Simplified Formula Research Articles

Effect of Permafrost on Seismic Performance of Railway Bridge Pile Foundation with Elevated Cap

Pile foundation with elevated cap is always applied for railway bridges in permafrost region to minimize the thermal disturbance to vulnerable permafrost. Permafrost can influence the failure characteristics of the pile foundation under earthquakes and complicate the seismic performance evaluation of railway bridges with pile foundations in seismically active zones. Quasi-static tests of reduced scale models were carried out to investigate failure characteristics and hysteretic behaviors of the pile foundation with elevated cap in permafrost. Test results showed that the existence of permafrost can increase the stiffness of the foundation soil and then inhibit crack propagation of the unfrozen topsoil around the bridge pile foundation. Quite differently from the pile foundation in unfrozen soils, severer damages occurred at the pile foundation in soils with permafrost. Thus, the topsoil crack will be mitigated while the pile failure will be aggravated if strong earthquake occurs in permafrost regions for railway bridge pile foundation with elevated cap. Otherwise, the permafrost significantly influenced the loading bearing capacity and deformation features of the pile-soil interaction (PSI) system under seismic loads. The PSI system with permafrost has better energy dissipation than that with unfrozen soils due to the severe damage of the pile foundation. A simplified formula was developed to estimate the equivalent stiffness of the PSI system. It is indicated that the stiffness of the PSI system with permafrost degraded more severely than that with unfrozen soils. Therefore, permafrost effect cannot be neglected in seismic design of railway bridge pile foundations with elevated cap.

Fluctuation estimates for the multi-cell formula in stochastic homogenization of partitions

In this paper we derive quantitative estimates in the context of stochastic homogenization for integral functionals defined on finite partitions, where the random surface integrand is assumed to be stationary. Requiring the integrand to satisfy in addition a multiscale functional inequality, we control quantitatively the fluctuations of the asymptotic cell formulas defining the homogenized surface integrand. As a byproduct we obtain a simplified cell formula where we replace cubes by almost flat hyperrectangles.

Spatial correlation of along-wind fluctuating aerodynamic force acting on large aspect-ratio rectangular prisms

This work examines the spatial correlation of the along-wind aerodynamic fluctuating force and its influence on wind-induced responses of high-rise buildings. Seven rectangular rigid models with different side ratios (1/4-4) are made, and simultaneous pressure experiments are conducted under turbulent boundary layer flows. Using the measured data, span-wise correlation coefficients are calculated, and then empirical coherence functions are obtained. In comparing with the traditional coherence models, the main factors affecting the coherence of the along-wind fluctuating aerodynamic force are presented and discussed in this study. A normalized coherence model was proposed, considering factors such as the windward side width, aspect ratio, separation distance from the ground, and low frequency correction. Further, the nondimensional joint acceptance function is presented, based on which the influence of the coherence model on along-wind wind load evaluation and wind-induced response analysis is compared. Finally, for convenience of engineering application, a simplified formula consistent with the revealed coherence properties is recommended.

A new approach for measurement of Cr4+ concentration in Cr4+:YAG transparent materials: Some conceptual difficulties and possible solutions

In the present work we provide an analysis of the accuracy of the calculation of Cr4+ concentration in Cr4+:YAG using absorption spectroscopy. Avizonis-Grotbeck theory and Smakula–Dexter formula were used to calculate the concentration of Cr4+ ions in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. It was shown that these approaches introduce uncertainty in the calculation of Cr4+ concentration. As a result, reported values of Cr4+ concentration differ by one order of magnitude for materials with similar absorption. We propose a new approach based on the convenient optical spectroscopy to estimate the Cr4+ concentration in Cr:YAG using survey absorption spectra. The simplified formula with the confidential range was proposed for this purpose.

