up cultivation of microalgae. Employing waste resources as sources of nutrients offsets costs for nutrient supplies while adding value through simultaneous waste treatment. Forward osmosis (FO), using simulated reverse osmosis brine, is a low-energy membrane technology that can be employed to efficiently harvest microalgae from a dilute solution. In this study, Scenedesmus obliquus, a green microalga, was cultivated with a fertilizer plant wastewater formula and simulated coal-fired power plant flue gas and then separated through either FO, with reverse osmosis reject model water as the draw solution, or sedimentation. Microalgal batches grown with simulated wastewater removed NH4+ within 2 days and reached nitrogen and phosphorus limitation simultaneously on Day 5. Sparging with the flue gas caused S. obliquus to produce significantly greater quantities of extracellular polymeric substances (30.7 ± 1.8 μg mL–1), which caused flocculation and enhanced settling to an advantageous extent. Five-hour FO trials showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.65) between water fluxes for cultures grown with simulated flue gas and CO2-supplemented air (3.0 ± 0.1 and 3.0 ± 0.3 LMH, respectively). Reverse salt fluxes were low for all conditions and, remarkably, the rate of reverse salt flux was −1.9 ± 0.6 gMH when the FO feed was culture grown with simulated flue gas. In this work, S. obliquus was cultivated and harvested with potential waste resources.

Study on the characteristics of nitrogen dioxide adsorption and storage of coal residue in coal-fired power plants in goaf

In order to realize the storage of the residual coal in the goaf on the flue gas of the power plant, the adsorption characteristics of nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas of the power plant were studied. The Gaussian09 was used to study the adsorption process of NO2 molecules on coal at the density functional (DFT) B3LYP/6-311G level, and the model of NO2 adsorption by coal was established. Different quantities were obtained using orbital energy changes and molecular bond length changes. According to the principle of molecular adsorption, the adsorption of NO2 by coal is considered to be physical adsorption with endothermic heat. On the basis of simulation, using self-organized experimental devices, the single-component NO2 gas and the simulated coal-fired power plant flue gas were introduced into anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite. In single-component adsorption, the adsorption of NO2 by lignite increases with time. The time to reach equilibrium is related to the properties of the coal itself. In the process of simulated flue gas adsorption, the order of the adsorption amount of coal to flue gas is CO2 > NO2 > N2 > O2. In the simulated flue gas, coal is easy to absorb NO2 and CO2, and the competition between gases reduces the frequency of contact between NO2 and the coal surface. Simulation and experimental results show that coal has obvious adsorption characteristics for NO2, and it is feasible for the residual coal in the goaf to adsorb NO2 in the flue gas of power plants.

Removal of Hg0 from simulated coal-fired flue gas by using activated spent FCC catalysts

The spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalysts were activated by an “internal instant vaporization (IIV)” method and used in the removal of Hg0 from a simulated flue gas in a fixed bed reactor; the effect of various operation parameters such as the SFCC activation conditions, adsorption temperature, and flue gas components on the Hg0 removal efficiency was investigated. The results indicate that the SFCC catalyst activated with methanol or ethanol performs adequately in terms of Hg0 removal, whilst the calcination temperature also has a great influence on the activation of the SFCC catalyst. O2 in the flue gas favors the Hg0 removal, whilst NO facilitates the oxidation of mercury and displays a positive effect on the mercury removal in the presence of O2, accompanying with the formation of N-containing active species on the activated SFCC catalyst surface. SO2 in the flue gas, depending on its concentration, may exert the effect of catalytic adsorption or competitive adsorption on the Hg0 removal. Approximately 100% Hg0 can be removed in the stream of 6% O2, 12% CO2 and 0.06% NO at 120°C by using the activated SFCC catalyst with ethanol as an organic solvent and calcined at 120°C, suggesting that the spent FCC catalysts after activation can be a potential adsorbent for the removal of Hg0 from the coal-fired flue gas.

