Simplified Chinese Research Articles

Survivorship care plans in safety net: Bridging the barriers.

68 Background: Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are considered an important tool in survivorship care. SCP should include treatment summaries and follow up care plans and are intended to improve survivorship care. Despite the institute of medicine (IOM) recommendation regarding SCPs, the uptake has been low in community cancer centers. The safety net hospitals face additional challenges to SCPs including patient who may have low health literacy and limited English proficiency. In addition, resources and personnel constraints can be important barriers for implementation of SCPs. Methods: Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital is a safety net hospital in the City and County of San Francisco. We created SCPs for breast cancer survivors, as it is our largest group of cancer survivors. Patients, who were within 5 years of completion of treatment with curative intent for breast cancer were candidates for receiving SCPs. We used ASCO survivorship template to create a survivorship care plan. ASCO breast cancer SCP was discussed in the focus groups and modified to match the needs of our patients. SCP committee and patient advisory board evaluated the SCP prior to a pilot of the SCPs in the clinic. We piloted the SCPs initially in English and Spanish to assess feedback from clinic providers. After requested modifications SCP was then translated in to simplified Chinese. The SCP delivery was embedded in the clinic flow and was done at time of routine clinic visit to reduce the burden of additional visits. Results: 104/175 eligible patients have already received the SCP over one year period. All providers in the clinic participated in delivery of SCPs. Conclusions: SCP in multiple languages can be implemented successfully in safety net setting in a patient population with low health literacy and limited English proficiency. Availability in multiple languages, provider buy–in and embedding SCPs in clinic flow appears to be important factors in implementation. We are evaluating the optimal process of SCP delivery with an ongoing randomized pilot study of SCPs with and without navigation with breast cancer related quality of life and self-efficacy measures. We are also evaluating the usefulness of SCPs in meeting the informational needs of primary care providers.

Machine Translation and Parallel Corpora: The Case of English-to-Chinese Translation of Relative Clauses

This paper compares translations done by professional human translators (as manifested in the Babel English-Chinese Parallel Corpus) and machine translations produced by Google Translate (with English as the source language and Simplified Chinese as the target language). Capitalizing on the branching direction of these two languages, we investigated translation strategies of restrictive relative clauses by focusing on which-relatives. The specific objectives of the study were to (a) extract relevant data from a parallel corpus; (b) assess machine translation quality; and (c) highlight the similarities and dissimilarities between corpus outputs and machine translation outputs. Of the 147 test materials, 115 Google Translate outputs (78.2%) were rated as ‘successful’ or ‘acceptable’. No significant differences were found between the degree of success in machine translations and linguistic factors (e.g., the active or passive voice in relative clauses). This finding confirms that linguistic knowledge is not required when using statistical machine translation (SMT) such as Google Translate. Another noteworthy finding was that Google Translate did not use the least frequently occurring translation strategy in the parallel corpus. This is not surprising given that SMT systems greatly rely on parallel corpora for training statistical translation models.

Translation and validation of the simplified Chinese version of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI).

The aim of this study is to obtain a translation and adaptation of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) into simplified Chinese and validate the simplified Chinese version. Translation and adaptation were performed according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Outcome Committee. A total of 122 patients who were diagnosed with an ACL injury and underwent primary arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between 2015 and 2016 were included in this study. The simplified Chinese version of the ACL-RSI (SC-ACL-RSI), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form were completed. Psychometric evaluations included score distribution, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. SC-ACL-RSI scores exhibited a normal distribution without ceiling and floor effects. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating excellent test-retest reliability. SC-ACL-RSI scores were correlated with all KOOS subscales (r = 0.30 to 0.69, p < 0.001), the IKDC subjective knee form (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and the Lysholm score (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). The mean scores between patients who returned to the same preinjury level of sport (65.1 ± 14.3) and those who could not return to the same level (51.0 ± 15.0) were significantly different (p < 0.001). The SC-ACL-RSI is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the psychological impact of a patient returning to sport after ACLR. It is important to evaluate patients' ability to return to sport after an ACL injury. The information provided by the SC-ACL-RSI will affect decisions regarding treatment and rehabilitation plans, which are more likely to influence clinical outcomes. II.

Translation and validation of Simplified Chinese version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in chronic pain patients: Education may matter.

