Simple Preparation Research Articles

Fluorescent Self-Assembled Complexes Based on Glyco-Functionalized G-Quadruplexes as a Targeted Delivery Platform.

Targeted delivery systems combined with the stimuli-responsive release of drug molecules hold noteworthy promise for precision medicine, enabling treatments with enhanced effectiveness and reduced adverse effects. An ideal drug delivery platform with versatile targeting moieties, the capability of combinational payloads, and simple preparation is highly desirable. Herein, we developed pH-sensitive fluorescent self-assembled complexes (SACs) of a galactose-functionalized G-quadruplex (G4) and a coumarin carboxamidine derivative as a targeted delivery platform through the nanoprecipitation method. These SACs selectively targeted hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in fluorescence imaging after a short incubation and exerted specific anticancer effects in an appropriate dose range. Co-delivery of 1 μM prodrug floxuridine oligomers and 16 μg/mL SACs (minimal hemolytic effect) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the nucleoside anticancer drug on normal cells (NIH/3T3), kept up to 70% alive after 72-h incubation, and improved anticancer efficacy compared to SACs alone. This strategy can be extended to ratiometric multidrug delivery through self-assembly for targeted combinational therapy.

Preparation and evaluation of a pyridine sulfonate betaine-based zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography

A zwitterionic stationary phase comprising pyridinium cations and sulfonate anions was successfully developed through thiol-ene click chemistry. Using seven polar small molecules as probes, the zwitterionic stationary phase showed high separation selectivity and excellent column efficiency (35,200–54,800 plates/m) compared with two commercial columns. The influence of water proportion, salt concentration, and pH in the mobile phase, and column temperature, on the retention of six polar compounds was examined. The retention mechanism was explored by three hydrophilic retention models, Tanaka test and linear solvation energy relationship analysis. For the analysis of sample dairy products (milk powder, milk, and yogurt), the stationary phase was operated in hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode without the addition of buffer salts, facilitating rapid and efficient detection and quantification of melamine. The LOD and LOQ are 0.04 mg⋅g−1 and 0.13 mg⋅g−1, respectively, and the recovery rate is 90.3 − 102.8 %. The zwitterionic stationary phase has the advantages of simple preparation, good method reproducibility, good selectivity and high precision.

Epoxy resin gel particles with adjustable stickiness and deformability for pesticide delivery

It is essential to develop a pesticide delivery system with a simple preparation process and strong leaf retention capability. In this study, epoxy resin (ER) was modified with alcohols with different carbon chain lengths through a one-step reaction to synthesize modified prepolymers (ModER). Among these, the ER modified by dodecanol (ER/Dodecanol) exhibited high flexibility, exceptional stickiness and the highest surface free energy. Subsequently, the organic phase containing emamectin benzoate (EB) and ModER was directly mixed with the aqueous phase containing sodium lignosulfonate (SL) to instantaneously obtain pesticide-loaded epoxy resin gel particles (ModERMP) through self-emulsification and electrostatic interaction. ER/Dodecanol loaded with EB (EB@ER/Dodecanol) had excellent flexibility. The particles underwent significant flattening, transitioning from micron-sized spherical particles to “biscuit-type” particles with nanoscale thickness. EB@ER/Dodecanol exhibited outstanding stickiness, enabling it to adhere to the mouthparts and legs of insects, thereby impacting their feeding behavior. Compared with that of the control, the leaf feeding rate for the experimental group was decreased by 9.36%. EB@ER/Dodecanol also had affinity for foliar micro/nanostructures while displaying excellent washout resistance. Following washing, the residue rate increased by 33.7% compared to that of the emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Furthermore, EB@ER/Dodecanol had excellent insecticidal activity both before and after washout. ModERMP represents a simple preparation process with robust washout resistance, thereby enhancing pesticide utilization rates.

Self-Assembly of Silole-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission Compounds with Green Fluorescent Protein under Physiological Conditions for Traceable and Versatile Drug Delivery.

