Simple Solution Research Articles

Comments on School Education in Mathematics and Computer Science

This work aims to improve problem-solving skills even for students and adults, who are not so interested in mathematics. This requires simple algorithms. The efficiency of these is not the focus of this work, as we assume that computers will continue to take over this computational work. We concentrate on important, flexible operations that are as universal as possible. In doing so, we rely on the object of the structured table. A structured table can represent a number of any type, but also texts and structured collections of text and numbers. This means that the focus is no longer only on individual data operations such as addition, multiplication, sine, root, etc., but also on mass data operations such as selecting (choosing), sorting, aggregating, restructuring, joining (merging tables), etc. The work clearly shows that these operations can also be used to develop new, simpler solutions for the problems now being dealt with at school. Simpler, more universal algorithms that can be programmed by anyone should be taught at school. The work on the data model o++o was strongly motivated by the Relational data model with its language SQL and the language CONVERT, which tried to extend the flat table model to hierarchical data structures.

P-type surface charge transfer doping of diamond via low-dimensional transition metal oxides

Device applications of ultra-wide-bandgap diamond rely on the precise control of both carrier type and concentration. However, due to the strong covalent bonds in bulk diamond, conventional doping methods have struggled to achieve large-scale tuning of its properties. Surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) is seen as a simple and effective solution, leveraging energy-level differences between surface dopant and the semiconductor to regulate carrier properties efficiently. Here, we conducted a comprehensive theoretical study on p-type SCTD of hydrogen-terminated diamond (100) surface [diamond(100):H] using low-dimensional transition metal oxides. The doping effects of the molecular MoO3 and monolayer MoO3 were first explored. The areal hole density for molecular-MoO3-doped diamond(100):H sharply rises and then slightly decreases with increasing MoO3 density, reaching a peak of 7.55 × 1013 cm−2—surpassing the maximum value achieved with a MoO3 monolayer. For identical MoO3 densities, a stronger interaction with diamond(100):H results in a greater areal hole density. We also studied one-dimensional chain-like CrO3 and two-dimensional layered V2O5. However, a V2O5 monolayer cannot achieve the saturation areal hole density due to the large energy separation between the conduction band minimum (CBM) of V2O5 and the valence band maximum (VBM) of diamond(100):H. Increasing the number of V2O5 monolayers will enhance the doping effect. Overall, optimal doping can be achieved with smaller dimensions, higher density and thickness of the transition metal oxides, stronger interactions with diamond(100):H, and a larger energy separation between the dopant's CBM and diamond(100):H's VBM. This study provides theoretical guidance to develop superior diamond-based electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Jacobian‐Free Vectorial Iterative Scheme to Find Simple Several Solutions Simultaneously

ABSTRACTThis manuscript is devoted to a derivative‐free parametric iterative step to obtain roots simultaneously for both nonlinear systems and equations. We prove that when it is added to an arbitrary scheme, it doubles the convergence order of the original procedure and defines a new algorithm that obtains several solutions simultaneously. Different numerical experiments are carried out to check the behavior of the iterative methods by changing the value of the parameter and the initial guesses. Also, it performs a numerical example where the dynamical planes are carried out to see and compare the basins of attraction.

Influence of Magnesium Ions and Crowding Agents on Structure and Stability of RNA Aptamers.

Aptamers bind to their targets with exceptional affinity and specificity. However, their intracellular application is hampered by the lack of knowledge about the effect of the cellular milieu on the RNA structure/stability. In this study, cellular crowding was mimicked using polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the crucial role of Mg2+ ions in stabilizing the structure of an RNA aptamer was investigated. Increasing the concentration of Mg2+ or PEG increased the thermal stability of the aptamer. The crowding effect lowered the requirement of the Mg2+ ion to form the binding-competent conformer of the aptamer. This suggests that crowding and other factors may compensate for a lower concentration of Mg2+ for proper folding of aptamers inside cells. Selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation and primer extension (SHAPE) probing permitted residue-level analysis of the aptamer. Mg2+ and/or PEG were shown to be involved in increasing the rigidity or flexibility of different regions of the aptamer. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy showed a significantly low hydrodynamic radius (RH) in the presence of molecular crowders and Mg2+ ions. We believe that the decreased water activity due to crowding may be responsible for reduced RH. Our results show that in a crowded environment, the RNA aptamer was exposed to conformers that were not available to it in simple buffer solutions or solely in the presence of lower concentrations of Mg2+.