Using Simulated Flue Gas to Rapidly Grow Nutritious Microalgae with Enhanced Settleability

Favorable microalgal nutrition from waste resources and improved harvesting methods would offset costs for a process that could be scaled up to treat pollution and produce valuable animal feed in lieu of soy protein. Co-benefits include avoidance of carbon dioxide emissions, which may provide an additional revenue stream when carbon markets begin to flourish. To sustainably achieve these goals at scale, barriers to microalgal production such as tolerance for waste streams and dramatic improvement in dewatering and settleability of the microalgae must be overcome. Presently, it is largely assumed that nutritious microalgae, including Scenedesmus obliquus, would be inhibited by SOx and NOx in flue gases and settle slowly as discrete particles. Studies conducted with a 2 L photobioreactor, sparged with simulated coal-fired power plant flue gas, demonstrated that both biomass productivity and settling rates were increased. The average maximum biomass productivity was 700 ± 40 mg L–1 d–1, which significantly exceeded that of the control culture (510 ± 40 mg L–1 d–1). Thirty-minute trials of modeled bulk settling showed rapid coagulation, likely facilitated by extracellular polymeric substances, and compaction when the cultures were grown with simulated emissions. Control cultures, not exposed to the additional toxicants in flue gas, settled as discrete particles and did not show any settling progress within 30 min. Of the SO2 sparged into the cultivation system, (111 ± 4)% was captured as either SO42– in the medium or fixed in the S. obliquus biomass. The stress of simulated-emissions exposure decreased the S. obliquus protein contents and altered the amino acid profiles but did not decrease the fraction of methionine, a valuable amino acid in animal feed.

Role of impurity components and pollutant removal processes in catalytic oxidation of o-xylene from simulated coal-fired flue gas

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from coal-fired flue gas of thermal power plants have reached unprecedented levels due to lack of understanding of reaction mechanisms under industrial settings. Herein, inhibition mechanisms for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene in simulated coal-fired flue gas are elucidated with in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques considering the presence of impurity components (NO, NH3, SO2, H2O). MnCe oxide catalysts prepared at Mn: Ce mass ratios of 6:4 are demonstrated to promote 87% o-xylene oxidation at 250 °C under gas hourly space velocities of 60,000 h−1. Reaction intermediates on the catalyst surface are revealed to be o-benzoquinones, benzoates, and formate and they were stably formed under O2/N2 atmospheres. When either NO or NH3 was introduced into the simulated flue gas, the formed species shifted toward formate in minutes, which indicated that changes in catalyst surface chemistry are directly related to impurity components. Presence of NH3 in the simulated flue gas inhibited o-xylene oxidation by reducing Mn and lowering Brønsted acidity of the catalyst. Impurity components associated with pollutant removal processes (Hg0 oxidation and selective catalytic reduction of NO) lowered o-xylene removal efficiency. Presence of o-xylene in the flue gas had little effect on the efficiency of pollutant removal processes. Layered catalytic beds located downstream from Hg0/NO pollutant removal processes are proposed to lower VOC emissions from coal-fired flue gases of thermal power plants in industrial settings.

Elemental mercury removal from simulated coal-fired flue gas by modified tonstein in coal seam

Tonstein in coal seam (TCS) is a kind of mining solid waste, which was developed to a novel adsorbent (CuBr2-TCS) by using copper bromide modification. In this paper, CuBr2-TCS was subjected to elemental mercury (Hg0) removal experiment in simulated coal-fired flue gas (SFG). Several characterization methods were used to determine the mineralogical characteristics of TCS and reaction mechanisms. In-depth, the Hg0 removal performances of CuBr2-TCS under different flue gas components were explored. The results revealed that CuBr2-TCS exhibited 92.1% and 78.3% Hg0 removal efficiency in dry and wet SFG, respectively. HCl and O2 facilitated Hg0 removal performance of CuBr2-TCS by supplementing oxygen atoms and halogens, respectively, accompanying some intermediate transition products such as Cu2OBr2. SO2 played a serious suppressive role. SO2 acting alone or NO and SO2 acting simultaneously caused irreversible changes in the surface functional groups that formed active sites with NO. However, the thermal stability of the adsorbed mercury on the adsorbent which was spent in N2 + SO2 + O2 atmosphere became better. In addition, the spent adsorbent that first went through the Hg0 removal process in N2 + NO atmosphere, exhibited higher Hg0 removal efficiency in N2 + SO2 + NO atmosphere than that first reacted in N2 + SO2 atmosphere. CuBr2-TCS is a cost-effective adsorbent for the Hg0 abatement from the coal-fired flue gas (CFG).

Elimination of elemental mercury in flue gas by Arachis hypogaea Linn. shell generated activated carbon.

