Simple Units Research Articles

Accelerating Deep Convolutional Neural Network base on stochastic computing

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) are highly computational, and low budget platforms face many restrictions due to their implementation. Recently, Stochastic Computing (SC) demonstrated satisfying solution with simple and low power arithmetic units. In this paper, we present a highly efficient SC-based inference framework of DCNNs. We first propose a new Approximate Parallel Counter (APC), which is the most computational part in SC-DCNN. Our design relies on multiplexers to reduce the total number of input data. Second, a new mechanism is proposed for SC-based Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) to make it more accurate and more similar to the actual ReLU function. Eventually, a new way is proposed for implementing soft-max function in SC domain with utilizing minimum resources. The simulation result shows that our platform for implementing LeNeT-5 achieves better area overhead, critical path length and power consumption than state-of-the-art works by term of slightly sacrificing accuracy.

A note on simple trinomial units inU1(ZCp)

In this paper, some new notions are defined about the unit group $U_{1}(\mathbb{Z}G)$ of a finite group G. Especially, notion of simple unit is defined by using the number of elements in its support and absolutely small coefficients of the unit. Units are classified as monomial, binomial, trinomial and k-nomial, level, unit with level $l$ and simple unit. We have shown triviality of monomial units and nonexistence of binomial units in the unit group $U_{1}(\mathbb{Z}G)$ of an arbitrary finite group G. Some basic results and examples are posed about simple units and simple trinomial units in $U_{1}(\mathbb{Z}C_{p})$of a cyclic group $C_{p}$, where $p\geqslant5$.

Evidence for suffix cohesion in French

ABSTRACTIn a language, suffix cohesion refers to the fact that suffixed words behave phonologically as simple or complex units depending on the suffix they are built with. This article uncovers a previously undescribed pattern of suffix cohesion in French, where words suffixed with vowel- and glide-initial suffixes behave phonologically like simple units (e.g.fêtiez[fet-je] ‘you partied’) and words built with other consonant-initial suffixes behave phonologically like complex units (e.g.fêterez[fɛt-ʁe] ‘you will party’). The evidence comes from a reassessment of well-known data on [ə]–[ɛ] stem alternations and from an acoustic study of [e]–[ɛ] and [o]–[ɔ] alternations in suffixed words as pronounced by 10 speakers living in the Paris area. The suffix’s phonological shape is found to provide the best account of the data among a set of factors that have been argued to be relevant to suffix cohesion in other languages (in particular resyllabification). The French pattern has important theoretical implications for theories of suffix cohesion as it is not prosodically conditioned. An alternative analysis in terms of paradigm uniformity is proposed, where suffixed words are treated as complex units phonologically if the suffix’s phonological shape facilitates the perceptual recognition of the base corresponding to the suffixed word’s stem.

A Time-Efficient Automatic Circuit Approximation Method

As computing devices continue growing explosively, computational efficiency is increasingly important. To improve the efficiency of computations, approximate computing is widely used in today's arithmetic circuits. For simple arithmetic units, manual approximation methods achieved high efficiency. However, with the increasing scale and complexity of the calculation circuit, the approximation efficiency of manual approximation method is gradually reduced and the difficulty of judging the approximate part is also increasing. To this end, automatic approximation methods become especially important. For automatic approximation methods, the key challenge is choosing a metric to guide the approximation process which is easy to calculate accurately and minimize the time spent on it. Therefore, modified optimal slope ranking (OSR) method is proposed in this paper for improving the metric precision and greatly reducing the time cost of approximation process. The simulation results show that the proposed method shows advantages in different circuits, including adders, fixed-width multipliers and DCT. Compared with manual approximation methods, modified OSR method achieves 16.8% lower EDP consumption than competitors on fixed-width multipliers. Compared with our previous work, the proposed method achieves an EDP advantage of 9.17% on DCT at highest accuracy mode. At the lowest accuracy, modified OSR method still maintains certain performance advantages and becomes more obvious as the circuit complexity increases for all precision modes. In terms of time consumption, modified OSR method achieves a speed increase of nearly 10% with the highest precision and a speed increase of up to $7.73\times $ for DCT at the lowest accuracy. In addition, modified OSR also provides flexible precision choices for different application scenarios.