ObjectivePain catastrophizing is linked to many aspects of pain perception and defines a unique dimension in predicting pain intensity and physical disability. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is an effective, validated,self-report measure, commonly used in clinical trials. Here, we present a Simplified Chinese PCS (SC-PCS) version developed in Chinese patients suffering from chronic pain.MethodsThe SC-PCS was generated in five steps and tested on an initial patient cohort (N = 30). A convenience sample (N = 200) of in-hospital patients with non-malignant pain lasting for more than 12 weeks were recruited for the study, of which 81 completed 5 additional pain questionnaires. A subset (N = 24) of the patients completed an additional SC-PCS, 10 days after the initial query to assess test–retest validation.ResultsIntra-class correlations coefficient indicated high reproducibility and temporal consistency, (0.97), for the total score. Cronbach’s alpha determined high internal consistency across the SC-PCS total score and its three subscales (0.87, 0.85, 0.62, and 0.65). The SC-PCS total score moderately or weakly (R = −0.2 to 0.49), but significantly, correlated with other measurements, such as pain Visual Analog Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scales, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and education. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the dimensionality of the SC-PCS, which indicated instability of the current three-factor model. However, a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three-factor model had the best goodness-fitting.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the successful translational adaptation from English to Simplified Chinese as well as the reliability and validity of SC-PCS. An important discovery was education level significantly correlated with SC-PCS, identifying a future consideration for other cross-cultural development of self-reported measures.

일반 언어학의 한자에 대한 이해와 문제점

In the introductory books on linguistics, containing general explanations on the basic knowledge of the overall research fields in general linguistics, the selection of the contents to include as basic knowledge of linguistics and the accuracy of its description are of the foremost importance. Therefore, this paper analyses the contents defining the Chinese characters in introductory linguistic books written and/or compiled by Korean linguists since 1990 to discuss what contents are essential to include as basic knowledge of the Chinese character system. Then, based on the discussion, it examines issues associated with the descriptions of the explained contents, focusing on differences from the general views held in Chinese linguistics and graphonomy. The findings of this paper on these two points may be summarized as follows:BR The contents related to Chinese characters in introductory linguistic books can be categorized into seven aspects: origin, types of writing system, font change, the formation principles of Chinese characters (liushu), characteristics, number of characters and propagation. In view of the definitions provided for Chinese characters in Korean dictionaries and the Chinese characters described in Modern Chinese (現代漢語), these seven aspects are essentials to be included in the description of the basic knowledge about Chinese characters. In addition, the content of the modern simplified Chinese should be included.BR The ‘types of writing system’ and ‘liushu’ display variances in different introductory books of linguistics, or differ from the general views held in Chinese graphonomy. In this paper, the two issues of (1) ‘classification of the types of writing system of Chinese characters by stages’ and (2) ‘explanation of the concepts of jiajie (假借) and zhuanzhu (轉注) among the six Chinese character formation principles(liushu)’ are examined based on the general views in Chinese graphonomy. In regards to (1), this paper points out the invalidity of classification by stages in contrast to the necessity of typal classification according to the classification criteria. In regards to (2), this paper clarifies the concept of ‘jiajie’ and what introductory books of linguistics have failed to provide correct explanation on it. Also, this paper points out erroneous explanations of zhuanzhu as ‘extension of meaning’ by introductory linguistic books, suggesting exclusion of zhuanzhu in the explanations of liushu for the ambiguity of concept.BR The purpose of this paper is not to point out any fallacy in the explanation but to address the importance of basic knowledge in explaining the Chinese characters, an ideography, and to extend the discussion. It is argued that detailed contents of each aspect of the basic knowledge of Chinese character system be discussed further and a standardized system established regarding the concepts of the terms and basic knowledge of the Chinese graphonomy which can be universally applied to general linguistics and graphonomy.BR

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Adapting and validating a developmental assessment for chinese infants and toddlers: The ages & stages questionnaires: Inventory

The Chinese government has announced the 2013 Guidelines for developing a national system for early detection of disability among children under 6 years of age. However, given limited resources, challenges exist with developmental measures required in the 2013 Guidelines. In order to meet the needs for a more accurate and cost-efficient measure for developmental assessment, the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Inventory (ASQ:I) was translated into Simplified Chinese, and validated on a regional sample of 812 Chinese children ages from 1 to 25 months. Results indicated that the Chinese ASQ:I domain scores increased across children’s age. When dividing the sample into seven age intervals, Cronbach’s alpha in each interval ranged from 0.59 to 0.96 across five domains. When using the whole sample for analyses, item expected a posteriori/plausible value (EAP/PV) reliability was above 0.99 in all domains, test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation analyses ranged from 0.95 to 0.99, and the agreement with the concurrent measure ranged from 0.29 to 0.89. Domain scores on the ASQ:I correctly predicted 92–99% of participating children’s disability status. Findings suggested that the Chinese ASQ:I has adequate psychometric properties and thus provides a promising alternative measure for screening and progress monitoring in young children in China. Implications for future research and implementation are discussed.