Biomacromolecules are viewed as promising drugs due to their specific functions in biological processes, biocompatibility, and pharmacological efficacy. Injective administration, chosen to avoid intestinal barriers, may in turn lead to immediate decay in the circulation system, unreliable targeting performance, or the induction of immune responses. For some biomacromolecules, chemically modified proteins have been developed for practical use. Various cargo or carrier systems are under development but have been delayed by technical difficulties. We present self-assembled nanocapsules with diameters ranging from 100 to 500 nm that can be deployed in physiological buffers to enclose various substances present in the buffers at the same time. Our amphiphilic nanocapsule, consisting of silole-core dendrimer products as the hydrophobic part and green fluorescent protein (GFP) derivatives as the hydrophilic part, connects and assembles spontaneously when mixed in solutions while engulfing dissolved or dispersed compounds together in a dose-dependent manner and shows unique optical characteristics because the dendrimer products exhibit aggregation-induced emission. Furthermore, the emission of the dendrimer causes considerable fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to GFP derivatives upon association. We could easily monitor assemblies by FRET states and particle sizes and have confirmed a stable presence in the buffer for at least a month. Further tracking of nanocapsules by fluorescence confirmed efficient uptake into some cancer cells. Nanocapsules based on GFP variants with or without a cell-surface-specific tag demonstrated that the tag improved the potential for specific targeted delivery. There were also indications that the nanocapsules became unstable after cellular uptake in the intracellular environment. We report here the simple preparation of traceable, stable, and biocompatible self-assembled nanocapsules as the basis for a versatile drug delivery system.

Bimetallic Sulfur-Doped Nickel-Cobalt Selenides as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for the Complete Decomposition of Water.

The creation and enhancement of non-precious metal bifunctional catalysts with superior stability and stabilizing activity is necessary to achieve water splitting in alkaline media. The paper presents a method for preparing nickel-cobalt bimetallic selenides (NiCo-Sex/CF) using a combination of hydrothermal and high-temperature selenization techniques. NiCo-Sex/CF shows great potential as a catalyst for water separation. The catalyst's electronic structure and active centre can be modified by double doping with sulfur and selenium, resulting in increased selectivity and activity under varying reaction conditions. This method also offers the benefits of a simple preparation process and applicability to a wide range of catalytic reactions. Experimental results demonstrate that an overpotential of 194 mV produces a current density of 10 mA cm-2 when using this electrocatalyst as an OER catalyst. When used as a HER catalyst, the electrocatalyst required an overpotential of only 76 mV to generate a current density of 10 mA cm-2.Furthermore, a voltage of 1.5 V can drive the overall decomposition of water to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2. This study highlights the potential of sulfur-selenide double-doped catalysts for both scientific research and practical applications.

Fabrication of a Hydrophilic Al2O3/AlN EP Coating with Self‐Cleaning and High‐Efficiency Anti‐Corrosion Properties

AbstractCurrently, with the gradual development of anticorrosive coatings, the pursuit of simple preparation methods and the improvement of anticorrosive coatings’ properties have become the major research trends. This study successfully prepared a hydrophilic super anticorrosive coating through a simple mixing method. The coating has a contact Angle of 67.8° and a rolling Angle greater than 20°. This coating can withstand 180 days of salt spray test with no bubble or rust formation when placed on a Q 235 substrate in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution, demonstrating the excellent corrosion resistance of the AO0.4AN0.6EP coating. Furthermore, after being immersed in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for 3 days, the AO0.4AN0.6EP coating exhibited the largest impedance diameter (2.07×108 Ω⋅cm2), almost three times larger than other coatings, and possessed the highest Bode modulus value, one order of magnitude higher than other coatings. After immersion in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for 7 days, the AO0.4AN0.6EP coating had the largest Ecorr and the smallest icorr, indicating its superior corrosion resistance. In addition to corrosion resistance, the AO0.4AN0.6EP coating showed no signs of cracking, discoloration, or decomposition after being exposed to ultraviolet aging lights for 30 days, demonstrating its excellent UV resistance. Moreover, neither dry soil particles nor muddy water could adhere to the coating surface, proving its good self‐cleaning ability. Therefore, this coating holds promising applications in the field of super corrosion‐resistant coatings.

