Simple Wheel Research Articles

Simple and Complex Wheel Running Effect on Depression, Memory, Neuroinflammation, and Neurogenesis in Alzheimer's Rat Model.

The aim of this study was to investigate 12 wk of simple and complex voluntary wheel running on Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated biomarkers, and behaviors. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control (Con-Sed), AD only (AD-Sed), simple wheel control (SWC), complex wheel control (CWC), simple wheel AD (SWAD), and complex wheel AD (CWAD). Novelty-suppressed feeding test and the Morris water maze test were used to evaluate depression and memory, respectively. Ki67 was measured in the hippocampus, whereas interleukin (IL)-1β and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) were measured in both the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was performed. AD-Sed group had significantly lower spacial memory ( P < 0.001) compared with Con-Sed. Simple and complex wheel running attenuated these deficits in the SWAD and CWAD groups, respectively ( P < 0.001). Only the CWAD group had significantly improved novelty-suppressed feeding test time compared with AD-Sed ( P < 0.001), equivalent to the healthy wheel running groups. AD-Sed has significantly higher hippocampal concentrations of Ki67 ( P = 0.01) compared with the Con-Sed. Both SWAD and CWAD had significantly reduced Ki67 with similar concentrations compared with the SWC and CWC groups ( P > 0.05). AD-Sed animals also presented with significantly higher hippocampal and prefrontal cortex concentrations of IL-1β compared with Con-Sed ( P < 0.001). SWAD and CWAD had no effect in changing these concentrations. Complex wheel running significantly increased NG2 in the healthy control and AD models, whereas simple wheel running significantly increased NG2 in the AD model. The results of our study suggest that complex wheel running might be more advantageous in promoting memory and neuroplasticity while reducing depression that is associated with AD.

Eğitim Yönetiminde Sosyal İzolasyonun İncelenmesi

This study aims to examine the conceptual framework of social isolation in educational management with its different and variable dimensions. Social isolation can be caused by the social, organizational and cultural reasons that the person is in. It is also possible to express this situation in the form of the employee finding his job meaningless, not being able to provide satisfaction from the relationships he has dried up in his institution, seeing himself alone, inadequate, powerless, losing hope for the future and perceiving himself as a simple wheel of the system. Especially in educational institutions, teachers believe that there is nothing they can do to improve the conditions in which the educational organization is located. They think that no one is listening to them and that decisions are made by a few powerful people in the institution. As a result, this ignoring and lack of the right to supervision pushes teachers to social isolation from an individual and organizational point of view. Key Words: Educational Management, Educational Institution, Social Isolation

Sky Cultivation Using Remote and Solar Power Source

Abstract— How to grow more food in less space with less water is the main concept involved in this project work. The former who doesn’t have more land can adopt this system by which more land can be created to produce more food than existing land. Rolling type of sky container garden concept is presented here which can be exposed to the sun with water and fertilizer feeding accessibility.A mini module of giant wheel structure is constructed with 8 compartments for cultivating the crops, the idea of choosing this kind of mechanism is to grow more crops in less ground place/area. This rotary type of multi soil containers attached to the main structure of wheel mechanism operates on a simple wheel mechanism that can minimize the ground area or volume required for cultivating the food items like vegetables, grains, etc. The wheel mechanism is attached to the shaft of high torque DC motor at its centre point at certain height, now this motor is controlled through a remote control unit designed with RF modules and mini embedded systems. The control circuit built with 89C2051 chip &amp; relays is designed to rotate the wheel either in clock wise or in anti-clock wise such that hanging containers attached to this mechanism can be positioned to the ground level accessible point for watering and other maintenance activities. Hanging containers filled with soil are constructed with acrylic sheets. Since it is a prototype module, the basic concept of 8 hanging type of small soil containers are used and are attached to the moving wheel for demo purpose. But for real time applications giant wheels can be constructed with less expenditure. The structure of mechanism occupies very less ground place such that the vacant place also can be used for cultivation. Solar energy is used to drive the wheel, for this purpose, 10W panel is used and its output is used to charge the battery such that in absence of Sun also the mechanism can be activated.

