Simple Process Research Articles

The experience of iron determination in technogenic materials with a high copper content by the redox titration method: case study of the waelz slag

Redox titration is one of the most common classical methods widely used in practice for the determination of total iron. A well-known procedure ISO 2597-1 (GOST 32517) includes the decomposition of a sample with dissolution, the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ using a SnCl2 solution and its titration with a K2Cr2O7 solution in the presence of sodium or barium diphenylaminosulfonate as an indicator. We propose to use potassium tetrahydroborate KBH4 as a reducing agent for Fe3+ to Fe2+ instead of SnCl2 to modify a titrimetric method of total iron determination. The features of the well-known and considered methods are studied when using sintering for sample decomposition during the analysis of a large number of samples. Application of the developed method for the analysis of standard samples and technogenic materials with a high copper content, namely, Waelz slag showed a satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility of the obtained values of the total iron content. The results obtained indicate the possibility of the application of this method to the iron determination in the samples with a high copper content without an additional step of the iron separation from copper. A high productivity of the analysis (apart from the absence of the separation stage) is achieved due to the simplicity of the reduction process occurred at room temperature, no need for the control of the added amount of the reducing agent, and the possibility of holding the solutions for a long time before the titration. These advantages along with the no need for using toxic mercury compounds during the analysis make the method attractive for the analysis of a large number of samples.

Aluminum Foil Surface Etching and Anodization Processes for Polymer 3D-Printing Applications

Extrusion-based polymer three-dimensional (3D) printing, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM), has been garnering increasing interest from industry, as well as from the research and academic communities, due to its low cost, high speed, and process simplicity. However, bed adhesion failure remains an obstacle to diversifying the materials and expanding the industrial applications of the FDM 3D-printing process. Therefore, this study focused on an investigation of the surface treatment methods for aluminum (Al) foil and their applications to 3D printer beds to enhance the bed adhesion of a 3D-printed polymer filament. Two methods of etching with sodium hydroxide and anodization with phosphoric acid were individually used for the surface treatment of the Al foil beds and then compared with an untreated foil. The etching process removed the oxide layer from the Al foil and increased its surface roughness, while the anodizing process enhanced the amount of hydroxide functional groups and contributed to the formation of nano-holes. As a result, the surface-anodized aluminum foil exhibited a higher affinity and bonding strength with the 3D-printed polymers compared with the etched and pristine foils. Through the increase in the success rate in 3D printing with various polymers, it became evident that utilizing surface-treated Al foil as a 3D printer bed presents an economical solution to addressing bed adhesion failure.

Sustainable Development of the China Railway Express under the Belt and Road Initiative: Focusing on Infrastructure Reliability and Trade Facilitation

The China Railway Express (CR Express) is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The sustainable development of CR Express provides critical support for regional economic integration and promotes a balanced development of the supply chain. Infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation greatly impact the operation of CR Express and are crucial for improving the competitiveness of transnational trade and cross-border efficiency. Inconsistent transportation infrastructure standards and low-efficient transportation service procedures affect the cross-border movement of cargo among countries. This paper integrates quantified metrics of infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation into a spatial friction model based on the electrical resistance theory, estimating the impact of these factors on the transportation flow of CR Express. Additionally, three scenarios of infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation are established for the four trade routes from Zhengzhou to Hamburg. Numerical experiments show that compared with inland river routes and traditional ocean routes, infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation significantly influence the transport flow of CR Express. These research results can provide a reference for the improvements of CR Express transportation efficiency and the simplification of customs clearance processes, potentially promoting the sustainable development of the CR Express supply chain to some extent.