Synthesis of a MOF derived porous graphene and pyrolytic carbon supported zinc stannate nanohybrid electrode with enhanced lithium-ion storage performances

Compositing nano-sized zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) with supportive carbon skeleton usually brings in improved lithium-ion storage performances. One of the most challenging tasks is to effectively stabilize Zn2SnO4 nanocrystals via simplified preparation routes from eco-friendly raw materials. In this work, the water-soluble natural molecule gallic acid (GA) is directly employed to coordinate with Zn2+/Sn2+ ions, and the corresponding metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor samples of pure Zn-GA MOF and bimetallic ZnSn-GA MOF can be synthesized. The Zn-GA MOF and ZnSn-GA MOF precursors are further converted to a three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene sample (ZMG) and a pyrolytic carbon domain supported Zn2SnO4 nanocomposite (Zn2SnO4@C), respectively, by taking the advantages of the unique micro-structures and compositions of MOF materials. By rationally mixing the ZMG and Zn2SnO4@C in electrode fabrication, the finally obtained Zn2SnO4@C/ZMG nanohybrid electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1117 mAh·g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 in half-cells as well as inspiring full-cell performance. The favorable synergistic effect in lithium-ion storage for the Zn2SnO4@C/ZMG electrode has been investigated. The MOF derived samples and involved sustainable synthesis protocols can be further developed for wider applications.

Ultra-hydrophilic MOF-303 on electrospun nanofibers with Burr Puzzles structure for the purification of oily wastewater containing heavy metal ions

The current oil-water separation field is extremely complex and the material system is variable. Therefore, the full process applicability of membrane technology is extremely demanding, both in terms of high oil-water separation efficiency and the treatment of soluble substances in wastewater, such as heavy metal ions. The high demand for membrane performance is accompanied by the complexity of the membrane manufacturing process, resulting in the development of membrane technology being hindered. If we can purify heavy metal ions from wastewater while meeting the conditions of oil-water treatment, and simplify the process flow, it is an innovation that we are happy to see. Herein, the use of a seed pre-embedded growth strategy is taking polyacrylamide (PEI) as a breakthrough point, we take advantage of blending to introduce embedding sites in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. Uniform growth of MOF-303 with Burr Puzzle structure on membrane surface using in situ hydrothermal growth method. The Burr Puzzles structure on the membrane surface is not only able to effectively deal with nanoscale stabilized oil-water mixture and effectively adsorb heavy metal ions, but also enables the MOF-303 crystals to grow more firmly on the membrane surface, so that the modified membrane still maintains good performance in harsh environments. The separation fluxes of the oil-in-water emulsions were all higher than 6987 L m−2 h−1 for oil-in-water emulsion with a separation efficiency of 98.4 %, and the adsorption efficiency of heavy metal ions was also as high as 98.3 %. After 20 cycles, the membrane maintains its promising performance. Due to its simple preparation process and excellent efficiency of emulsions separation and heavy metal ions separation, simplifies complex membrane processes while meeting the rigors of wastewater treatment. it has great prospects for development in the current complex wastewater treatment process.

Rapid photo-crosslinking, highly conductive, and anti-freezing acrylamide-based hydrogels applied for ECG sensors

In recent years, ionic conductive hydrogels have attracted significant attention in the wearable sensors field due to their simplified preparation process, cost- effectiveness, and high conductivity. However, a large amount of water in traditional hydrogels inevitably condense into ice at low temperatures and make them lose various properties in their practical applications. Hence, this study proposes a method to rapidly synthesized a water/glycerol binary anti-freezing hydrogel only in 10 s through photo-initiated free-radical polymerization. The introduction of LiCl into the crosslinked network composed of acrylamide (AAm) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) regulated the ionic conductivity of the hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibits a fracture strain of 1062.1 %, a tensile strength of 31 kPa, and an adhesive strength of 6.49 kPa. The synergistic effects of glycerol and LiCl imparted excellent anti-freezing properties (−60 °C). The three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel facilitates ion transport, exhibiting superior conductivity (30.25 S/m), maintaining high conductivity capability of 1.46 S/m even at a low temperature of −55 °C. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates prolonged durability and stability in real-time human motion monitoring applications while concurrently exhibiting remarkable sensitivity as an ECG sensor. Hence, this as-prepared hydrogel can adapt to extreme environments and deliver comprehensive performance as an ECG sensor.