Dynamic Calibration of Triaxial Accelerometers With Simple Setup

In the dynamic techniques for calibration of triaxial accelerometers, the sensor is held in motion during data acquisition; the acquired time-varying acceleration is in general more informative than the constant acceleration acquired in static calibration approaches. Dynamic methods, however, typically require complex and expensive calibration setups based on high-precision moving benches, to guarantee accurate a-priori knowledge of the acceleration applied to the sensors under test. This article presents a dynamic calibration procedure working with a very simple and inexpensive setup: a tilted, freely-rotating bench, made of a simple wheel mounted on a static support. The accelerometer is fastened to the bench, which is then manually set into rotation; the acceleration signal is then acquired while the bench is freely rotating. No a-priori knowledge is required about the bench rotation: the proposed calibration procedure estimates both the calibration parameters and the bench motion. To keep the setup as simple as possible, an effort has been made to minimize also the necessity of prior knowledge of the bench geometry: only the distance of the sensor from the rotation axis needs to be known, which can be easily obtained through direct measurement on the bench. The proposed calibration has been tested both on synthetic data, to prove the absence of estimation biases and to evaluate the potential accuracy of the estimated parameters, and on real data from a MEMS triaxial accelerometer, to assess the practical usability and measure the actual precision of the procedure.

Non-simultaneous real-time hybrid simulation of a numerical and experimental mechanical system with moderate nonlinearities via iterative coupling based on Frequency Response Functions

The coupled simulation of numerical and real subsystems is sometimes called ‘hybrid substructuring’, ‘hardware in the loop (HIL)’, ‘cyberphysical simulation’, or ‘hybrid simulation’, and is an active field of research. In this publication, an iterative algorithm for a coupled simulation of a numerical subsystem and a real (experimental) one is presented. The term ‘iterative’ means that the subsystems are not computed or tested simultaneously but in loops one after the other. After each loop run, new control signals are computed so that the deviation of the coupling forces and displacements becomes smaller with each iteration. If the coupling quantities are equal, then the systems are coupled in a mechanical sense because of the cutting force principle. The proposed method works for quasi-static (slow speed) and dynamically reacting systems as well as for subsystems with moderate nonlinearities. The iterative character has several consequences: (1) No controllers are necessary. (2) The speed of the data exchange is not critical. (3) The method can only be applied to components whose properties do not change during the simulation (e.g. due to damage). Privacy between the two domains is guaranteed, as no explicit mathematical models in the sense of Finite Element (FE) structures or the like, but only frequency response functions, have to be exchanged. A possible application scenario could look as follows: An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) provides a web interface to a complex overall simulation model. A (geographically distant) supplier starts an iterative co-simulation with a somehow modified component (e.g. a bearing). Both sides can thus estimate the impact on the overall system. After explaining the theory, two examples are presented. The first concerns the coupled simulation of two pure numerical systems. In the second example, mixed numerical and experimental subsystems are coupled. Hence, a simple wheel suspension is considered, where the shock absorber is the real part on a test bench.

6AP wheel: A new transformable robotic wheel for traction force improvement and halting avoidance of a UGV on soft terrains

This article develops a new reconfigurable wheel composed of Six Adaptive Prisms (6AP). Then, an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is established with four proposed wheels to investigate some primary tasks. Wheel-soil formulation of the considered UGV is derived by Soil Contact Model (SCM). Considering SCM results, equations of motion of this robotic system are derived using the Lagrange approach. After that, 3D gap analysis and experimental geometric investigations are used to show the similarity between the outer form of the new mechanism and circumscribed circle. Furthermore, some advanced simulations such as getting unstuck from sand and reconfiguring of 6AP wheels are conducted to demonstrate the merits of the suggested wheel as compared with simple wheels.

Reconstitution of the geometric elements of a conic gear

Conical gears are used if the axes of the shafts between which the rotation movement is transmitted are concurrent. The technology of execution of these gears is more demanding, they are more sensitive to the deviations of execution and / or assembly and introduce large axial forces, which complicates, to some extent, the construction of the supports of the wheel support shafts. The straight-toothed conical gears, with relatively simple wheels for technological purposes, are used only at low peripheral speeds (𝑣 &lt; 3 𝑚/𝑠), when step deviations and those of the tooth profiles do not yet produce high dynamic demands and noise. These gears, however, are sensitive to less precise mountings and to deformations, under load, of the support shafts. The calculation of the resistance of the conical gears, in contact and bending, is performed accepting the same calculation assumptions as in the calculation of cylindrical gears with straight teeth. It is, therefore, necessary to make a transition from the conical gear to an imaginary cylindrical gear, called virtual gear, and to find equivalence relations between the two gears - real and virtual.