How can oral and maxillofacial surgery units best support second degree students?

Returning to study for a second degree to enter higher OMFS training often leaves students feeling 'out in the wilderness'. Many OMFS units are keen to support these students and make use of their skills and enthusiasm by employing them. Often there are barriers to students and units working together. We have explored some of these barriers by surveying second-degree students (both medical and dental) to see what simple measures OMFS units can take to improve their support for students. From the survey we have devised a list of Essential and Desirable criteria to assist OMFS units in supporting students, aiming to have a positive effect on retention through the challenging but necessary period of the second degree.

Regional Deposition: Deposition Models.

Modeling particle deposition in the human lung requires information about the morphology of the lung in terms of simple geometric units, e.g., characterizing bronchial airways by straight cylindrical tubes. Five different regional deposition models are discussed in this section with respect to morphometric lung models and related mathematical modeling techniques: 1) one-dimensional cross-section or "trumpet" model, 2) deterministic symmetric generation or "single-path" model, 3) deterministic asymmetric generation or "multiple-path" model, 4) stochastic asymmetric generation or "multiple-path" model, and 5) single-path computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) model. Current deposition models can predict the following regional deposition quantities relevant for the administration of medical aerosols: 1) regional bronchial and alveolar deposition, 2) generational lung deposition, 3) lobar deposition, 4) generational lobar deposition, and 5) generational surface deposition. Although deposition fractions predicted by the different models depend on the selection of a specific morphometric lung model and a specific set of analytical deposition equations, all models predict the same trends as functions of particle diameter and breathing parameters. In general, the overall agreement between the modeling predictions obtained by the various deposition models and the available experimental evidence indicates that current deposition models correctly predict regional and generational deposition.

Les fourberies de la Foire : une révolution sociopolitique et théâtrale

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the competition between the official Parisian theatres and the popular trestles, such as the lodges of the fairs and the stages of the Boulevard, contributed to the development of an experimental dramaturgy characterised by theatrical crossing and the primacy of the actor’s gesture. To circumvent the prohibitions imposed by the Comédie-Française and the Opera, the impresarios of the Fair elaborate dramaturgical strategies full of invention, based on shows with simple units suitable for the combination of different genres. This theatre is thus able to develop into a stable artistic system, while remaining in a context of marginality and uncertainty; and to inspire some twentieth-century theories on the actor’s body, such as those of Edward Gordon Craig and Jacques Copeau. Focused on documentary archive evidence, this paper aims to bring out the main aspects of the unofficial repertoires, which turn out to be places of socio-political confrontation and, at the same time, systems of propagation of aesthetic reforms.

Short-term Demand Forecasting for Online Car-hailing Services Using Recurrent Neural Networks

ABSTRACT Short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the crucial issues in intelligent transportation system, which is an important part of smart cities. Accurate predictions can enable both the drivers and the passengers to make better decisions about their travel route, departure time, and travel origin selection, which can be helpful in traffic management. Multiple models and algorithms based on time-series prediction and machine learning were applied to this issue and achieved acceptable results. Recently, the availability of sufficient data and computational power motivates us to improve the prediction accuracy via deep-learning approaches. Recurrent neural networks have become one of the most popular methods for time-series forecasting; however, due to the variety of these networks, the question that which type is the most appropriate one for this task remains unsolved. In this paper, we use three kinds of recurrent neural networks including simple RNN units, GRU, and LSTM neural network to predict short-term traffic flow. The dataset from TAP30 Corporation is used for building the models and comparing RNNs with several well-known models, such as DEMA, LASSO, and XGBoost. The results show that all three types of RNNs outperform the others; however, more simple RNNs such as simple recurrent units and GRU perform work better than LSTM in terms of accuracy and training time.