End-to-end subtitle detection and recognition for videos in East Asian languages via CNN ensemble

In this paper, we propose an innovative end-to-end subtitle detection and recognition system for videos in East Asian languages. Our end-to-end system consists of multiple stages. Subtitles are firstly detected by a novel image operator based on the sequence information of consecutive video frames. Then, an ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) trained on synthetic data is adopted for detecting and recognizing East Asian characters. Finally, a dynamic programming approach leveraging language models is applied to constitute results of the entire body of text lines. The proposed system achieves average end-to-end accuracies of 98.2% and 98.3% on 40 videos in Simplified Chinese and 40 videos in Traditional Chinese respectively, which is a significant outperformance of other existing methods. The near-perfect accuracy of our system dramatically narrows the gap between human cognitive ability and state-of-the-art algorithms used for such a task.

Considerations for The Selection of Written Chinese Variants In The Process of Translating and Linguistically Validating Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAS)

There are several predominant variants of both written and spoken Chinese. The written variants are Traditional and Simplified Chinese, and well-known spoken variants include Standard Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taiwanese. Understanding the relationship between these written and spoken variants and the appropriate circumstances for usage is vital to successful translation and linguistic validation of COAs targeted for use in populations that speak and write these variants of modern Chinese. Modern spoken Chinese is divided into at least seven major dialectical groups containing over 200 total dialects. Although many of these spoken dialects are not mutually intelligible, historically, there has been a common written system underlying the spoken variants. This common written system officially diverged in 1956 into two variants, Traditional and Simplified Chinese. Confusion frequently arises from the fact that use of these variants is not interchangeable, but dictated largely by national boundaries and political tensions. Traditional Chinese is used predominantly in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau, and overseas Chinese-speaking communities. Simplified Chinese is used predominantly in mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia. Furthermore, formal education is typically given in only one of the written variants, and although the two are related, and most speakers are exposed to both in daily life, they differ enough that knowledge of and literacy in one variant does not perfectly transfer to the other. There are important differences between the Traditional and Simplified variants of written Chinese, as well as geographic and national variation in their use. Additionally, most formal education occurs in only one variant, and there is no clear relationship between spoken variants and their underlying written forms. Together, these factors necessitate careful consideration of the written variant and the subject population requested for translation services and linguistic validation of COAs in locations where modern Chinese is used.

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Evaluation the quality of life in patients with bone metastases: evidence-based update

There is increasing recognition of the importance of the quality of life (QOL) since it became an endpoint of clinical practices, a variety of disease-specific quality of life instruments have been developed and used as a means of assessing clinical interventions. Traditional evaluation was performed by researchers who generally ignore the subjective feeling from patiens. At present, many evaluation criteria has paid more attention to the patient's subjective feelings into the scoring system, the assessment tool of patient-reported outcome (PRO) is usually the patient self-rating scale or questionnaire. As a common complications of terminal stages of cancer, the treatment of bone metastases is usually conservative, improving or maintaining the quality of life of patients has been the consensus. Bone metastases trials have employed QLQ-C30 which raised by Europe Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) or other generic health related QOL measurement, such as functional assessment of cancer therapy-general (FACT-G) and the MOS 36-item short from health survey (SF-36). But they lack specificity and accuracy in the assessment. EORTC QLQ-BM22 scale is considered as a bone metastases specific scale which was introducted in 2009, after the reliability, validity, cross-cultural adaptability verification, with the combination of EORTC QLQ-C30 or used alone, has increasingly applied to clinical trials and practice for QOL assessment of bone metastatic cancer patients in recent years. It complete the EORTC evaluation system, which has significant value for assessing efficacy. EORTC QLQ-BM22 has been translated into simplified Chinese and evaluated its utility, could be used in China as an effective questionnaire in evaluating the QOL for patients with bone metastases. In this study, current situation and progress of QOL measuring tools for bone metastases patients is reviewed, in order to help researchers choose appropriate scale and better assess the efficacy, find the pros and cons to guide the clinical treatment decision.

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

MELD-SCH: A megastudy of lexical decision in simplified Chinese.

Here we report on MELD-SCH (MEgastudy of Lexical Decision in Simplified CHinese), a dataset that contains the lexical decision data of 1,020 one-character, 10,022 two-character, 949 three-character, and 587 four-character simplified Chinese words obtained from 504 native Chinese users. It also includes a number of word-level and character-level variables. Analyses showed that the reliability of the dataset is satisfactory, as indicated by split-half correlations and comparisons with other datasets. Item-based regression showed that both word-level and character-level variables contributed significantly to the reaction times and error rates of lexical decision. Moreover, we discovered a U-shape relationship between word-length and reaction times, which has not been reported in Chinese before. MELD-SCH can facilitate research in Chinese word recognition by providing high quality normative data and information of different linguistic variables. It also encourages researchers to extend their empirical findings, which are mostly based on one-character and two-character words, to words of different lengths.