Experimental analysis of genetic algorithm-enhanced PI controller for power optimization in multi-rotor variable-speed wind turbine systems

The direct power control (DPC) algorithm is one of the most popular linear techniques used to implement notable controllers, known for their simplicity and fast dynamic response. However, this approach has drawbacks that cause a decrease in the current quality and disturbances in the network. Therefore, this experimental work presents a simple and efficient solution that uses a proportional-integral regulator based on a genetic algorithm to regulate the power quality. The designed approach uses a pulse width modulation to produce control pulses for the operation of the rotor inverter of a doubly-fed induction generator-based multi-rotor wind system. This approach is first verified in MATLAB using a 1500 kW generator operating under different working conditions. Furthermore, the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) test using dSPACE 1104 is used to verify the efficacy and ability of the designed approach in enhancing the effectiveness of the power system under study. The results obtained in all tests demonstrate that compared to DPC, the designed approach reduces active power ripples with estimated percentages of 71.42%, 66.67%, and 70%, and the reactive power overshoot value is reduced with estimated percentages of 92.85%, 56.48%, and 79.21%. In addition, the experimental results (using the PIL test) confirm the ability of the designed control algorithm to enhance the energy and current quality, which makes this designed technique a suitable solution in the field of control.

Designing different carbon capping amorphous MoO2 to enhance electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries

Amorphous MoO2−x@C nanospheres were synthesized by a simple solution method route and can be used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Dexamethasone: A simple solution for post-thyroidectomy pain and nausea

Postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications following thyroidectomy. This prospective, double-blind study evaluated the efficacy of a single dose of dexamethasone in mitigating these postoperative adverse effects. Sixty patients undergoing thyroidectomy were randomized into two groups: a dexamethasone group and a control group. The dexamethasone group received a single dose of 8 mg intravenously, while the control group received saline. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), and PONV was recorded. The results demonstrated that dexamethasone significantly reduced both postoperative pain and the incidence of PONV. These findings suggest that a single dose of dexamethasone is a simple, safe, and effective strategy for improving postoperative outcomes in thyroidectomy patients.

Impact of Manganese Carbonate Precipitation on Uranium(VI) Fate in Conditions Relevant to Carbonate-Buffered Aquifers.

Widespread geogenic uranium (U) contamination of Indian groundwaters is of serious concern; yet little is known of the dominant forms and release mechanisms of U in these aquifers. Interestingly, manganese (Mn)-rich aquifers, highly buffered by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and saturated with rhodochrosite [MnCO3(s)], have shown low U (<WHO limit of 30 μg L-1) concentrations. Given the limited understanding of U and MnCO3(s) interaction, this study investigates the impact of rhodochrosite precipitation on U(VI) fate in simple solutions supersaturated with respect to MnCO3(s) (Saturation Index ∼ 2.7) under conditions relevant to carbonate-buffered mixed oxic aquifers. Year-long batch experiments were performed over variable initial U concentrations (0-500 μM). While uranium uptake was ∼50% within 30 days, the uptake was near-complete after 1 year for all conditions. No known U-bearing solid phases were detected, except for the highest initial U concentrations (500 μM), consistent with solution saturation states. Characterization of solids collected after 30 days and 1 year with X-ray diffraction, electron-based imaging, X-ray absorption near-edge, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies confirmed rhodochrosite as the only major precipitated phase, with slightly altered crystal structure from uranyl incorporation. While these incorporations seemed to initially (30 days) reduce the crystallinity of rhodochrosite, all U-incorporated rhodochrosite turned crystalline in the long term (1 year). Also, the incorporated U did not undergo a redox change. Instead, the U(VI) coordination environment changed as U(VI) uptake increased. Reactive modeling of Mn and DIC data exhibited a decrease in the surface area normalized rate constants of MnCO3(s) precipitation from 5.9 to 3.3 × 10-8 mol m-2 h-1 with an increase in initial U(VI) from 0 to 500 μM. The notable incorporation of U(VI) by MnCO3(s) in just 30 days, a phenomenon that is rapid on a geological time scale, has implications on U(VI) fate in high carbonated oxic-anoxic aquifers with high Mn concentrations.