Feasibility study of carbon-fiber reinforced polymer linerless pressure vessel tank

Composite pressure vessels are used in aerospace engineering for storing fluids such as propellants, nitrogen, and oxygen. They are also used in life-support systems, High-performance pressure suits for astronauts, Helium Tanks for Balloons and Airships. Among many types of composites, Carbon fiber composites uses have been increasing due to its high strength to weight ratio, high thermal expansion, corrosion, fatigue and impact resistance and design flexibility. In order to improve the volume of the pressure vessel, the liner-less concept is tried. This increased volume efficiency is crucial in aerospace applications where space is at a premium and maximizing storage capacity within limited dimensions is important. Not only the volume efficiency, but also the Reduced Permeability Concerns, Enhanced Durability and Longevity, better thermal continuity and simplified manufacturing process make this research significant in the area of pressure vessel. This research paper deals with the fabrication and development of a cylinder without a lining. The test sample was subjected to several tests: tensile test, impact, shear test (3P Bending), leak test and Pressure test. The test sample was capable of withstanding 20 Bars without failure. The numerical results were also performed and compared with the experimental results. The difference was only 3%. Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) AND red-fuming nitric acid can both be stored in this cylinder (RFNA). Unlike traditional composite overwrapped pressure vessels, the liner-less composite tanks rely completely on the composite shell to act as a permeation barrier as well as handling all pressure and environmental loads. The absence of a liner eliminates the potential for delamination or failure at the interface between the liner and the composite material.

CodelessML: A Beginner's Web Application for Getting Started with Machine Learning

Building machine learning models requires intensive coding and installation of certain software. This is frequently a barrier for beginners learning about machine learning. To overcome this situation, we present CodelessML, a reproducible web-based application designed for Machine Learning beginners due to its coding-free and installation-free design, published under Code Ocean capsule. It provides a common workflow that eases the process of building Machine Learning models and using the model for predictions. Using the Agile method, CodelessML was successfully built using Python, Anaconda, and Streamlit It. By using CodelessML, users can get a walkthrough and interactive experience of building machine learning through a simplified machine learning process: exploratory data analytics (EDA), modelling, and prediction. The impact of the software was evaluated based on feedback from 79 respondents, which showed that based on a 5-scale Likert, CodelessML received average ratings of 4.4 in accessibility, 4.3 in content, and 4.4 in functionality. CodelessML serves as an accessible entry point for learning machine learning, offering online, free, and reproducible features.

Progress on nonculture based diagnostic tests for invasive mould infection.

This review describes the current status of diagnosing invasive mould disease and Pneumocystis pneumonia using nonconventional diagnostics methods. There has been significant development in the range of nonculture mycological tests. Lateral flow tests (LFTs) for diagnosing aspergillosis complement galactomannan ELISA testing, and LFTs for other fungal diseases are in development. Rapid and low through-put B-D-Glucan assays increase access to testing and there has been significant progress in the standardization/development of molecular tests. Despite this, no single perfect test exists and combining tests (e.g., antigen and molecular testing) is likely required for the optimal diagnosis of most fungal diseases. Based on established clinical performance few mycological tests can be used alone for optimal diagnosis of fungal disease (FD) and combining tests, including classical approaches is the preferred route for confirming and excluding disease. Next-generation sequencing will likely play an increasing role in how we diagnose disease, but optimization, standardization and validation of the entire molecular process is needed and we must consider how host biomarkers can stratify risk. Given the burden of FD in low- and medium-income countries, improved access to novel but more so existing diagnostic testing is critical along with simplification of testing processes.

Refined one-dimensional modeling and experimental validation of scroll compressor with vapor injection for electric vehicles

Vapor injection technology represents a highly promising avenue for enhancing the efficiency of heat pump systems within electric vehicles, especially in challenging cold ambient conditions. Although a simplified isentropic process is commonly employed to assess the thermodynamic functioning of scroll compressors with vapor injection (SCVI), it diverges significantly from actual operational dynamics. This study introduces a sophisticated 1D mathematical model that incorporates key factors such as internal leakage and thermal losses, thereby providing a more accurate representation of SCVI's operational realities. The research includes comprehensive performance evaluations of a short wrap profile SCVI, with a specific focus on low-temperature ambient conditions, supported by rigorous experimental validation. Comparative analyses against non-injection scenarios reveal notable enhancements, including a maximum 17.2 % increase in mass flow, a 10.5 % rise in heating capacity, and a 2.15 % improvement in heating COP. Both the simplified isentropic process calculation model and the enhanced 1D mathematical model are utilized to analyze compressor operations. The integration of internal leakage and heat loss considerations significantly narrows the gap between calculated and experimental results for heating capacity and discharge temperature, reducing discrepancies from nearly 20 % to a mere 4 %. This refined mathematical model demonstrates a high level of alignment with experimental data, achieving an accuracy within 5 % when assessing the compressor's real-world operational dynamics.