Shakhdaraite-(Y), ScYNb2O8, from the Leskhozovskaya granitic pegmatite, the valley of the Shakhdara River, southwestern Pamir, Gorno-Badakhshanskii Autonomous Region, Tajikistan: New mineral description and crystal structure

ABSTRACT Shakhdaraite-(Y), ideally ScYNb2O8, is a new mineral from the Leskhozovskaya miarolitic granitic pegmatite at the Shakhdara River, southwestern Pamir (Tajikistan). Shakhdaraite-(Y) occurs mainly as grains from 10 to 150 μm in size in a near-miarolitic pegmatite complex in association with quartz, albite, pyrochlore-microlite, fersmite, and an unnamed Sc-Nb oxide; only one large, single, well-shaped crystal 200 μm long was found in a small cavity with quartz, albite, bertrandite, pyrochlore, and jarosite. Shakhdaraite-(Y) is black to dark-brown, streak is brown. Luster is vitreous semi-metallic. It is brittle with conchoidal fracture. Mohs hardness is 5. VHN100 = 436 kg/mm2. Dcalc. = 5.602 g/cm3. In reflected light, it is light gray and its reflective capacity is moderate to low. Anisotropy is distinct, without color effects. Pleochroism was not observed. Internal reflections are red-brown. Reflectance values were measured in air with SiC as reference material [λ(nm), Rmax, Rmin]: 470, 14.6, 13.9; 546, 14.0, 13.4; 589, 13.9, 13.3; 650, 13.8, 13.1. Electron probe microanalysis (WDS mode, 7 points) gives (wt.%): Nb2O5 50.70; Ta2O5 4.52; TiO2 0.08; WO3 0.79; SnO2 1.54; CaO 1.01; Sc2O3 11.35; MnO 1.38; FeO 0.01; Y2O3 12.00; Ce2O3 0.21; Pr2O3 0.04; Nd2O3 0.27; Sm2O3 0.32; Eu2O3 0.07; Gd2O3 0.86; Tb2O3 0.22; Dy2O3 2.07; Ho2O3 0.29; Er2O3 1.33; Tm2O3 0.35; Yb2O3 2.80; Lu2O3 0.32; PbO 0.24; ThO2 1.90; UO2 3.30, total 97.97. The empirical formula of shakhdaraite-(Y) based on O = 8 apfu (atoms per formula unit) is (Nb1.91Sc0.83Y0.53Ta0.10Mn0.10Ca0.09 Yb0.07U4+0.06Dy0.06Sn0.05Th0.04Er0.03Gd0.02W6+0.02Pb0.01Ce0.01Nd0.01Sm0.01Tb0.01Ho0.01Tm0.01Lu0.01Ti0.01)Σ4.00O8, Z = 2. The simplified formula is Sc(Y,Yb)Nb2O8, where Yb is the dominant lanthanoid. Shakhdaraite-(Y) is monoclinic, space group P2/c, a 9.930(2), b 5.6625(11), c 5.2108(10) Å, β 92.38(3)°, V 292.7(5) Å3, Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods [R1 = 0.0269, 878 unique reflections (F > 4σF)]. There are three cation M sites: [6]M(1) = Nb2apfu, [6]M(2) = Sc apfu, and [8]M(3) = Y apfu, ideally M = ScYNb2apfu. The M(1) and M(2) octahedra each form a brookite chain along c. The Y-dominant [8]M(3A) polyhedra form a brookite-like kinked chain, and each M(3A) polyhedron of one brookite-like chain shares two edges with the two M(3A) polyhedra from the adjacent brookite-like chain, thus forming a [Y2O8]10– layer. In the structure of shakhdaraite-(Y), M(1A) and M(2) brookite chains and a layer of [8]-coordinated M(3A) polyhedra alternate along a. Shakhdaraite-(Y) is isostructural with samarskite-(Y), ideally YFe3+Nb2O8. Shakhdaraite-(Y) [Russian Cyrillic: шахдараит-(Y)] is named after its type locality: the valley of the Shakhdara River in the southwest of the Pamir Mountains.

Bearing Strength of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Reinforced with Internal Transverse Stiffened Bars under Axial Compression.

A new type of square concrete-filled steel tubular (SCFST) column is proposed, which is characterized by transverse stiffened bars inside the steel tube to improve the effective constraint performance of the concrete core. The experiment of this kind of composite material under axial compression was carried out. The results showed that the bearing capacity of the SCFST column reinforced by internal transverse stiffened bars increased by 4.5%-15% than that of the ordinary SCFST column. The transverse strain is smaller than the SCFST column. As the diameter of the reinforcement increases and decreases the spacing of bars, the axial load bearing capacity increased. The transverse strain of the member decreased obviously. It is noted that the confinement performance of the concrete core of this type was improved to some extent. At the same time, based on the unified theory, the simplified calculation formula of axial compression bearing capacity is derived.