It is very necessary to produce bio-activated carbon for special use with easy procedure and low cost. One kind of huge surface area microporous bio-material was successfully prepared from agricultural residues (peanut shell, Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and beneficially applied to control elemental mercury (Hg0) in simulated coal-fired flue gas in this study. The possible effects of experimental factors including activator, reaction temperature, and flue components were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the prepared adsorbents were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the peanut shell activated carbon presented excellent Hg0 removal efficiency near 90% at 150°C. The characterization analysis indicated that the removal characteristics were governed by both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. The chemisorbed mercury on the activated carbon was mainly distinguished into mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). The presence of C-Cl and O* promoted Hg0 into HgCl2 and HgO. Zinc chloride could not only improve the micropore quantity of activated carbon but also have remarkably positive effects on the elemental mercury removal. This study provided a practical and easy preparation method of bio-activated carbon for Hg0 removal with low cost. Graphical Abstract.

Seawater-assisted synthesis of MnCe/zeolite-13X for removing elemental mercury from coal-fired flue gas

To develop an efficient and low-cost sorbent for removing elemental mercury (Hg0) from chlorine-free coal-fired flue gas, the Na-13X zeolite (Z13X) was modified by the natural seawater and MnOx-CeO2. The elemental mercury removal activity over the developed sorbents was tested under a simulated coal-fired flue gas on a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The novel sorbents were characterized by XRF, XRD, XPS, nitrogen adsorption and Hg-TPD. For the seawater-modified Z13X samples, the Cl species in the seawater were the main active species for Hg0 removal. The optimal reaction temperature was in the range of 250–350 °C. For the seawater- and MnCe oxides- comodified sorbents, the experimental results suggested that the Cl species in the seawater and the loaded metal oxides were responsible for the superior Hg0 capture activity. For the seawater modified sorbents, the best Hg0 capture activity could be achieved with loading only 1 wt% metal oxides on the Z13X. The elemental mercury removal activity tests showed that the co-modified sorbents exhibited superior and stable elemental mercury removal efficiency (>95%) for temperatures between 200 °C and 350 °C and with a flow rate-to-mass value of 2 × 105 mL/(h·g). Based on the XPS results of the surface Cl, O and metals species, the active chlorine species generated from the reactions between the adsorbed seawater chlorine and the metal oxides were responsible for enhancing the performance.

Efficient Removal of Elemental Mercury from Coal-Fired Flue Gas over Sulfur-Containing Sorbent at Low Temperatures.

In the work, sulfur-containing sorbents were employed to remove elemental mercury (Hg0) from coal-fired flue gas. The work used the thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the physicochemical properties of the sorbents. The Hg0 removal performance of these used sorbents from the simulated coal-fired flue gas was evaluated by a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated that a generous amount of elemental sulfur covered the surface and pore structure of the used sorbent. With the rise of H2S selective oxidation temperature, both the sulfur content and specific surface area decreased rapidly. Used-Fe/SC120 could achieve the mercury removal efficiency of above 90% at 90 °C. The high temperature was not conducive to the mercury capture due to the release of surface elemental sulfur. The presence of O2 and SO2 inhibited Hg0 removal in different degrees because of the decreased active sulfur sites and competitive adsorption. Meanwhile, NO promoted the Hg0 removal efficiency by enhancing the Hg0 oxidation. The further analysis showed that the surface elemental sulfur was vital to capture the Hg0 from coal-fired flue gas, which reacted with Hg0 to form HgS.

Investigation of Elemental Mercury Removal from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas over MIL101-Cr

In this work, the MIL101-Cr sorbent with a large BET surface area was prepared and used to remove Hg0 from simulated coal-fired boiler flue gas. The chemical and physical properties of the prepared...

Adsorption and Oxidation of Mercury by Montmorillonite Powder Modified with Different Copper Compounds

In this study, montmorillonite (MT) was modified separately with CuO and CuCl2 through impregnation and then used to remove elemental mercury from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The effects of seve...

Improving simultaneous removal efficiency of SO2 and NOx from flue gas by surface modification of MgO with organic component