Energy-Efficient Transaction Serialization for IoT Devices

This article presents two designs, the Transaction Serial Format (TSF) and the Transaction Array Model (TAM). Together, they provide full, efficient, transaction serialization facilities for devices with limited onboard energy, such as those in an Internet of Things (IoT) network. TSF provides a compact, non-parsed, format that requires minimal processing for transaction deserialization. TAM provides an internal data structure that needs minimal dynamic storage and directly uses the elements of TSF. The simple lexical units of TSF do not require parsing. The lexical units contain enough information to allocate the internal TAM data structure efficiently. TSF generality is equivalent to XML and JSON. TSF represents any XML document or JSON object without loss of information, including whitespace. The XML equivalence provides a foundation for the performance comparisons. A performance comparison of a C reference implementation of TSF and TAM to the popular Expat XML library, also written in C, shows that TSF reduces deserialization processor time by more than 80%.

Fullerene Nanoarchitectonics with Shape-Shifting.

This short review article introduces several examples of self-assembly-based structural formation and shape-shifting using very simple molecular units, fullerenes (C60, C70, and their derivatives), as fullerene nanoarchitectonics. Fullerene molecules are suitable units for the basic science of self-assembly because they are simple zero-dimensional objects with only a single elemental component, carbon, without any charged or interactive functional groups. In this review article, self-assembly of fullerene molecules and their shape-shifting are introduced as fullerene nanoarchitectonics. An outline and a background of fullerene nanoarchitectonics are first described, followed by various demonstrations, including fabrication of various fullerene nanostructures, such as rods on the cube, holes in the cube, interior channels in the cube, and fullerene micro-horns, and also a demonstration of a new concept, supramolecular differentiation.

Divergent Chemistry Paths for 3D and 1D Metallo-Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs).

The marriage of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) and coordination chemistry is a powerful tool for assembling complex architectures from simple building units. Recently, the synthesis of woven covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with topologically fascinating structures has been achieved using this approach. However, the scope is highly limited and there is a need to discover new pathways that can assemble covalently linked organic threads into crystalline frameworks. Herein, we have identified branching pathways leading to the assembly of three-dimensional (3D) woven COFs or one-dimensional (1D) metallo-COFs (mCOFs), where the mechanism is underpinned by the absence or presence of ligand exchange.

Divergent Chemistry Paths for 3D and 1D Metallo‐Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)

AbstractThe marriage of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) and coordination chemistry is a powerful tool for assembling complex architectures from simple building units. Recently, the synthesis of woven covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with topologically fascinating structures has been achieved using this approach. However, the scope is highly limited and there is a need to discover new pathways that can assemble covalently linked organic threads into crystalline frameworks. Herein, we have identified branching pathways leading to the assembly of three‐dimensional (3D) woven COFs or one‐dimensional (1D) metallo‐COFs (mCOFs), where the mechanism is underpinned by the absence or presence of ligand exchange.

HOCl Responsive Lanthanide Complexes Using Hydroquinone Caging Units.

Redox biology is still looking for tools to monitor redox potential in cellular biology and, despite a large and sustained effort, reliable molecular probes have yet to emerge. In contrast, molecular probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen have been widely explored. In this manuscript, three kinetically inert lanthanide complexes that selectively react with hypochlorous acid are prepared and characterized. The design is based on 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid (DO2A) ligands appended with one or two redox active hydroquinone derived arms, thereby forming octadentate ligands ideally suited to complex trivalent lanthanide ions. The three complexes are found to react selectively with hypochlorous acid to form highly symmetric lanthanide(III) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacedic acid (DOTA) complexes. The conversion of the probe to [Ln.DOTA]− is followed by luminescence, absorption, and NMR spectroscopy in a model system comprised of a Triton-X modified HEPES buffer. It was concluded that the design principle works, and that simple caging units like hydroquinones can work well in conjugation with lanthanide(III) complexes.