Parameters optimization and performance evaluation of multiple tuned mass dampers to mitigate the vortex-induced vibration of a long-span bridge

Vortex-induced vibration(VIV) is one of the primary dynamic problems of long-span bridges, which affects the safety and serviceability of bridges. The control and mitigation of VIV is a hotspot to researchers. Multiple tuned mass dampers(MTMD) consist of a set of tuned mass dampers(TMD) with varied frequencies and damping ratios, which is a common method for vibration control of structures. In this study, a concept of complex effective mass is proposed, which can entirely represent the dynamic effect of MTMD on bridges, and a derivative-based MTMD optimization process for VIV control of long-span bridges is presented. The VIV mitigation of a six-span continuous steel box-girder bridge is used to analyze the performance and mechanism of MTMD from the aspects of frequency domain and time domain. Optimal parameters of MTMD for suppressing VIV are obtained by the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that MTMD can significantly reduce the displacement amplitude of the beam due to VIV, and the performance of MTMD is better than that of single tuned mass damper(STMD) with the same mass ratio. The optimal performance of MTMD is independent of the mass distribution of the sub-TMDs. Moreover, the damping ratio of MTMD is much lower than that of STMD, but it can still help the vibration of the primary structure to decay faster. Complex mode theory and transfer function theory are used to explain this phenomenon. It indicates that the performance of MTMD does not depend on its damping ratio but is due to the phase interference between complex modes, and a one-way energy barrier between the bridge deck and MTMD can be formed, which prevents the transfer of vibration energy from MTMD to the primary structure after unloading. Finally, the stroke of MTMD in the control of long-span bridge VIV is analyzed, and a simplified formula is proposed.

Wenjiite, Ti10(Si,P,☐)7, and kangjinlaite, Ti11(Si,P)10, new minerals in the ternary Ti-P-Si system from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China

Abstract The new minerals wenjiite, Ti10(Si,P,☐)7 (IMA2019-107c) and kangjinlaite, Ti11(Si,P)10 (IMA2019-112b) occur with badengzhuite, zhiqinite, and a K-bearing dmisteinbergite-like mineral in a spheroid 20 μm across enclosed in corundum from the Cr-11 podiform chromitite orebody near the Kangjinla, Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China. In addition, wenjiite occurs with deltalumite, jingsuiite, osbornitekhambaraevite, and the K-bearing dmisteinbergite-like mineral in a lamellar intergrowth 100 μm long, also enclosed in corundum from the same locality. The new minerals were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and three-dimensional electron diffraction, which enabled us to obtain an ab initio structure solution and dynamical refinement from grains a few micrometers across hosted in a FIB lamella. Four analyses of wenjiite from the spheroid gave in wt% Si 21.67, P 6.24, Ti 66.39, V 1.37, Cr 2.20, Mn 0.97, and Fe 1.17 (normalized to 100), which corresponds to (Ti0.93Cr0.03Mn0.01Fe0.01V0.02)10 (Si0.79P0.21)6.51 on the basis of 10 cations excluding Si and P. The simplified formula is Ti10(Si,P)6.5, or more generally Ti10SixPy, where x > y and 6 ≤ (x + y) ≤ 7, i.e., Ti10(Si,P,☐)7. Wenjiite has hexagonal symmetry, space group: P63/mcm (no. 193), with a = 7.30(10) Å, c = 5.09(10) Å, V = 235(6) Å3, Z = 1, and is isostructural with xifengite, mavlyanovite, synthetic Ti5Si3, and synthetic Ti5P3.15. Four analyses of kangjinlaite gave in wt% Si 25.56, P 9.68, Ti 62.35, V 0.21, Cr 0.83, Mn 0.42, and Fe 0.95 (normalized to 100), which corresponds to (Ti10.65V0.03Cr0.13Mn0.06Fe0.14)Σ11.01(Si7.43P2.55)Σ9.99. The simplified formula is Ti11(Si,P)10. Kangjinlaite is tetragonal, with space group: I4/mmm (no. 139), a = 9.4(2) Å, c = 13.5(3) Å, V = 1210(50) Å3, Z = 4, and is isostructural with synthetic compounds of the Ho11Ge10 type, being the most compact of these phases. Despite there now being over 70 compounds containing 38 elements isostructural with Ho11Ge10, synthesis of an analog of kangjinlaite has not been previously reported in either the Ti-P or Ti-Si binary systems or in a multicomponent system. The previously deduced crystallization sequence with decreasing temperature of the four minerals in the spheroid is wenjiite → kangjinlaite → zhiqinite + badengzhuite. This sequence is consistent with relationships reported in 9 binary systems containing intermetallic compounds of Ge and Sn isostructural with Mn5Si3 and Ho11Ge10. In eight of these systems the Mn5Si3 analog melts congruently, whereas the Ho11Ge10 analog never does. Instead, the Ho11Ge10 analog melts peritectically, generally to an Mn5Si3 analog and less commonly to compounds with 5:4 stoichiometry. Final crystallization of the spheroid to zhiqinite + badengzhuite is expected to be well below the temperature of 1500 °C for the congruent melting of zhiqinite in the Ti-Si system, i.e., in the range of ~1100–1300 °C.