Practical use of Seebeck and Pelter effects (Review)

The subject of research is industrial and household equipment and devices, the principle of operation of which is based on such thermoelectric phenomena as the Seebeck and Peltier effects. The purpose of the research is a critical analysis of the fields of practical application of the Peltier and Seebeck effects, as well as the constructive and technological design of the processes in which the specified effects are implemented to ensure a certain thermal regime, as well as the generation of electrical energy from waste heat. One of the main problems of today is global warming, environmental pollution and the increase in the cost of electricity. These problems can be partially solved with the help of thermoelectric phenomena, that is, physical phenomena caused by the relationship between electric current and heat flows in substances and contacts between them, which primarily include the Peltier and Seebeck effects. The indisputable advantages of thermoelectric means are their environmental safety, quiet operation and long service life. Seebeck and Peltier effects are used in chemical technology and related industries, renewable energy, construction, machine and instrument engineering, aerospace and military engineering, microelectronics, computer technology, medicine, personal hygiene devices, household appliances, and transportation. However, the low efficiency and the high cost of materials prevent the wide spread of thermoelectric technology. Wider application of thermoelectric technologies can be expected in case of development of new conductive materials with different energy levels of electrons in the conduction zone, as well as optimization of the geometry and structure of thermoelectric devices. Recently, intensive research has also been carried out on the so-called ionic Seebeck effect, which opens up new perspectives in thermoelectric phenomena, as well as the use of "magnetic thermoelectrics", or the spin Seebeck effect. This review can be useful to creators of new equipment and technology, because the fund of technical effects is widely used during the creation of innovative samples, which is an integral part of the information fund of inventors and helps them create simple, effective and bright solutions to technical problems.

Predictive analytics of cattle behavior using machine learning techniques: A case study

Livestock management is a critical aspect of agricultural sustainability and food security. Today, there is a pressing need for advanced tools in cattle behavior analysis to improve livestock welfare and productivity. We aimed to enhance cattle behavior classification by using accelerometers fitted in wearable collars. Deep learning techniques were employed to classify behavioral patterns in cattle such as feeding, moving, and lying. Ultimately, our study sought to improve livestock management practices, including the monitoring of health and overall well-being. The study was conducted in a local barn, where cattle were outfitted with specially designed collars with accelerometer sensors. These sensors recorded intricate movements, facilitating the collection of comprehensive behavioral data. Deep learning algorithms were used to process and analyze the accelerometer data, enabling precise classification of various behaviors exhibited by the cattle. Our results showed the effectiveness of AI-driven classification techniques in distinguishing cattle behaviors with a high degree of accuracy. Our findings underscore the potential of deep learning techniques in optimizing livestock management practices. This research significantly advances livestock management by offering a simple continuous monitoring solution for cattle behavior. Deep learning techniques not only enhance our understanding of cattle behavior but also pave the way for intelligent systems that empower farmers to make informed decisions. By promoting healthier and more productive livestock, this research contributes to the broader goal of enhancing global food security and sustainability in the livestock industry.

Anthropometric measurements as predictors of nutritional status in black South African women during pregnancy.

Nutritional risk assessment is an essential component of primary health care screening, especially for pregnant women. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and maternal anthropometric measurements in black South African pregnant women, both with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A cross-sectional observational study design was used. Two hundred black South African pregnant women were recruited of which 90 were HIV-infected and 110 were HIV-uninfected. The anthropometric measurements assessed included mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), tricep skinfold (TSF), subscapular skinfold (SSF), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), wrist circumference (WC), frame size, and BMI. Maternal age was significantly associated with changes in maternal anthropometric measurements. Maternal BMI was significantly correlated with other maternal anthropometric measurements including MUAC, TSF, SSF, MAMC, WC, and frame size. The anthropometric measurements that were found to be accurate for assessing obesity in pregnancy included TSF (≥20.75 mm), SSF (≥21.75 mm), MAMC (≥25.23 cm), and WC (≥16.25 cm). Additionally, SSF (≥15.75 mm) and MAMC (≥23.35 cm) could be used to assess for overweight nutritional status. Lastly, frame size could be used to assess for underweight (≥10.05) and normal (≥9.95) nutritional status. No significant anthropometric differences were observed between the HIV-infected pregnant women and the HIV-uninfected pregnant women in this study. Surrogate anthropometric measurements offer a simple solution for assessing nutritional status in pregnant women. MUAC was the most accurate method for identifying overweight and obesity. Furthermore, maternal HIV status did not affect the anthropometric measurements.

A CRITICAL METAPHOR ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSES IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