High density nanofluidic channels by self-sealing for metallic nanoparticles detection

High density nanofluidic channels were successfully fabricated by a novel process, nicknamed as self-sealing process, for the detection of metal nanoparticles dispersed in water using color changes excited by polarized electromagnetic waves. The permittivities of aqueous solutions with various concentrations of metal nanoparticles were calculated by a corrected plasma model. Systematic simulations using finite difference time domain method were carried out in investigating the detection capabilities of the nanofluidic channels for silver, beryllium and copper nanoparticles in water. The pronounced color shifts indicates that the channels possess high sensitivity in the metal nanoparticles detection. The designed nanofluidic channels were then fabricated by a direct flood deposition of a silica film on a pre-replicated hydrogen silsesquioxan (HSQ) grating using electron beam lithography (EBL). The self-sealing technique possesses advantages in simplified processing, encapsulation free and potential of multi-layer nanochannels.

A robust antagonistically assembled triboelectric nanogenerator based on dead‐end closed pore through a one‐step improved phase separation

AbstractThe ongoing global energy crisis presents a significant challenge all over the world. In this study, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made of recyclable thermoplastic polycarbonate has been proposed as a promising environmentally friendly solution due to its potential capability to convert low‐frequency mechanical energy sources such as human motion and ocean waves into electricity with potential applications including powering wearable electronic devices and self‐powered sensors. We introduce an antagonistically structured TENG (A‐TENG) composed of honeycomb porous polycarbonate (hc‐PC) and convex‐patterned dimethylsiloxane, employing a novel one‐stage improved phase separation method. This A‐TENG overcomes the demerits of others thanks to its high surface contact area, simplified fabrication process, enhanced energy conversion efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness, requiring minimal investment. More importantly, this work utilized hc‐PC as a framework for slippery liquid‐infused porous surface (SLIPS) based TENG owing to the special honeycomb porous structure to impregnate silicon oil within pore arrays and mechanically support the whole system. The practical application of SLIPS‐TENG was demonstrated while deployed on the house rooftop to harvest raindrop energy and act as a rain detection sensor.

Disabled Individuals’ Negative Perceptions of Mobile Health Applications: Design Guidance for HFE Practitioners

Disabled individuals experience significant inequities in healthcare access, healthcare quality, social determinants of health, and health outcomes compared to non-disabled individuals. By including people with disabilities in the co-design of mobile health (MHealth) applications, we gain valuable insights to improve alignment between users’ needs and MHealth technologies. Through a secondary analysis of mixed-methods data, this paper investigates negative perceptions of disabled individuals regarding MHealth applications to inform MHealth application design guidance for human factors practitioners. Fifty participants with physical, cognitive, sensory, and/or mental health-related disabilities interacted with three MHealth applications during task analysis sessions, revealing concerns about data security, data privacy, and unnecessary patient work. Recommendations include clear articulation of security measures, clarifications that patient profiles are not publicly available, and simplified data entry processes. Implementing these recommendations may enhance the accessibility and usefulness of MHealth applications, promoting healthcare access for a broader range of individuals.

Cost‐Effective and Fully Hardware‐Oriented Reservoir Computing Based on IGZO/HZO Ferroelectric Thin‐Film Transistor with Electrically and Optically Distinguishable States

AbstractHardware‐based reservoir computing (RC) systems provide benefits like energy efficiency and effective predictability. The implementation of different switching characteristics for the reservoir and readout layers requires the use of different types of devices or additional processing. However, an RC system with distinguishable switching characteristics obtained by changing stimulation on a single device is not identified yet, but it is appealing in terms of process simplicity and efficient processing costs. This study develops an RC system that uses ferroelectric thin‐film transistor (FeTFT) devices with an indium gallium zinc oxide channel and Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric layer for both networks. The nonvolatile FeTFT utilizes the remnant polarization properties of the ferroelectric layer through electrical stimulation, showing stable retention characteristics (104 s) and long‐term potentiation/depression. By using optical stimulation, the volatile FeTFT demonstrates short‐term characteristics, such as paired‐pulse facilitation, and a 4‐bit RC system. This proves that it is possible to meet the functional requirements of both the reservoir and readout networks by simply varying the type of stimulation applied to a single FeTFT. Finally, the fully FeTFT‐based RC system can recognize digit patterns from the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database with a high accuracy of 90.5%.