Europium (III)-modified sunflower-derived carbon dots for fluorescent anti-counterfeiting inks and photocatalysis.

A highly water-soluble and fluorescent N,S-doped carbon dots/europium (N,S-CDs/Eu) was successfully synthesized via a secondary hydrothermal method. This involved surface modification of N,S-CDs derived from sunflower stem pith (SSP) with europium ions (Eu3+) doping. When excited within the range of 400-470 nm, N,S-CDs/Eu exhibited a stable and broad optimal emission wavelength ranging from 505 to 540 nm. Notably, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of N,S-CDs/Eu is 31.4%, significantly higher than the 19.5% observed for N,S-CDs. Additionally, by dissolving N,S-CDs/Eu into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a uniform fluorescent anti-counterfeiting ink can be prepared. The N,S-CDs/Eu/TiO2 composite demonstrates excellent photocatalytic degradation ability towards the organic dye methylene blue (MB). N,S-CDs/Eu has potential in the field of fluorescent inks and photocatalysis due to its simple and efficient preparation and excellent properties.

Cabazitaxel-Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogel System for Suppressed Orthotopic Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastasis.

The treatment of colorectal cancer is always a major challenge in the field of cancer research. The number of estimated new cases of colorectal cancer worldwide in 2020 is 1 148 515, and the estimated number of deaths is 576 858, revealing that mortality accounted for approximately half of the disease incidence. The development of new drugs and strategies for colorectal cancer treatment is urgently needed. Thermosensitive injectable hydrogel PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA (PLEL) loaded with cabazitaxel (CTX) is used to explore its anti-tumor effect on mice with orthotopic colorectal cancer. CTX/PLEL is characterized by a solution state at room temperature and a hydrogel state at physiologic temperature. The excipients MPEG-PCL and PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA have good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The simple material synthesis and preparation process renders this system cost-effective and more conducive to clinical transformation. An orthotopic colorectal cancer model is established by transplantation subcutaneous tumors onto the cecum of mice. According to the results of experiments in vivo, CTX/PLEL significantly inhibits orthotopic colorectal cancer and liver metastasis in mice. The results indicate that CTX/PLEL nanoparticle preparations have high security and excellent anti-tumor effects, and have great application potential in colorectal cancer therapy.

Preparation of coconut oil/aluminum nitride/expanded graphite composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity and stable shape for thermal energy storage

Preparation of coconut oil/aluminum nitride/expanded graphite composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity and stable shape for thermal energy storage

A novel coarse-grained modeling and simulation for microstructure and shear evolution of induced dipole dominant electrorheological fluid

Induced dipole dominant electrorheological fluid (ID-ERF) is a new type of ERF. After high energy ball milling (HEBM) process, dielectric particles produce a large number of oxygen vacancies, and the dipoles formed by the polarization of these oxygen vacancies provide excellent ER properties. ID-ERF has the advantages of high shear stress, low current density, long service life, anti-sedimentation, simple preparation method, etc. It should be a new generation of ERF material suitable for practical application. In this work, facing at the shortcomings of traditional particle MD simulation of ERF system, a coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) model is constructed. The evolution of ID-ERF is simulated under the conditions of no electric field and 5 kV/mm electric field. Proves that there is an adsorption layer of carrier liquid on the surface of ER particles, and shows BCT lattice arrangement under electric field. The sinusoidal shear strain is applied to the model, and calculate the variation of strain amplitude, loss factor, storage modulus and loss modulus. In addition, we prepared ID-ERF and tested its performance to compare with the simulation results.