Design Elements in Apartments for Adapting to Climate: A Comparison between Korea and Singapore

Currently, almost 80% and 50% of Singapore’s and Korea’s residents, respectively, live in apartments. Despite their earlier unfamiliarity with apartments compared with traditional housing, they have accepted apartments for the convenience they offer and as a symbol of modernity. However, the climatic conditions of these countries are extremely different. Hence, this study first examined the critical regionalism that should be considered from the environmental context, such as the geography, climate, and topography, when building apartments. Reviewing the transformation process of apartments, we can determine the types of design elements and principles developed under different climatic conditions. The representative unit plans from 1960 to 2010 were collected for analysis from Singapore’s Housing and Development Board and the private sector in Korea. The analysis revealed that Singapore’s apartments have evolved to facilitate natural ventilation. Irregular unit forms, an atrium, and the location of the utility space are unique elements. The atrium-type apartment can be considered the most regionalized design. Conversely, in Korea, the focus is on heat gain and cross-ventilation, resulting in simple square-form units oriented toward the south and double enveloped by additional windows. The staircase-type apartment predominates. Thus, this study shows that apartments evolved differently in each country, resulting in unique regionalized forms primarily determined by climatic conditions.

Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Adsorptionof Cd21 and Pb21 Ions from Aqueous Solutionby Citric Acid Modified Maize Fibres

Maize fibres were pre-treated and chemically modified with 0.05 M citric acid. The adsorption of Cd21 and Pb21 ions onto the citric acid modified maize fibres was studied in batch experiment at ambient conditions. The study showed that the adsorption of Cd21 and Pb21 ions depends on metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to model the equilibrium data. Based on linear regression value r2, the adsorption fits Langmuir adsorption model well compared that of Freundlich. The maximum binding capacity of the metal ions as obtained from the Langmuir fit were 4.93 and 4.88 mg g21 for Cd21 and Pb21 ions, respectively. The value of Freundlich constants, n and kF, obtained from Freundlich fit were 2.63 mg g21 and 0.60 for Cd21 and 2.79 mg g21 and 0.68 for Pb21. The rate constant and r2 values as obtained from pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and intra-particle diffusion plots were 2.6 3 1022 min21, 0.997; 9.7 3 1022 g mg21 min21, 0.985 and 2.6 3 1022 min21, 0.997, respectively, for Cd21, while those for Pb21 were 2.6 3 1022 min21, 0.993; 7.1 3 1022 g mg21 min21, 0.990 and 2.6 3 1022 min21, 0.993, respectively. The r2 values showed that the metal ion adsorption onto citric acid modified maize fibres follows pseudo first-order kinetics and is controlled by intra-particle diffusion. This study suggests that citric acid modified maize fibres can be used in simple water treatment units to remove Cd21 and Pb21 ions.

Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism of Voglibose In Vitro and In Vivo.

BackgroundVoglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, inhibits breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar units in intestine. Studies showed that voglibose metabolism in the liver might be negligible due to its poor intestinal absorption. Numerous microorganisms live in intestine and have several roles in metabolism and detoxification of various xenobiotics. Due to the limited information, the possible metabolism of voglibose by intestinal microbiota was investigated in vitro and in vivo.MethodsFor the in vitro study, different concentrations of voglibose were incubated with intestinal contents, prepared from both vehicle- and antibiotics-treated mice, to determine the decreased amount of voglibose over time by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Similarly, in vivo pharmacodynamic effect of voglibose was determined following the administration of voglibose and starch in vehicle- and antibiotic-pretreated non-diabetic and diabetic mice, by measuring the modulatory effects of voglibose on blood glucose levels.ResultsThe in vitro results indicated that the remaining voglibose could be significantly decreased when incubated with the intestinal contents from normal mice compared to those from antibiotic-treated mice, which had less enzyme activities. The in vivo results showed that the antibiotic pretreatment resulted in reduced metabolism of voglibose. This significantly lowered blood glucose levels in antibiotic-pretreated mice compared to the control animals.ConclusionThe present results indicate that voglibose would be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, and that this metabolism might be pharmacodynamically critical in lowering blood glucose levels in mice.

Understanding Substrate Selectivity of Phoslactomycin Polyketide Synthase by Using Reconstituted in Vitro Systems.