Um estudo preliminar sobre a elaboração de uma fórmula hematológica para a estimativa da hemoglobina do volume de células embaladas em cabritos beetal

ABSTRACT The study was devised with the aim to evaluate the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in beetal goats being reared under pastoralism. It also aims to devise a hematological formula for estimation of Hb from PCV. Female (n=59) and male goats (n=41) were bled for PCV determination through microhematocrit method, and Hb estimation through Sahli’s hemoglobinometer (HbD) as well as through calculation being 1/3rd of PCV (HbC). The HbD and HbC were statistically non-significant (P≥0.05) for male and female beetal goats. Overall, significantly (P≤0.01) positive correlation coefficient was noticed between HbD and PCV, and between HbD and HbC (r=0.75; adjusted r-square=0.57). As the overall model predicted that 57% variability in HbD could be deduced from PCV, hence, in order to enhance the prediction probability, the regression equation i.e. Hb concentration= 0.24(PCV) +1.5 was utilized to deduce corrected hemoglobin (CHb). The comparison of this CHb with HbD gave a non-significant (P≤0.05) difference. Similarly, linear regression of CHb with PCV gave a 99% prediction. We accordingly recommend a simplified pen-side hematological formula for deducing Hb concentration from PCV viz. Hb concentration= 0.24(PCV) +1.5 for beetal goats instead of its calculation as one-third of PCV.

Experiments and a reverse-curved compressive arch model for the progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete frames

The compressive arch action (CAA) is a critical force-transfer mechanism to mitigate the vulnerability of progressive collapse for reinforced concrete frames. To deeply analyze the mechanical behavior of concrete beam-column sub-assemblages under a middle-column-removal scenario, the progressive collapse tests and numerical simulations were accomplished, in which the stress distribution and the force-flow characteristic under CAA were revealed. To accurately evaluate the peak capacity of CAA, a mechanical model of a reverse-curved compressive arch (RCCA) is put forward. The theoretical formulas are derived on the basis of the model, considering both the bending deformation and the axial deformation of the arch. The theoretical calculation results (including the peak capacities and the corresponding displacements) agree well with the experimental results of 20 specimens. Moreover, a parametric analysis on CAA peak capacity is investigated considering the following factors: the axial and rotational restraint stiffness of end supports, the initial connection gap of test setups, the depth-to-span ratio of beams, the concrete strength and the reinforcement ratio of beams. The research results demonstrate that the relative axial (rotational) restraint stiffness should not be less than 1 and the initial connection gap should be less than 1.0 mm to ensure sufficient boundary constraints. According to the parametric analysis results, a simplified formula for CAA peak capacity is established, in which multiple influence coefficients are proposed for the formula. The proposed formula is practical and simple to apply because no iteration or derivation is required, and good calculation accuracy is also verified by 20 specimens. Based on the formulas, the CAA capacities of different column-spacing concrete frames designed with various depth-to-span ratios of beams are compared with the necessary gravity loads. The research results show that the larger the depth-to-span ratio, the greater the bearing capacity margin.

Illoqite-(Ce), Na2NaBaCeZnSi6O17, a new member of the nordite supergroup from Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland.