Numerical and Experimental Study of the Impeller of a Liquid Pump or a Truck Cooling System and the Development of a New Technological Open-Type Impeller

Typically, closed-type impellers are more efficient than open-type impellers, but in the manufacture of closed-type impeller, cost of wheels is higher. This paper describes the development of cost-effective and simple impeller wheel for a fluid pump in the truck cooling system. To perform this task, the numerical computations of a standard impeller wheel were carried out, its characteristics were also obtained from a test bench, the standard impeller wheel model was verified. The open-type impeller wheel was developed according to the current dimensions of standard impeller wheel and then analyzed with the numerical computations by the software ANSYS CFX (Academic license) computational fluid dynamics. The developed open-type impeller wheel works very effectively in spite of performance degradation by 5% in comparison to the closed-type impeller wheel. When working as a part of engine, the pump efficiency is 0.552-0.579. The maximum value of the pump efficiency is 0.579, it can be achieved at the highest speed of the pump (4,548 rpm and 655 l/min)

Agricultural tractor performance with different wheel and tire configurations

This study evaluates the performance of an agricultural tractor with a maximum power of 92.4 kW (125.6 hp), equipped with different wheel and tire configurations. The experiment was carried out in the field, with a random­ized block design in a trifactorial scheme, with two wheel and tire configurations (double wheel and diagonal tire; single wheel and radial tire), three mass-power ratios (61, 67, and 74 kg kW -1 ), and three levels of partial loads imposed on the drawbar (24, 27, and 36 kN), on firm soil covered with vegetation. The data were recorded by means of electronic instrumentation installed in the tractor. The results indicate that the double wheel and diago­nal tire configuration showed better performance regarding traction force, traction power, and traction efficiency, as well as lower specific fuel consumption. In turn, the simple wheel and radial tire configuration showed the low­est values of driving wheel slipping. The best traction performance was obtained with the mass-power ratio of 67 kg kW -1 for the double wheel and diagonal tire configuration, and 61 kg kW -1 for the single wheel and radial tire configuration.

Recruitment of prefrontal-striatal circuit in response to skilled motor challenge.

A variety of physical fitness regimens have been shown to improve cognition, including executive function, yet our understanding of which parameters of motor training are important in optimizing outcomes remains limited. We used functional brain mapping to compare the ability of two motor challenges to acutely recruit the prefrontal-striatal circuit. The two motor tasks - walking in a complex running wheel with irregularly spaced rungs or walking in a running wheel with a smooth internal surface - differed only in the extent of skill required for their execution. Cerebral perfusion was mapped in rats by intravenous injection of [C]-iodoantipyrine during walking in either a motorized complex wheel or in a simple wheel. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was quantified by whole-brain autoradiography and analyzed in three-dimensional reconstructed brains by statistical parametric mapping and seed-based functional connectivity. Skilled or simple walking compared with rest, increased rCBF in regions of the motor circuit, somatosensory and visual cortex, as well as the hippocampus. Significantly greater rCBF increases were noted during skilled walking than for simple walking. Skilled walking, unlike simple walking or the resting condition, was associated with a significant positive functional connectivity in the prefrontal-striatal circuit (prelimbic cortex-dorsomedial striatum) and greater negative functional connectivity in the prefrontal-hippocampal circuit. Our findings suggest that the level of skill of a motor training task determines the extent of functional recruitment of the prefrontal-corticostriatal circuit, with implications for a new approach in neurorehabilitation that uses circuit-specific neuroplasticity to improve motor and cognitive functions.