A versatile model with a design framework for axially-loaded FRP-confined concrete with/without a stress reduction-recovery behavior

Given the magnitude of investigations conducted on axially-loaded FRP-confined concrete columns in the past two decades, the focus of these studies was mainly given on FRP-confined concrete with a full strain hardening behavior, categorized as Type A. Nonetheless, for a reliable design of FRP confinement arrangements imposed to concrete, it is essential to properly comprehend and accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of FRP-confined concrete considering the possibility of a stress reduction-recovery response (Type B). Accordingly, this study proposes a new unified design-oriented model to predict the stress-strain behavior of axially-loaded FRP-confined normal/high-strength concrete cylinders with either Type A or Type B. The model consists of a two-segment stress-strain function for Type A whereas it, with a smooth transition, is transformed into a three-segment stress-strain function for Type B. A new parabolic stress-strain relation was developed for the first portion of axial behavior prior to the transition zone. Based on a new analytical methodology, new formulations with a design framework were proposed to predict the slope of softening/hardening linear functions, calibrated based on a large test database of Type A and Type B specimens. Furthermore, based on a reliable numerical database, simplified formulations are proposed to calculate the stress and strain at the transition zone of the stress-strain relations. The comparative assessment of the developed design-oriented model with existing confinement models reveals the developed one has not only superior predictive performance but also a simpler calculation process, which makes it suitable for design purposes by balancing the reliability and the implementation simplicity of the model.

Degradation of Malachite Green Dye by Solar Irradiation Assisted by TiO2 Biogenic Nanoparticles Using Vaccinium corymbosum Extract

The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) offers an alternative to chemical procedures, which can be harmful to human health due to exposure to hazardous substances and harsh synthesis conditions. The following work synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using a green synthesis method. As a precursor, food-grade TiO2 was used with blueberry extract. This approach makes the process safer, cheaper, and simpler, requiring minimal effort to achieve effective TiO2 NP synthesis. The TiO2 NP characterization was performed by solid-state techniques, such as Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the XRD diffractograms, TiO2 NPs were obtained in the anatase phase with incidence peaks of 25.28 (101). TEM confirmed their pseudo-spherical shape with an average size of 170 nm. The 3.2 eV bandgap of TiO2 NPs enables UV absorption, making them ideal for efficient photocatalytic degradation under sunlight. On the other hand, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 NPs was examined using malachite green (MG) dye as a pollutant model under direct sunlight. After 30 min, a degradation of 94% was achieved. The kinetic analysis identified parabolic diffusion and modified-Freundlich kinetics as primary mechanisms, emphasizing diffusion and adsorption in electron transfer. The main reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the photodegradation of MG dye were h+ and OH•.

Rapid photo-crosslinking, highly conductive, and anti-freezing acrylamide-based hydrogels applied for ECG sensors

In recent years, ionic conductive hydrogels have attracted significant attention in the wearable sensors field due to their simplified preparation process, cost- effectiveness, and high conductivity. However, a large amount of water in traditional hydrogels inevitably condense into ice at low temperatures and make them lose various properties in their practical applications. Hence, this study proposes a method to rapidly synthesized a water/glycerol binary anti-freezing hydrogel only in 10 s through photo-initiated free-radical polymerization. The introduction of LiCl into the crosslinked network composed of acrylamide (AAm) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) regulated the ionic conductivity of the hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibits a fracture strain of 1062.1 %, a tensile strength of 31 kPa, and an adhesive strength of 6.49 kPa. The synergistic effects of glycerol and LiCl imparted excellent anti-freezing properties (−60 °C). The three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel facilitates ion transport, exhibiting superior conductivity (30.25 S/m), maintaining high conductivity capability of 1.46 S/m even at a low temperature of −55 °C. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates prolonged durability and stability in real-time human motion monitoring applications while concurrently exhibiting remarkable sensitivity as an ECG sensor. Hence, this as-prepared hydrogel can adapt to extreme environments and deliver comprehensive performance as an ECG sensor.