AbstractThe new mineral, illoqite-(Ce), with the ideal formula Na2NaBaCeZnSi6O17, has been discovered in the Taseq Slope, Ilímaussaq Alkaline Complex, Southern Greenland. Illoqite-(Ce) occurs in a hyperalkaline ussingite vein closely related to one of the largest ussingite veins in the Ilímaussaq complex. The associated minerals are aegirine, arfvedsonite, a britholite-group mineral, epistolite, chkalovite, lueshite, Mn-rich pectolite group member and steenstrupine-(Ce). Illoqite-(Ce) crystallises as either single euhedral crystals up to 150 μm in size or radiating aggregates consisting of a few or many crystals. The aggregates are up to 200 μm in diameter. Illoqite-(Ce) can occur as scattered small groups of crystals or aggregates, but sometimes they occur in high concentrations creating clusters or bands almost completely consisting of illoqite-(Ce). The empirical formula on the basis of 17 anions is Na2.00Na1.00(Ba0.59Sr0.32Ca0.04Na0.03)Σ0.98(Ce0.68La0.31Nd0.09Pr0.04)Σ1.12(Zn0.42Fe0.34Li0.14Mn0.09)Σ0.99Si5.97O17, with the simplified formula being Na2Na(Ba,Sr)(Ce,La,Nd)(Zn,Fe,Li)Si6O17. Illoqite-(Ce) exhibits sector zoning between elements Sr and Ba. The crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined toR1= 2.46% using 1902 unique reflections. Illoqite-(Ce) is orthorhombic,Pcca, witha= 14.5340(7),b= 5.2213(1),c= 19.8270(4) Å,V= 1507.25(6) Å3andZ= 4. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %) (hkl)] are: 7.266 (79) (200), 4.688 (44) (104), 4.241 (64) (210), 3.486 (79) (114), 3.340 (52) (312), 2.986 (67) (410), 2.882 (100) (314) and 2.789 (44) (016). Illoqite-(Ce) is a new member of the nordite supergroup and is named after the Greenlandic word illoq, meaning cousin, in allusion to the mineral's close relation to nordite-(Ce).

Simplified Scobey formula for determining head loss in pressurized pipes

Head loss in pressurized pipelines is one of the factors that must be considered in the hydraulic design. Therefore, the objective of this work was to simplify Scobey’s empirical equation to calculate head loss in Polyvinyl Chloride pipes with nominal diameters from 32 to 200 millimeters and compare it with the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The performance of the simplified equation was statistically evaluated using the Willmott’s index of agreement, correlation coefficient, performance index and percentage error. The simplified formula showed better correlation than the original equation, excellent performance index, and percentage errors smaller than 6% in most simulations compared to the results obtained by the Darcy-Weisbach equation.

Gachingite, Au(Te1–xSex) 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5, a new mineral from Maletoyvayam deposit, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia

AbstractGachingite, Au(Te1–xSex), 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5, is a new mineral discovered in the Gaching ore occurrence of the Maletoyvayam epithermal deposit, Kamchatka, Russia. Gachingite forms individual droplet-like grains of sizes from 2 to 10 μm included in native gold (Au–Ag), associated with calaverite, maletoyvayamite, watanabeite and Au–Sb oxides. The aggregates do not exceed 100 μm in diameter. In plane-polarised light, gachingite is grey with a bluish tint, has bireflectance (bluish-grey to deep grey), and strong anisotropy with rotation tints blue to dark blue to brown. Reflectance values for gachingite in air (Rmin, Rmax in %) are: 39.9, 40.3 at 470 nm; 41.6, 43.3 at 546 nm; 42.0, 43.7 at 589 nm; and 43.0, 44.0 at 650 nm. Eighteen electron-microprobe analyses of gachingite gave an average composition: Au 62.40, Ag 0.57, Se 9.78, Te 27.33 and S 0.01, total 100.09 wt.%, corresponding to the formula (Au0.96Ag0.02)Σ0.98(Te0.65Se0.37)Σ1.02 based on 2 apfu, the simplified formula is Au(Te0.65Se0.35); the average analyses of its synthetic analogue is Au 65.7, Se 13.1 and Te 21.1, total 99.9 wt.%, corresponding to Au1.00(Te0.50Se0.50). The calculated density is 10.47 g/cm3. The mineral is orthorhombic, space group Cmce (#64) with a = 7.5379 Å, b = 5.7415 Å, c = 8.8985 Å, V = 385.12 Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure was solved and refined from the single-crystal X-ray-diffraction data of synthetic Au1.00(Te0.50Se0.50). The crystal structure of gachingite represents a unique structure type, containing linear [Au–Au–Au] chains running along the b-axis indicating strong metallic interaction in one direction. The structural identity of gachingite and its synthetic analogue Au1.00(Te0.50Se0.50) was confirmed by electron back-scatter diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The formation of gachingite requires an abundant source of Au and Se and a high oxidising environment. Gachingite is related to the gold-bearing productive stage of ore mineralisation, which is stable at 250°C in log$f_{{\rm S}{\rm e}_ 2}$ range of −12.4 and −5.7. The mineral is named after its type locality.