On the overriding issue of train front end collision in rail vehicle dynamics

ABSTRACTA three-dimensional dynamic model of crashed vehicles coupled with moving tracks is developed to research the dynamic behaviour of the train front end collision on tangent tracks. The three-dimensional dynamic model consists of a crashed vehicle model, moving track models, a simple wheel–rail contact model, a velocity-based coupler model and the model of energy absorption and anti-climbing devices. The vector method dealing with the nonlinear wheel–rail geometry is put forward in the paper. The developed model is applicable in the scope that central collisions occur on tangent tracks at low speeds. The examples of the vehicle impacting with a rigid wall and the train front end collision are carried out to obtain the dynamic responses of vehicles. The overriding issue is studied on the basis of the wheel rise in train collisions. The results show that the second bogie of the first colliding vehicle possesses the maximal wheel rise. The wheel rise increases with the increase of vehicles. However, the number of vehicles has tiny influence on the overriding in train collisions at low speeds. On the contrary, the impact speed has significant influence on the overriding in train collisions. The wheel rise increases rapidly if the impact speed is close to the critical speed of overriding. The large wheel rise is principally generated by the great coupler force related to the rigid impact in the axial direction.

On the Sandpile Model of Modified Wheels I

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the sandpile group of modified wheels Ŵ 2n by using a variant of the chip firing game [6] defined on this family of graphs. The family of modified wheels Ŵ 2n is defined by taking the simple wheel graph W n with n rim vertices and then adding two extra vertices on each of the rim edges. It has 3n + 1 number of vertices and size 4n.

Rationalization of Mechanical Factors affecting Primary Stability of Orthodontic Miniscrew using Engineering Principles of Simple Machines

Miniscrews have become the regular components as an anchorage source in orthodontics. Stability and failure of miniscrew is materializing to be multifactorial with no consensus on causative factors. Factors that influence the load transfer at the bone-implant interface and miniscrew stability include host factors, biomechanical factors, sterilization protocol and hygiene. Biomechanical influences on bone structure play an important role in the longevity of bone. Incorrect loading or overloading as a result of ineffective implant geometries may lead to implant loss. Miniscrews are not an exception for following the mechanical behavior or engineering principles. More certainly, they are based on the simple machines, which is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. This article produces an insight for rationalization of mechanical factors controlling the stability with principles of simple machines, namely (i) lever, (ii) wheel and axle, (iii) inclined plane, (iv) wedge and (v) screw.

A New and Accurate Mathematical Model for Computer Numerically Controlled Programming of 4Y1 Wheels in 2½-Axis Flute Grinding of Cylindrical End-Mills

Solid carbide cylindrical end-mills are widely used in machining, and their helical flutes are crucial to their cutting performance. In industry, the flute is simply defined with four key parameters: the helical angle, the radial rake angle, the fluting angle, and the core radius, which are specified in an end-mill design. The flute shape is not fully defined, while it is often generated by a 1A1 or 1V1 diamond wheel in 2½-axis computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding. Unfortunately, the two simple wheels cannot make largely different flute shapes, preventing further improvement of the end-mills. Although no research result on how the flute geometry affects the end-mill cutting attribute has come into public yet, it is now necessary to employ more complicated wheels to grind flutes with the specified parameter values but much different flute shapes. For this purpose, the 4Y1 diamond wheel is employed in this work. However, the commercial tool grinding software cannot determine the dimensions and the set-up angle for the 4Y1 wheel. To address this problem, a new mathematical model of the flute parameters in terms of the dimensions and the set-up angle of the 4Y1 wheel is formulated, thus, the 4Y1 wheel can be used in flute grinding. This work lays a foundation of using complex wheels to grind flutes with more shapes in order to improve the end-mill's cutting ability.

A New Approach to Five-Axis CNC Flute Grinding of Solid End-Mills

The traditional cutting tools grinding reveals inexact tool flutes that altered the tool strength and affect the chip evacuation capabilities. Moreover, the normal rake angles are neither exact nor varying smoothly on the rake face along the cutting edge. Adopting the rake face grinding process, the wheel shape and path are optimized using GODLIKE scheme in order to grind the tool flutes with exact helical and normal rake angles while keeping close matching to the designed flutes. A tapered ball-end mill is considered in this study due to its extensive role in five-axis sculpture surfaces machining. With this approach proposed, a simple grinding wheel replaces the complex wheels commonly used, and the deviation between the designed and the generated flutes reveals less than 4 % of the tool minor radius. Beside all, a relationship between the radial and the normal rake angles are established.