The impact of operations management practices in improving organisational performance

The primary focus of this research article is to investigate the significant influence that operations management strategies have in improving the performance of organizations. It elucidates the complex influence that operations management methods have on key performance indicators like as profitability, customer satisfaction, and competitive advantage by conducting a complete analysis of the relevant literature and empirical data. When it comes to boosting efficiency and innovation, the findings underline the value of simplified processes, technology integration, and strategic alignment with organizational goals. In addition, the research highlights the significance of cross-functional cooperation and the development of human capital in the process of cultivating a culture of operational excellence. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes how important it is to prioritize operations management as a strategic imperative in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and long-term success in the dynamic business climate that exists today.

The phagotrophic growth of algae on bacteria and its potential for wastewater and waste sludge treatment

Algae exhibit diverse growth strategies, including phototrophy, osmotrophy, and phagotrophy. While phototrophic and osmotrophic growths have been extensively studied, phagotrophic growth remains relatively unexplored. This research delves into the phagotrophic growth of Ochromonas danica on bacteria, evaluating its potential for wastewater and waste sludge treatment. The study reveals that O. danica was able to grow on bacteria without light or additional nutrients, achieving a doubling time of 3.5-3.9hours and converting 41-45% of bacterial organic matter into algal biomass. The resultant O. danica cells were lipid-rich, containing 35-46% lipids by dry weight. The efficiency of O. danica in treating waste sludge was highlighted, achieving a 43% reduction in organic matter within 36hours, outperforming conventional aerobic digestion. The study also highlights the potential of O. danica in wastewater treatment. An approach was developed to reclaim organic matter from wastewater through a two-stage process, in which bacteria were first grown on wastewater organic matter and then the grown bacteria were fed to O. danica for growth. Results show that a total of 78.2% of the initial wastewater organic matter was removed through this approach and 27.3% of the removed organic matter was converted into lipid-rich algal biomass. The findings underscore the potential of phagotrophic growth for waste treatment and lipid production. The simplicity of the phagotrophic process, independent of light or complex nutrient supplementation, positions it as a promising strategy for industrial applications in waste sludge and wastewater treatment.

Towards Simpler Modelling Expressions for the Mechanical Characterization of Soft Materials

Aims:: The aim of this paper is to develop a new, simple equation for deep spherical indentations. Background:: The Hertzian theory is the most widely applied mathematical tool when testing soft materials because it provides an elementary equation that can be used to fit force-indentation data and determine the mechanical properties of the sample (i.e., its Young’s modulus). However, the Hertz equation is only valid for parabolic or spherical indenters at low indentation depths. For large indentation depths, Sneddon’s extension of the Hertzian theory offers accurate force-indentation equations, while alternative approaches have also been developed. Despite ongoing mathematical efforts to derive new accurate equations for deep spherical indentations, the Hertz equation is still commonly used in most cases due to its simplicity in data processing. Objective:: The main objective of this paper is to simplify the data processing for deep spherical indentations, primarily by providing an accurate equation that can be easily fitted to force-indentation data, similar to the Hertzian equation Methods:: A simple power-law equation is derived by considering the equal work done by the indenter using the actual equation. Results:: The mentioned power-law equation was tested on simulated force-indentation data created using both spherical and sphero-conical indenters. Furthermore, it was applied to experimental force-indentation data obtained from agarose gels, demonstrating remarkable accuracy. Conclusion:: A new elementary power-law equation for accurately determining Young’s modulus in deep spherical indentation has been derived.