A simplified formula for calculating the limit load of cracked offshore wind turbine monopile under bending

A simplified methodology is proposed for calculating the plastic collapse (limit) bending moment load of a pipe with a circumferential flaw with an emphasis on its application for use in the assessment of cracked offshore wind turbine monopile using failure assessment diagrams. The proposed methodology is based on the theory of net section collapse (NSC) but differs from existing approaches in that it does not need idealisation and categorisation of the crack before assessment. The proposed methodology is validated against results presented in literature and also finite element analysis results. Although it is possible to obtain limit loads using FE analysis, this is computationally expensive and time consuming. The proposed approach allows for near-instantaneous calculation of limit load for any arbitrary crack configuration and loading direction. This is a significant development for the analysis of offshore wind turbine monopiles as it allows the suitability of the cracked structure to be assessed in pseudo-real time.

New arsenate minerals from the Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. XVII. Paraberzeliite, NaCaCaMg2(AsO4)3, an alluaudite-group member dimorphous with berzeliite

AbstractThe new alluaudite-group mineral paraberzeliite was found in the Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. In the deepest zone of Arsenatnaya, paraberzeliite (holotype) is associated with anhydrite, diopside, hematite, svabite, berzeliite, schäferite, calciojohillerite, magnesioferrite, ludwigite, fluorapatite, powellite, baryte, and rhabdoborite-group and aphthitalite-group members. In the middle zone of the fumarole, paraberzeliite occurs with hematite, calciojohillerite, badalovite, johillerite, nickenichite, tilasite, svabite, fluorophlogopite, sanidine, cassiterite, anhydrite, metathénardite and belomarinaite. Paraberzeliite forms prismatic crystals up to 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 1 mm often occurring in open-work aggregates. It is transparent, brown (from light to dark brown, sometimes with purple or red hue) or green (from pale greenish to yellow–green). The mineral is brittle, cleavage was not observed. The Mohs hardness is 3½. Dcalc is 3.811 g cm–3. Paraberzeliite is optically biaxial (+), α = 1.718(4), β = 1.728(4), γ = 1.742(4) and 2Vmeas. = 85(5)°. The chemical composition (wt.%, electron-microprobe; holotype) is: Na2O 6.43, CaO 16.65, MgO 11.64, MnO 1.65, CuO 0.06, Fe2O3 2.45, V2O5 1.10, As2O5 59.46, total 99.44. The calculated empirical formula based on 12 O atoms per formula unit is (Na1.20Ca1.71Mg1.66Mn0.13Fe3+0.18)Σ4.88(As2.98V0.07)Σ3.05O12. Paraberzeliite is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 12.3143(7), b = 13.0679(5), c = 6.7717(4) Å, β = 113.657(7)°, V = 998.14(10) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure was solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, R = 0.0349. Paraberzeliite is isostructural with other alluaudite-group minerals. Its simplified crystal chemical formula is A(1)CaA(2)'NaM(1)CaM(2)Mg2(TAsO4)3. The idealised formula is NaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3, or, according to the actual nomenclature of alluaudite-group arsenates, NaCaCaMg2(AsO4)3. The name paraberzeliite reflects the dimorphism of this alluaudite-group mineral with the arsenate garnet berzeliite, ideally (Ca2Na)Mg2(AsO4)3.

Estimating the insertion length of pediatric peripherally inserted central catheters.