This research employed Critical Metaphor Analysis to examine the inaccuracies embedded in metaphors within the environmental discourses in the Philippines from a corpus of 30 documentary films. The study involved interviews with 5 science teachers and 5 senior high school students in the metaphor analyses. The pre-metaphor analysis level encompassed the discussions on pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, and nature conservation. During the metaphor identification level, 35 conceptual metaphors containing inaccuracies were identified such as paradise, festival, treasure, refuge, landscape, society, patient, lungs, psychological disorder, sinking ship, waterworld, victims, battle, karma, last forest, symbols of freedom, burning, and simple solution domains. These are grouped into 12 conceptual keys such as ideal place, home, threat, interconnected system, living organism, monster, war, cause and effect, unrestricted movement, combustion, and simple solution source domains. At the metaphor interpretation phase, topics comprised conservation, preservation, and natural value; resource value and commodification of nature; waste and pollution; climate change and environmental degradation; and human influence and environmental ethics. The identified metaphors were characterized by orientational (5), ontological (17), and structural (13) mappings, with 23 metaphors conveying alarmist tones and 12 relational and hopeful tones. Purposes were found as ideological (9), empathetic (10), heuristic (7), and aesthetic (9). At the metaphor explanation level, ideologies such as human dominance, commodification, environmental ethics, sanctity of nature, and overwhelming burden were revealed reflecting modify (2), adapt (1), and depend (2) power dynamics. This study highlighted the cultural, ideological, and motivational underpinnings of metaphor usage in public media that can significantly shape public perception and environmental action. KEYWORDS: environmental discourses; documentary films; critical metaphor analysis; applied linguistics; Philippines

Seeding Control in Chirality Triggering of Red-Emitting Organic Charge-Transfer Cocrystal Helixes from Achiral Molecules.

Supramolecular chirality has gained immense attention for great potential, in which the rational engineering strategy facilitates unique helical stacking/assembly, high chiroptical behavior, and prime biomedical activity. In this study, we reported a novel chiral organic donor-acceptor cocrystal based on asymmetrical components of benzo(b)naphtho(1,2-d)thiophene (BNT) and 9-oxo-9H-indeno(1,2-b)pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile (DCAF) that exhibited red emission using a simple solution approach. During the self-assembly, a kinetically controlled growth of polar solvent or substrate induction led to the chiral packing and helical morphology twisted by the cooperation of electrostatic potential energy and chirality. Intriguingly, a "seeding-control" mechanism was newly developed for the production of c-BNT-DCAF helical crystals with a defined uniform chiral form, which enables chirality transfer and amplification from the microscopic to macroscopic level via supramolecular stacking. By introducing chiral additives or even a small break at the edge, the first nucleus acted as a chiral seeding to guide the donor/acceptor molecule alignment into the same handedness. A remarkably high dissymmetry factor (glum) value of 0.1 was demonstrated on the chiral manipulated ribbons, which is the highest among the reported charge-transfer complexes. This work offers us more paths for the design of chiral supramolecular systems for vital applications in organic optoelectronics, micro/nanomechanics, and biomimetics.

Funiculars in Lithuania: from the fruit basket to Gediminas Hill

Technological advances in transport of the 20th century include aeroplanes, human spaceflight and Moon landings, submarines, and magnetic levitation trains. In the fast-paced world of technology, the achievements of previous centuries are often forgotten. One of the examples of human ingenuity is the funicular railway. Its technology has hardly changed over the years. Using a simple pulley system, passengers and freight are still lifted steep slopes with minimal energy consumption. This demonstrates the lasting value of simple solutions and engineering intelligence. The article discusses the world’s funiculars and their design characteristics. A correlation analysis for the number of funiculars per country (N) and the country mountainousness index (M) has been carried out. 3 types of regression models have been developed and their determination and correlation coefficients have been calculated. The highest correlation coefficient values are for quadratic and linear mathematical models. The critical values of the correlation coefficients were calculated and compared with the correlation coefficients obtained from the study. For all 36 countries, the correlation coefficient for N and M variables is above the critical value only when a quadratic regression model is used. The correlation coefficients for all models are above the critical value for the 15 economically advanced and tourism-developing countries. The study shows that the number of cable cars in economically developed countries is more strongly correlated with the degree of mountainousness of the country in question.

Study on Effect of Cations Addition to Mg-Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterisation

The spinel ferrite nanoparticles have gained huge interest in several technological applications. Synthesis methods and the components of ferrites paly vital role in their features and the present work focus on the same. Various cations such as Bi, Ba, Ag and Cu substituted magnesium ferrites were synthesised using simple solution combustion method. The ferrites were characterised using XRD, FESEM and FTIR for their structure as well as morphology. The morpholocial changes were significant with the variation of cations such as Ba, Ag, Bi and Ca. The one with bismuth interestingly showed flake like morphology and other have showed the mixed morphology. Ferrites with Bi and Ba exhibited greater size than the ones with Ag and Ca. The study aims for the comparison on the varied features of ferrites upon cation variation.