Low-cost dealkalization of bauxite residue by gypsum coordinated with industrial iron salt: Mineralogical mechanisms and field practice

The sustained-release of alkalinity in bauxite residue hinders the soil formation and ecological restoration processes in disposal areas. Ferric salts (Fe3+), known for their rapid neutralization reaction process and straightforward operational simplicity, showed a synergistic advantage with gypsum (CaSO4) in the alkaline regulation of bauxite residue. Nevertheless, the mineralogical mechanisms of the reaction between Fe3+ and Ca2+ and alkaline minerals in bauxite residue remained unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the geochemical stability mechanisms of sodalite and cancrinite, major alkaline minerals in bauxite residue, driven by Fe3+ and Ca2+ from a mineral structural perspective and the integrated restoration effect was demonstrated by the field experiment. Unreacted shrinking core model (USCM) calculations demonstrated that Fe3+ was able to enter the lattice structure of sodalite and cancrinite to replace Na+ and assisted Ca2+ in successfully replacing Na+ in cancrinite. Moreover, Fe3+ and Ca2+ facilitated the formation of insoluble coating layers on their surface. In the lattice structure of sodalite and cancrinite, the replacement reaction for Na+ was influenced by the competition between Fe3+ and Ca2+. The Ca2+ preferentially replaced Na+, while Fe3+ accumulated near the Si-O bonds, balancing the negative charges of the Si-O and Al-O tetrahedra structure and further inhibited alkaline mineral dissolution. The pH and EC of bauxite residue decreased from 10.52 to 7.60 and 712 μS/cm to 501 μS/cm, respectively, after a one-year field-scale amelioration by the integration of Fe3+ and Ca2+. These findings highlighted the synergistic roles of Fe3+ and Ca2+ in regulating the alkalinity of bauxite residue and provided a practical strategy for ecological restoration in disposal areas.

Design and fabrication of an accelerometer structure using glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin for seismic P-wave early warning

Earthquake early warning represents a vital and effective strategy for mitigating earthquake-related losses. Among the existing sensors for earthquake early warning, MEMS accelerometers involve complex manufacturing process, leading to high research and development costs and long cycles. Traditional mechanical sensors are bulky, costly, hence not suitable for large-scale, high-density monitoring network. In this study, a low-cost accelerometer using glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin is proposed for longitudinal seismic waves (P-waves) early warning. Both theorical and finite element analysis are carried out to define and optimize the initial structure of the accelerometer. A pre-deformation structure is implemented into the spring suspension system to offset the influence of the sensor’s gravity, so that a self-balanced state in the direction of gravity is achieved. The simulation results show that the accelerator can achieve an eigenfrequency of 12.67 Hz, a Q-value of 49.2, and mechanical thermal noise of 1.72×10-9g/Hz. Based on the simulation results, the accelerometer’s structure is processed using a computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine, and tested by collecting the voltage signals when the accelerometer’s structure undergoes an impact in the direction of the gravity. The measured eigenfrequency is around 10Hz, and the signal attenuation rate closely aligns with the simulation results. The accelerometer structure has dimensions within 6 cm and a relatively simplified manufacturing process, making it a cost-effective solution for the development of large-scale, high-density earthquake early warning systems.

Curved HSIW: an affordable performance for non-planar millimeter-wave applications

This paper introduces a Curved Hollow Substrate Integrated Waveguide (CHSIW) to address the growing demand for millimeter-wave applications, including communication, sensing, imaging, radar, and wireless power transfer systems. Leveraging advancements in integrated circuits and system-in-package (SiP) technology, the CHSIW tackles the challenges associated with hardware integration into curved structures. The design utilizes MultiJet Printing (MJP) for the M3 crystal dielectric substrate and a water laser cutter system for copper sheets, streamlining the fabrication process by eliminating complex via manufacturing steps through prefabricated through-hole vias. Operating in the frequency range of 21.7 GHz to 32 GHz, the CHSIW exhibits outstanding performance on curved surfaces, with measured average attenuation constants of 1.89 Np m−1 (16.42 dB m−1) and 1.95 Np m−1 (16.94 dB/m) for samples with radii of curvature of 166.8 mm and 125.1 mm, respectively. Beyond addressing technical challenges, the CHSIW presents a cost-effective and simplified fabrication process, positioning it as a breakthrough solution for diverse millimeter-wave applications, including future robotic and UAV communications. Furthermore, the proposed design and fabrication technique hold promise for the realization of conformal and free-form Hollow Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HSIW) devices in the future.