Simple Type Research Articles

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF FUTURE ALTERNATIVE FUELS ON NAVAL VESSELS

Emissions regulation aimed at reducing air pollution, particularly carbon dioxide emissions, is driving commercial research into alternative fuels such as ammonia, methanol and hydrogen. Whilst naval ships, being government owned vessels, are exempt from this regulation, the ability to operate on such fuels may become a requirement for future combatants. This paper describes an ongoing study to examine the impact of alternative fuels over a range of naval vessel designs and sizes, using the ZEOLIT early-stage ship tool. The initial stage has examined an OPV, as this is a relatively simple type of vessel, which has already seen the adoption of dual fuelling with LNG in some navies. Three future fuels have been investigated: methanol, ammonia and a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier. The findings so far indicate that, for an OPV, these fuels lead to an increase in displacement, but not one that would render the ship impractically large.

An Electrohydraulic Control Device With Decoupling Effect for Three-Chamber Soft Actuators

Three-chamber configuration is the simplest type among the fluid soft actuators with multiple degrees of freedom in three-dimension space. However, the motion control of the three-chamber fluid soft actuator is a challenging task because of the strong coupling effect of the chambers which are connected together. This article develops a novel electrohydraulic control device with decoupling function. The supplied pressures of three cylinders in the electrohydraulic control device are linked by a swash plate mechanism. The axial displacement, the tilted angle, and the azimuth angle of the swash plate are driven by three electrical motors separately and corresponding to the stretched length, the bending angle, and the yaw angle of the three-chamber soft actuator. Thus, the three outputs of the soft actuator can be independently controlled. Theoretical analysis is implemented to provide basis for machine design. A prototype is fabricated and experiments under both of static and dynamic conditions are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed concept. The results show that the electrohydraulic control device can effectively drive the three-chamber soft actuator and reduce the difficulty of controller design.

Anthracene-dibenzofuran based electron transport type hosts for long lifetime multiple resonance pure blue OLEDs

In this work, we report two simple and efficient electron transport (ET) type host materials, namely 2-(3-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-phenyl)dibenzo[b,d]furan (m-PPDF) and 2-(4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[b,d]furan (p-PPDF) based on 9,10-diphenylanthracene and dibenzofuran moieties. The designed host materials show excellent thermal stability with thermal decomposition temperature (Td) above 351 °C. The computational studies and carrier transport analysis proved good electron-transporting features of these hosts. The synthesized materials were utilized as hosts for multiple resonance emitters (DABNA-NP-TB) based blue OLEDs. The fabricated OLED device based on p-PPDF host and DABNA-NP-TB dopant shows a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.03% with a narrow spectrum in deep blue color and Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.136, 0.076). Further, the operational lifetime at 95% initial luminescence decay (LT 95 ) of the p-PPDF based host device shows 85 h at 600 cd/m 2 , which is increased by 1.7 times compared with the well-known bipolar host (PhPC). Further, we analyzed that such a long lifetime is attributed to the improved stability of electron transfer type-designed hosts. • We report long lifetime fluorescent host materials. • Anthracene-dibenzofuran core host for multi-resonance blue emitter. • EQE of 7.03%, CIE of (0.136, 0.076) and 85h(LT 95 ) at 600nit are reported.

Structural Analysis of the Utilization-Resources, Rotation of the Current Structure and Cost-Effectiveness of a Listed Company

The method of the companies’ financial diagnosis rates is aimed at a system of indicators of simple or percentage ratio type, based on factors arising either from a level of financial position/balance sheet, or from a level of financial performance/profit and loss account. The utilisations-resources structural analysis assumes a system of ratios of the type of share of various structures of use or resources in the patrimonial total. The management/rotation emphasizes a system of ratios measuring the dynamics of current patrimonial structures, stocks, trade receivables or trading exploitation debts, respectively. The cost-effectiveness is founded on a system of ratios revealing the capacity of various patrimonial structures or result structures to generate net profit. In order to develop this study, we have selected a company listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, due to the transparency of the information, but also to the diversity of patrimonial and result structures, namely Turism Felix SA from Băile Felix. The time horizon referred to is three consecutive financial years: 2018 and 2019, under normal conditions, and 2020, marked by a special evolution due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we will determine and analyse the rate indicators at the static level, for each financial year, but also dynamically, by using the absolute deviations (differences) with chain base and the relative deviations (indexes) with chain base. The originality is supported by the selection of a company in hospitality industry, very sensitive to the context generated by the pandemic.

Abstracts 8th PCNE working symposium ‘Navigating research on pharmaceutical care’. 11–12 February 2022, Lisbon, Portugal

Abstracts 8th PCNE working symposium ‘Navigating research on pharmaceutical care’. 11–12 February 2022, Lisbon, Portugal

Classification of flag-transitive point-primitive non-symmetric 2-[formula omitted] designs with [formula omitted

The paper reports on an investigation of the pair (D,G), where D is a non-symmetric 2−(v,k,λ) design with v<100 and G is a flag-transitive point-primitive automorphism group of D.The purpose of this paper is to show that G is of product, almost simple or affine type, and to contribute a classification of (D,G).