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) use simple extender units to synthesize complex natural products. A fundamental question is how different extender units are site‐specifically incorporated into the growing polyketide. Here we established phoslactomycin (Pn) PKS, which incorporates malonyl‐ and ethylmalonyl‐CoA, as an in vitro model to study substrate specificity. We combined up to six Pn PKS modules with different termination sites for the controlled release of tetra‐, penta‐ and hexaketides, and challenged these systems with up to seven different extender units in competitive assays to test for the specificity of Pn modules. While malonyl‐CoA modules of Pn PKS exclusively accept their natural substrate, the ethylmalonyl‐CoA module PnC tolerates different α‐substituted derivatives, but discriminates against malonyl‐CoA. We show that the ratio of extender transacylation to hydrolysis controls incorporation in PnC, thus explaining site‐specific selectivity and promiscuity in the natural context of Pn PKS.

Are pesticides risk decreasing? The relevance of pesticide indicator choice in empirical analysis

AbstractThe reduction of adverse health and environmental effects from pesticide use is currently a top priority on the agricultural policy agenda. Efficient pesticide policies must take into account farmers’ application behavior, especially effects of pesticide use on economic risk. However, previous results regarding the direction of risk effects of pesticides are ambiguous. We show that the ambiguity in earlier studies could be due to the pesticide indicator selected. Indicators which fail to account for the heterogeneous properties of pesticides may be inapt for interpreting farmers’ pesticide use decisions. Our analysis, based on a rich panel dataset of Swiss wheat producers with highly detailed information on pesticide use, considers different pesticide indicators and multiple sources of uncertainty. Our key finding is that indicator choice affects the magnitude and sign of estimated risk effects. Estimates of pesticide productivity and risk effects are significantly higher for fungicides, and even reversed for herbicides when we measure pesticide use in simple quantity units (kilogram per hectare) ‐ compared to the quality and intensity corrected Load Index. This means for example, that farmers will ceteris paribus use lower quantities of herbicides, but will increase the overall toxicity of the products applied with increasing risk aversion. We discuss implications of our findings for the design of pesticide policies and agricultural risk management instruments.

DAKWAH COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Da'wah for the development of society and the people is an activity of the Prophet sallallaahu Wassalam which is supported by an established economy. This we can see how the gait of the Prophet sallallaahu Wassalam with Ummul the believer Khadijah radhiallahu'anhu in preaching to improve the condition of the people from the downturn of civilization. Likewise, the companions of the Prophet Muhammad, carried out the mission of da'wah at the expense of their wealth. How did Uthman bin Affan sacrifice buying a well from a Jew for the Muslims. What about his wealth Abu Bakr freed the slaves. There are many examples in Islam about the sacrifice of wealth in preaching. In addition to government policies, community economic empowerment can be carried out, including by opening a business unit. With the existence of a business unit, it will create jobs that absorb human labor. The businesses developed vary from simple business units in the form of MSMEs, home industries, cooperatives, as well as large managed business units such as factories, tourism offices, banking and so on. It is time for Muslims to unite in advancing the economy so that Muslims are free from the shackles and colonialism in the capitalist, hedonistic and materialistic era by moving the people's economy, in the form of establishing sharia markets, sharia-based tourism activities, as well as the government's attitude that issues pro-independence economic policies. Islamic law and support Islamic banking programs in Indonesia.

Effects of MgO/Al2O3 ratio on viscous behaviors and structures of MgO–Al2O3–TiO2–CaO–SiO2 slag systems with high TiO2 content and low CaO/SiO2 ratio

Abstract The effects of MgO/Al2O3 ratio on the viscous behaviors of MgO–Al2O3–TiO2–CaO–SiO2 systems were investigated by the rotating cylinder method. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the structural characteristics of slag and Factsage 7.0 was adopted to demonstrate the liquidus temperature of slag. The results show that the viscosity and activation energy for viscous flow decrease when the MgO/Al2O3 ratio increases from 0.82 to 1.36. The break point temperature and liquidus temperature of slag initially decrease and subsequently increase. The complex viscous structures are gradually depolymerized to simple structural units. In conclusion, with the increase of MgO/Al2O3 ratio, the degree of polymerization of slag decreases, which improves the fluidity of slag. The variations of liquidus temperature of slag lead to the same changes of break point temperature.