Effective and durable repigmentation for stable vitiligo: A randomized within-subject controlled trial assessing treatment with autologous skin cell suspension transplantation

BackgroundVitiligo lesions are often challenging to repigment with conventional medical therapies. Surgical autologous melanocyte transfer methods can be utilized for stable vitiligo but demand specialized skills and equipment. A point-of-care autologous cell harvesting device was designed enabling simple preparation of autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) containing melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts providing a straightforward approach for cellular transplantation. ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ASCS for repigmentation of stable vitiligo lesions among adults. MethodsA US multicenter, randomized, within-subject controlled trial compared ASCS to NB-UVB only (Control) in similar vitiligo lesions. ASCS was applied after laser skin resurfacing and followed by NB-UVB treatment. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the proportion of lesions achieving ≥80% repigmentation at week-24. Repigmentation durability was assessed at week-52. ResultsAmong 25 subjects, 36% of ASCS-treated lesions achieved ≥80% repigmentation at week-24 compared to 0% for Control (p<0.025), with durability through week-52. The safety profile of ASCS was acceptable, with favorable patient- and investigator-reported outcomes. LimitationsStudy sample size limited robust subgroup analyses. ConclusionApplication of ASCS is a safe and effective treatment for repigmentation of stable vitiligo lesions with the potential to improve health-related quality of life and reduce burden of disease.

Direct analysis by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry of lipid A and phospholipids from Acinetobacter baumannii cells

Acinetobacter baumannii, classified as priority number one by the World Health Organization (WHO), is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for infection and is able to develop antibiotic resistance easily. Membranes are bacteria's first line of defense against external aggression, such as antibiotics. A chemical modification of a lipid family or a change in lipid composition can lead to resistance to antibiotics. In this work, we analyzed different A. baumannii strains from various environments with different antibiotic resistance profiles, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT-ICR MS). This study shows that it is possible to describe the main lipidome (phospholipids and lipid A) from the simple preparation of lysed cells, and that despite the complexity of the mixture. This ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry technique enables the separation of isobaric ion, to report a new class of lipids. Given its performance, this technique can be used to quickly and reliably characterize the lipidome of clinical strains from different environments.

Cellulose acetate hierarchical porous coated textile with passive daytime radiative cooling, flexibility and durability

Passive daytime radiative cooling technology is a highly efficient cooling technology with zero energy consumption. When utilized for personal thermal management, radiative cooling textiles are capable of finely regulating the temperature of the human skin microenvironment. This study presents a cellulose acetate (CA) hierarchical porous coated textile that accomplishes high reflectance of sunlight over the full wavelength range, with a low cost and scalability, and a simple preparation procedure. With a high reflectance of 0.91 in the solar wavelength band and a high emissivity of 0.95 in the atmospheric window wavelength band, the CA hierarchical porous coated textile offers exceptional spectrally selective performances. It manifests a subambient cooling temperature of up to 19.0 °C and a skin overheating prevention effect of up to 4.2 °C. Furthermore, the coated textile possesses promising abrasion resistance, acid-alkali corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. The present work provides a facile path for the development of green-based radiative cooling coated textiles.

Development of Binder–free Ni3S2/CoS2 nano–composite as electrode material for Energy Storage Application

Global energy crisis imposes immense obstacles leading towards development of innovative devices, and supercapacitors (SCs) are thought to be a viable energy storage technology. The engineering of nanostructured materials with a distinct and consistent morphological design is seen as a better option for various range of electrochemical energy sources. This study reports novel binder-free Ni3S2/CoS2 electrode material that acquires higher energy, higher energy density, as well as its simple preparation method, low cost, and earth–abundant resources. The morphological, structural, and textural characteristics resulted in surface area of 46 m2 g–1 of Ni3S2/CoS2 that will increase active sites also. The synthesized nanocomposite has particle size of 41.1 nm that leads to enhanced active sites and greater surface area as confirmed through BET analysis. Ni3S2/CoS2 nanocomposite has high specific capacity around 828.14 F g–1 at 5 mV s–1 sweep rate using 2 M KOH, a high energy density around 115.01 Wh kg–1, and power density of 1000 Wh kg–1. Ni3S2/CoS2 acquires higher ionic conductivity of 5 S m-1, this will enhance the inter-layer transference of electrons, and these results perfectly correlates with EIS, resulting in charge transfer resistance value of 0.9 Ω for nano-composite. These enhanced electrochemical capabilities of Ni3S2/CoS2 hold significant potential in practical viability.