It is difficult to determine the insertion length of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) without fluoroscopy. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between the length from the anterior axillary point to the level of the carina (Lcarina ) and patient's height, and to obtain possible estimation formulas that can be considered for validation in future studies. We retrospectively analyzed PICCs from the upper arm in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between May 2017 and September 2018. We evaluated the relationship between Lcarina and the patient's height using linear regression. We also conducted simulated performance assessment of simplified formulas based on the observed relationships. Fifty-four PICCs from the right arm and 49 from the left for patients at the median age of 1 year were analyzed. The following linear correlations between Lcarina and the patient's height were observed: 0.105 × height (cm) + 1.53 (cm) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.71) from the right arm, and 0.125 × height (cm) + 1.21 (cm) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.65) from the left arm. In the simulated performance assessment, with a simplified formula, [0.1 × height (cm) + 1 (cm)], 93% (50/54) of the PICCs from the right arm and 96% (47/49) from the left arm were expected to be inserted in the subclavian vein, innominate vein, or superior vena cava. The level of the carina was correlated with the patient's height. A simplified formula, 0.1 × height (cm) + 1, seemed to perform acceptably and appeared to be worth validating in future studies.

Prediction Method of Tightening Characteristic of the Bolted Joints considering Surface Roughness of Parts

In case of determining tightening specifications of the bolted joints, it is important to understand the relationships between the rotation angles and axial forces in the joint tightening process. Also, it is efficient to predict accurately the relationship. As the prediction method, the simplified calculation formula is shown in JIS B 1083. However, it was shown that there is a margin of error on the relationship between the prediction results and physical test results. And it is thought the reason is that geometrical details of bolted joints and approaches of interface caused by surface roughness of each part are not considered. In this study, the simplified calculation, FEM analyses and experiments are conducted, and those results of the relationships between the rotation angles and axial forces are compared. Influence of the geometrical detail shape and approaches of interface are investigated. Considering both of detail shape and approaches of interface, it is shown the relationships between the rotation angles and axial forces of actual bolted joints are predicted.

Моделирование механической характеристики асинхронного двигателя

Рассмотрены вопросы моделирования механической характеристики асинхронных двигателей для построения динамической системы машинного агрегата. Использована упрощенная формула Клосса для построения механической характеристики по каталожным данным двигателей. Представлены методы ее корректировки для возможного использования в пусковых, переходных и аварийных режимах. Процесс моделирования осуществлен аналитически и реализован численно в символьном пакете Mathcad. Установлена связь между параметрами электромеханической системы и угловой скоростью вала двигателя методом параметрического моделирования. Выполнен сравнительный расчет механической характеристики по приближенной и уточненной формуле.

Prediction of Effective Width of Varying Depth Box‐Girder Bridges Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Effective flange width is widely used in bridge design to consider the effect of shear lag. The simplified formula for the effective flange width of box girder bridges of variable depth in existing codes and studies may not be conservative, and accurate methods, such as the finite element method, are time‐consuming. The purpose of this research is to develop a method that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the effective width of box girder bridges of varying depths. These models have been trained, validated, and tested on datasets generated from thousands of finite element models. The lower error in the test set indicates that the CNN model can be used to predict the effective width. In addition, the impact of different architectures is also studied. The proposed method makes real‐time analysis possible and has a wide range of applications in the analysis and design of box‐girder bridges at different depths.

Analytical formula of the wehrl entropy and wehrl phase distribution of the field in generalized coherent squeezed states

In this framework, the effect of a Kerr-like medium and the coupling function dependent on the number of photons operator on the interaction between a two-level atom and a non-linear field is studied. A relation between the Kerr-like medium parameter and the field-atom coupling parameter is used to obtain a simplified formula for Rabi frequency. The wave function of the proposed model is obtained, followed by the derivation of the phase distribution and from which the wehrl entropy formula is calculated. The effect of the initial state and the non-linear func?tion dependent on the number of photons operator and the Kerr-like medium on entanglement is calculated through the Wehrl entropy formula, wehrl distribution and the behaviour of photons by studying the correlation function. The entangle?ment decreases when the function dependent on the number of photons operator is taken into account, while the entanglement gradually improves when the squeezed state is considered, and the entanglement decreases significantly when considering the Kerr medium. An oscillatory distribution is formed between the classical and non-classical in the coherent state. The non-classical distribution disappears when considering the squeezed state and the Kerr-like medium.