Using glucose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as raw materials, MgO-organic component materials were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. The material is used to improve the efficiency of simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx, and to reduce the competitive adsorption of both. In the experiments, the adsorption of SO2 and NOx in simulated coal-fired flue gas was tested with MgO-organic component/pure MgO/MgO (PVP modified)/MgO (glucose modified), and the test results were compared. It is very noteworthy that the SO2 dynamic adsorption capacity of the MgO-organic component (the glucose/polyvinylpyrrolidone ratio is 1:3) was 0.3627 mmol/g; while that of NOx was 0.2176 mmol/g, and the adsorption breakthrough time (time taken when the NOx removal rate was 50%) was as long as 60 min (the total flow rate of simulated flue gas is 200 ml/min, the space velocity is 24000 h-1, the reaction temperature is 100 °C, the concentration of SO2 and NOx is 500 ppm and 300 ppm, respectively). In this study, the organic component enhances the simultaneous desulfurization and denitration performance of MgO from three aspects and is verified by different characterization tests. There are an increase in specific surface area, an increase in surface energy and the insert of active functional groups. In particular, the insert of –CO can greatly improve the adsorption efficiency of NOx. Meanwhile, the adsorption process under different operating conditions is discussed in order to provide theoretical support for industrial practice. The work presented here has profound implications for future studies of simultaneous desulfurization and denitration field. Moreover, the economy and sustainability of the technology meet the basic requirements of waste reduction in cleaner production.

Superior performance and resistance to SO2 and H2O over CoOx-modified MnOx/biomass activated carbons for simultaneous Hg0 and NO removal

A series of CoOx modified MnOx/biomass activated carbons (CoMn/BACs) prepared by the ultrasound-assisted impregnation method were employed for the simultaneous removal of NO and Hg0 from simulated coal-fired flue gas for the first time. The physicochemical properties of such samples were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, FTIR, TG and XPS. 15%CoMn/BAC exhibited preferable performance for NO and Hg0 removal in a wide temperature range from 160 to 280 °C, and it yielded prominent NO removal efficiency (86.5%) and superior Hg0 removal efficiency (98.5%) at 240 °C. The interaction between NO removal and Hg0 removal lessened corresponding separate efficiency, the adverse effect of NH3 on Hg0 removal could not be offset by promotional influences of NO and O2. Compared with 15%Mn/BAC, the addition of CoOx with suitable amount into 15%CoMn/BAC could contribute to the synergistic effect between MnOx and CoOx, resulting in the increase of BET surface area and surface active oxygen species as well as Mn4+ concentration, the enhancement of redox ability and the strength or amount of surface acid sites, restraining the crystallization of MnOx, which might be responsible for the improvement of catalytic performance and resistance to SO2 and H2O. Additionally, the hydrophobic property of BAC further strengthened H2O tolerance. The results of stability and recyclability tests indicated that 15%CoMn/BAC possessed a promising application potential for NO and Hg0 simultaneous removal at low temperature.

Synergistic Mercury Removal over the CeMnO3 Perovskite Structure Oxide as a Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst from Coal Combustion Flue Gas

The LaMnO3, CeMnO3, and PrMnO3 perovskite oxides were synthesized by the sol–gel method and employed as the catalyst of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NO removal and synergistic mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas. The experimental results indicated that CeMnO3 exhibited the best NO and Hg0 removal activity among the three catalysts. NO conversion over CeMnO3 could reach a maximum value of 89.2% in the atmosphere of 4% O2 + 400 ppm NO + 400 ppm NH3, and the optimal reaction temperature for the NO removal was 200–250 °C, demonstrating good low-temperature catalytic activity. Hg0 removal efficiency of CeMnO3 decreased with the rise of the reaction temperature. The individual flue gas components of O2, HCl, NO, and CO2 had promotions on the Hg0 removal over CeMnO3, while SO2, NH3, and H2O displayed inhibitory actions on the efficiency. The performance of CeMnO3 on simultaneous NO and Hg0 removal was the best at 200–250 °C in simulated coal-fired flue gas. Specifically, the NO conversion an...

Simultaneous NO Removal and Hg0 Oxidation over CuO Doped V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalysts in Simulated Coal-Fired Flue Gas

A series of CuO doped V2O5-WO3/TiO2 based commercial selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts were synthesized via the improved impregnation method for simultaneous NO removal and Hg0 oxidation under simulated coal-fired flue gas at a temperature range of 150–400 °C. Several characterization techniques, including Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed reduction of H2 (H2-TPR), were used to characterize the catalysts. The results indicated that Cu3-SCR catalyst exhibited the superior catalytic activity and a wide active temperature window for simultaneous NO removal and Hg0 oxidation. The effects of flue gas components on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The results indicated that Cu3-SCR catalyst showed good performances on SO2 tolerance and H2O resistance. The effect of Hg0 on NO removal was almost negligible. However, the copresence of NO and NH3 obviously inhibited the Hg0 oxidation activity. Furthe...