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Validation of the Empathy Quotient in Mainland China

ABSTRACTThis research aimed to validate a simplified Chinese version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ; 60 items) for use with Mainland Chinese people. The original English version of the EQ was translated into simplified Chinese. Through an online survey, 588 Mainland Chinese participants completed the EQ and 3 other questionnaires: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS–20). Thirty-five participants completed retesting of the EQ 3 to 4 weeks later. Sex differences on the EQ scores and psychometric properties of the EQ items were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that an EQ 15-item structural model fitted the data quite well. Self-report empathy, as assessed by the current simplified Chinese version of the EQ, appeared to relate to participants' autistic and alexithymic traits but not sex.

The most famous fish: human relationships with fish as inferred from the corpus of online English books (1800-2000)

ESEP Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics Contact the journal RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections ESEP 17:9-18 (2017) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esep00173 The most famous fish: human relationships with fish as inferred from the corpus of online English books (1800-2000) Konstantinos I. Stergiou1,2,* 1Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, 16777 Athens, Greece 2Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, UP Box 134, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece *Corresponding author: kstergio@bio.auth.gr ABSTRACT: Despite the historically close connection between humans and fish, the question ‘What is the most famous fish species?’ has never been asked. I used Google Ngram viewer to estimate the frequency of times the common names of 250 fishes appear in the corpus of digitized English books published between 1800 and 2000. I propose the ‘famon’ as a unit of fame, with 1 famon = 10-6 relative % Ngram frequency. Twelve of the 250 common names are words which also have other uses in English and were thus not considered here, and 57 species had 0 famons. For the remaining 181 species, fame increased for 139 (76.8%), during or part of 1800-2000. Goldfish Carassius auratus, the most common laboratory and aquarium fish and the second fish to be domesticated, is the most famous fish, reaching 80 to 117 famons after 1930. It was introduced to Europe from China about 325 to 450 yr ago and then to North America around 1850. Goldfish have penetrated into cultural aspects of human civilization (e.g. stamps, art, music). ‘Goldfish’ also appears in the corpus of simplified Chinese, French, German, Italian, and Spanish books. The results show the universality and dominance of goldfish in the digitized published heritage. This likely indicates that non-consumptive cultural aspects, including aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational components, play a central role in defining the relationship of humans with fish, being equally important as provisioning, regulating, and supporting services, and thus should be valued accordingly for conservation. However, cultural services have not yet been adequately integrated within the ecosystem service framework and are generally excluded from economic evaluations, a fact raising ethical issues with respect to their relative evaluation. KEY WORDS: Fame · Famon · Goldfish · Carassius auratus · Darwin · Ecosystem services · Cultural services Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Stergiou KI (2017) The most famous fish: human relationships with fish as inferred from the corpus of online English books (1800-2000). Ethics Sci Environ Polit 17:9-18. https://doi.org/10.3354/esep00173 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESEP Vol. 17. Online publication date: May 17, 2017 Print ISSN: 1863-5415; Online ISSN: 1611-8014 Copyright © 2017 Inter-Research.

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Plain language summaries in Simplified Chinese

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly.

To translate the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly into Simplified Chinese and to test the Chinese version of the scale regarding its reliability and validity among older people. Self-care is an important topic in nursing. When assessing older people's self-care ability, it is essential that a reliable and valid instrument is used. This study employed across-sectional design. We translated the English version of the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly into Simplified Chinese according to Brislin's translation guidelines and carried out a questionnaire survey among 610 older people, including both community-dwelling people and hospital patients, in Jinzhou City, People's Republic of China. Eighty participants completed the instrument twice for test-retest reliability. Data analyses were performed using spss 17.0 and Mplus, version 5, to assess reliability and validity. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .89 and statistically significant item-to-total correlations showed evidence of homogeneity. An intraclass correlation coefficient of .99 for the test-retest between total scores and intraclass correlation coefficients between .87-.99 for the test-retest scores of each item explained the almost perfect test-retest reliability noted in this study. Content validity was found to be good, and a three-factor model was obtained in an exploratory factor analysis (explaining a variance of 57%) and modified in a confirmatory factor analysis (χ2 =261.559, df=98, root mean square error of approximation=0.074; standardised root mean square residual=0.059), which reflected an acceptable construct validity. This study shows that the Chinese version of the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly has sufficient psychometric properties for assessing self-care ability among older people in China. A reliable and valid instrument is available to assess the self-care ability of older Chinese people.