Implementation of smart devices in health crisis scenarios: risks and opportunities

The scarcity of healthcare resources, particularly during crises, is a reality. AI can help alleviate this deficiency. Tasks such as triage, diagnosis, or determining a patient’s life-threatening risk are some of the applications we can delegate to algorithms. However, the limited number of real clinical experiences and the lack of research on its implementation mean that we only partially understand the risks involved in its development. To contribute to the knowledge of both the opportunities and risks that a management solution like AI presents, we analyze the case of autonomous emergency vehicles. After conducting a detailed literature review, we adopt an innovative perspective: that of the patient. We believe that the relationship established between the patient and this technology, particularly the emotional connection, can determine the success of implementing such autonomous driving devices. Therefore, we also propose a simple solution: endowing this technology with anthropomorphic features.

Polarization in research: What is it, why is it problematic, and how can it be addressed?

ABSTRACT Background: Polarized research has become a problem for the trustworthiness and applicability of scientific results. Accordingly, this paper addresses three key questions: 1) What is polarization in scientific research? 2) Why is such polarization problematic? 3) How can the problem be addressed?Methods: The first question is addressed by describing how the polarization has been characterized in the literature and by analysing an example before assessing existing definitions and elaborating a definition of polarization. The second question is answered by describing challenges with polarization found in the literature. The third question is addressed by investigating different explanations for and relevant mechanisms behind polarization in research, such as psychological, structural, epistemic and ontological, evaluative, and social-constructionist explanations. Moreover, several approaches from the philosophy of science are investigated.Results: Polarization in research is characterized by opposing and incommensurable positions that tend to stem from differences in basic values, and that are used to define, differentiate, bolster, and demarcate between groups and for reinforcing their identity. The problem with polarization is that it violates a broad range of basic norms in science, and hampers scientific progress, represents large opportunity costs, undermines trust in science and, subsequently that it undercuts the application of scientific results as well as future funding. There are many potential measures to reduce polarization. However, there are no simple solutions, as polarization is a complex phenomenon deeply rooted in basic human characteristics.Conclusion: Polarization is a ubiquitous phenomenon and a basic challenge for scientific research. It is crucial to increase the awareness of polarization, and a clear definition is key to study and address the problem. However, while there are many ways to actively address the problem of polarization in scientific research, there are no easy solutions. More research is needed to move from what we can do to what we should do.

How Kilgore Memorial Library Fostered County-Wide Collaboration through One Shared Calendar

This essay recounts the development of the “One County, One Calendar” initiative at Kilgore Memorial Library in York, Nebraska. What began as a simple solution for managing the library’s meeting room bookings evolved into a county-wide collaboration aimed at improving communication about local events. By working with the York Chamber of Commerce, the York County Development Corporation, and other county leaders, the library created a shared calendar system that now serves all of York County. This project exemplifies how libraries can play a pivotal role in fostering collaboration and solving community challenges, positioning public libraries as essential facilitators of information and engagement.

GROUP ANALYSES, REDUCTIONS AND EXACT SOLUTIONS OF MONGE–AMPERE EQUATION OF MAGNETIC HYDRODYNAMICS

We study the Monge–Amp`ere equation with three independent variables which occurs in electron magnetohydrodynamics. A group analysis of this strongly nonlinear partial derivative equation is carried out. An eleven-parameter transformation preserving the form of the equation is found. A formula is obtained that makes it possible to construct multiparametric families of solutions based on simpler solutions. Two-dimensional reductions leading to simpler partial differential equations with two independent variables. One-dimensional reductions are described, which make it possible to obtain self-similar and other invariant solutions that satisfy ordinary differential equations. Exact solutions with additive, multiplicative and generalized separation of variables are constructed, many of which admit representation in elementary functions. The obtained results and exact solutions can be used to evaluate the accuracy and analyze the adequacy of numerical methods for solving initial boundary value problems described by strongly nonlinear partial differential equations.

Oxidation Behavior of Mechanically Alloyed High‐Entropy Alloys: A Review

High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) owing to their entropy maximized design exhibit simple solid solution structures and possess fascinating properties. In addition to mechanical properties, the oxidation resistance is an important property that is crucial for determining the suitability of high‐temperature operation of the structural members. Among processing routes, mechanical alloying is one of the most widely used techniques primarily due to the generation of nanocrystalline grains and alloying elements with wide melting point differences. Mechanically alloyed HEAs differ from cast alloys in several aspects, including the phases developed, microstructure, oxidation products, and mass gain kinetics. This difference is largely attributed to the presence of numerous grain boundaries in mechanically alloyed HEAs, which serve as significant diffusion paths. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of oxidation studies performed in several mechanically alloyed HEAs, detailing their microstructure, oxidation products, and kinetics. It also compares the oxidation behavior of few of these systems with their cast counterparts. The oxidation behavior is further analyzed from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Finally, the article suggests several future research directions that can further the understanding of oxidation behavior of mechanically alloyed HEAs and contribute to their development.