Natural insect-derived Nanoparticle: An ultra-bright and instantaneous Labeled signal tag for green and efficient Immunochromatographic assay of chloramphenicol

With the increasing international attention to environmental protection, higher requirements are put forward for green detection technology with simple preparation, sustainable material application, and efficient result output. Herein, we firstly proposed the natural insect-derived nanoparticle with ultra-bright and instantaneous labeling capability as a signal tag for stable and efficient immunochromatographic assay (ICA) to meet above challenges. The FDA-approved insect-extracted carmine (E120) nanoparticles (CANPs) were specifically regulated by pH changes to enhance dispersity and produce an ultra-bright color as signal tags. Notably, owing to the rich functional groups in CANPs, the CANPs-probe formed rapidly and efficiently (less than 1 min) to improve the reproducibility and precision, getting rid of the high cost and resources (9-fold reduction of mAbs). As proof of concept, the CANPs-based ICA strategy realized ultra-bright red bands on the test trip, without background within 15 min for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection, attained more than 457-fold improvements in LOD over classic AuNP-ICA and a 5-fold reduction in cost in each detection. Its excellent application potential has been verified in different natural waters with recoveries ranging from 91.93-126.45 %. This study reveals a promising strategy for green detection technology for antibiotics in natural water.

Simple preparation of nitenpyram-intercalated clay nanosheets with reduced leaching risk and improved safety to insect pollinators

Neonicotinoids, highly toxic to insects, are among the world's most used insecticides. However, their harmful effects on pollinators like honeybees and potential to contaminate water bodies have drawn significant criticism. Herein, a nanopesticide, NTP@LDH, was developed by intercalating the model neonicotinoid insecticide nitenpyram (NTP) within layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials using a simple one-pot method. The NTP@LDH showed a nano-sized sheet structure, with an average particle size of 206.2 nm and a loading capacity of 14.6 %. The release rate of NTP@LDH under acidic conditions was higher than that under alkaline or neutral conditions. The photodegradation capacity and insecticidal activity of NTP were unaffected by intercalation in LDH. Importantly, NTP@LDH could significantly enhance the foliar adhesive properties of NTP, retard its leaching through the soil, and improve its safety for honeybees. Moreover, LDH was safe for crops and can improve their growth. This work provides a promising strategy with a simple procedure that could reduce leaching risks of neonicotinoids while concurrently enhancing their safety to pollinating creatures.

Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensor based on laser ablated Ag-MWCNT /MXene for human motion detection

The complex and dynamic human environment, higher requirements are put forward for the high-performance flexible pressure sensors. The materials selection and microstructure design are crucial to achieve high sensitivity and stability. In this work, we fabricated pressure sensitive layer with multiple dimensional materials. Using laser ablation in liquid method, Ag nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Combined with the delaminated MXene, highly pressure sensitive composite could be prepared due to the reduction of contact resistance under pressure. The corresponding piezoresistive sensors showed high sensitivity (12.7 kPa−1), excellent response speed (150 ms), recovery speed (100 ms), and distinguished cycle stability (3000 cycles). Based on the performance of the sensor, it can realize the monitoring of tiny pressure on the human body, and further realize the detection of human activities and health. In addition, the sensor array has spatial recognition capability, providing a way of thinking for the development needs of future intelligent wearable electronic devices. The sensors can measure changes in resistance caused by finger bending, slight breathing, pulse, vocal cord vibration, and other movements to realize human activity and health monitoring. At the same time, the 3×3 sensor array system can recognize the layout of pressure in space. This simple preparation and low cost of the sensor can Facilitate the progress towards sophisticated wearable electronic gadgets.