Recent Development of Passive Dynamic Walking

The focus of this paper is a review on the recent development of passive dynamic walking. Passive dynamic walkers are introduced, from the simple rimless wheel to the recently developed real two legged machines. Control strategies necessary to improve the stability and robustness of locomotion of passive dynamic walkers, such as the hybrid geometric approach and the virtual constraints, are discussed briefly. Finally, the unresolved problems in the field of passive dynamic walking are summarized and directions of further developments are discussed.

539 バランス測定機の開発に関する研究

This paper deals with the development of balance measurement system for solids of revolution such as wheel with medium size. The prototype system has been developed but its performance has been estimated by tests for a simple wheel with an unbalance mass. However, the signals of the displacement response of spindle, which were measured on the performance tests, included not only some noise but also some vibration by dynamic characteristics of the plate functioning as spring and it yields large errors on the measurement quantity of the unbalance. The dynamic characteristics of the system and spring plate should be investigated and the design of the system should be reconsidered in order to solve the problem. In this study, the dynamic characteristics will be proved by the experiments by driving tests of the balance measurement system and analysis by the simulations using FEM analysis model.

Combining Slip and Deceleration Control for Brake-by-wire Control Systems: A Sliding-mode Approach

In road vehicles, wheel locking can be prevented by means of closed-loop Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABSs). Two output measured variables are usually considered for regulation: wheel deceleration and wheel longitudinal slip. The traditional controlled variable used in ABS is the wheel deceleration, since it can be easily measured with a simple wheel encoder; however, it can be dynamically critical if the road-surface rapidly changes. On the other hand, the regulation of the longitudinal slip is more robust from the dynamical point of view, but the slip measurement is critical, since it requires the estimation of the longitudinal vehicle speed. In this work we propose a control strategy whose regulated variable is a combination of wheel deceleration and longitudinal slip. In particular, this work proposes a Sliding Mode approach to the design of an active braking controller whose controlled variable is a convex combination of wheel deceleration and wheel slip.

Mixed Slip-Deceleration Control in Automotive Braking Systems

AbstractIn road vehicles, wheel locking can be prevented by means of closed-loop anti-lock braking systems (ABS). Automatic braking is extensively used also for electronic stability control (ESC) systems. In braking control systems, two output variables are usually considered for regulation purposes: wheel deceleration and wheel longitudinal slip. Wheel deceleration is the controlled output traditionally used in ABS, since it can be easily measured with a simple wheel encoder; however, the dynamics of a classical regulation loop on the wheel deceleration critically depend on the road conditions. A regulation loop on the wheel longitudinal slip is simpler and dynamically robust; moreover, slip control is perfectly suited for both ABS and ESC applications. However, the wheel-slip measurement is critical, since it requires the estimation of the longitudinal speed of the vehicle body, which cannot be directly measured. Noise sensitivity of slip control hence is a critical issue, especially at low speed. In this work a new control strategy called mixed slip-deceleration (MSD) control is proposed: the basic idea is that the regulated variable is a convex combination of wheel deceleration and longitudinal slip. This strategy turns out to be very powerful and flexible: it inherits all the attractive dynamical features of slip control, while providing a much lower sensitivity to slip-measurement noise.

Environmental and economic analyses of waste disposal options for traditional markets in Indonesia

Waste from traditional markets in Indonesia is the second largest stream of municipal solid waste after household waste. It has a higher organic fraction and may have greater potential to be managed on a business scale compared to household wastes. The attributed reason is that in general the wastes generated from traditional markets are more uniform, more concentrated and less hazardous than waste from other sources. This paper presents the results of environmental and economic assessments to compare the options available for traditional market waste disposal in Indonesia. The options compared were composting in labour intensive plants, composting in a centralised plant that utilised a simple wheel loader, centralised biogas production and landfill for electricity production. The current open dumping practice was included as the baseline case. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used for environmental analysis. All options compared have lower environmental impacts than the current practice of open dumping. The biogas production option has the lowest environmental impacts. A cost–benefit analysis, which considered greenhouse gas savings, was used for the economic assessment. It was found that composting at a centralised plant is the most economically feasible option under the present Indonesian conditions. The approach reported in this study could be applied for ‘a pre-feasibility first cut comparison’ that includes environmental aspects in a decision-making framework for developing countries even though European emission factors were used.