Simple and Optimal Methods for Stochastic Variational Inequalities, II: Markovian Noise and Policy Evaluation in Reinforcement Learning

The focus of this paper is on stochastic variational inequalities (VI) under Markovian noise. A prominent application of our algorithmic developments is the stochastic policy evaluation problem in reinforcement learning. Prior investigations in the literature focused on temporal difference (TD) learning by employing nonsmooth finite time analysis motivated by stochastic subgradient descent leading to certain limitations. These encompass the requirement of analyzing a modified TD algorithm that involves projection to an a-priori defined Euclidean ball, achieving a non-optimal convergence rate and no clear way of deriving the beneficial effects of parallel implementation. Our approach remedies these shortcomings in the broader context of stochastic VIs and in particular when it comes to stochastic policy evaluation. We developed a variety of simple TD learning type algorithms motivated by its original version that maintain its simplicity, while offering distinct advantages from a non-asymptotic analysis point of view. We first provide an improved analysis of the standard TD algorithm that can benefit from parallel implementation. Then we present versions of a conditional TD algorithm (CTD), that involves periodic updates of the stochastic iterates, which reduce the bias and therefore exhibit improved iteration complexity. This brings us to the fast TD (FTD) algorithm which combines elements of CTD and the stochastic operator extrapolation method of the companion paper. For a novel index resetting policy FTD exhibits the best known convergence rate. We also devised a robust version of the algorithm that is particularly suitable for discounting factors close to 1.

Family Type Differences in Children’s Satisfaction with People They Live with and Perceptions about Their (Step)parents’ Parenting Practices

Family complexity is increasing in Europe, experienced by a significant proportion of children. More evidence is needed in Europe how children’s family type influences their well-being, especially their family-related subjective well-being, and to what extent parenting practices are playing a role in these relationships. The aim of the paper is to study perceptions of children who live with two biological parents, with a biological and a stepparent, or with a single parent about the parenting practices of their (step)parents and their satisfaction with the people they live with. The analysis is based on the third wave of the “Children’s Worlds” harmonized dataset of 12-year-old children in Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, and Romania. The findings reveal a ‘cascade of children’s appraisals’ by the family types—overall, living with two biological parents is the least and in a stepparent family the most complex family environment for children, reflected in their highest and lowest evaluations of parenting practices and family-related subjective well-being, respectively. The analyses showed that simple and complex family type differences in children’s family-related subjective well-being are entirely explained by parenting practices in Norway, Estonia, and Poland, but not or almost not at all in Finland, Hungary, and Romania. To conclude, in a caring, safe, and participation-enhancing family atmosphere, children can be inclusively flexible and adapt to new parent-figures.

Tracking the developmental events in the duodenum of the quail embryo: Using light and electron microscope.

The present study described the full morphology of the duodenum of the Japanese quail during the embryonic stage from 3rd day of incubation till hatching using the light and electron (scanning and transmission) microscope. The specimens were collected, analyzed and described anatomically, morphometrically and microscopically. The first recognition of the prospective duodenum was at the 4th day of incubation and developed continuously by age progression. The prospective duodenum consisted of a flat pseudostratified epithelium, mesenchyme and covering mesothelium. On day 8th of incubation, the epithelium developed three evaginations lead to formation three previllous ridges protruding inside the duodenal lumen, which later at the 9th day differentiated into numbers of projections; villi. On the 9th day, the epithelium lined the villi transformed into a simple columnar type, the duodenal villi appeared as pyramidal-shaped projections, had wide base and narrow apex and by age progression, the duodenal villi went through changes in number, size and shape. On hatching day, the duodenal epithelium consisted of enterocytes interspersed with secretory goblet cells, which stained positive for both Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue AB and represented filled with metachromatic granules. The muscular wall started as mesenchymal condensation on the 6th day then differentiated into the circular smooth muscle layer on the 9th day of incubation. Giving detailed information about the morphological development of the duodenum during the incubation period of quail embryo helps in reaching a satisfactory explanation about how the duodenum plays a vital role in digestion, absorption and immunity. HIGHLIGHTS: Studying the quail duodenum can be used as a model for understanding the mammalian duodenum. Understanding the duodenal structure and its function is the best way to maximize the efficiency of the production of the livestock through giving the best type of diet. Duodenum plays a vital role in digestion through the digestible secretions, absorption of nutrients, and immunity against invaders. Duodenum is the spot where the food digestion mostly occurs.

Microanalysis of the stomach of southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor): Histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic studies.

This study was designed to provide more detailed knowledge on the stomach histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor). Two animals were used in the present work. Periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) and Alcian blue were used for histochemical purposes. SOX9, gastrin, serotonin, and glucagon markers were traced immunohistochemically. The mucosa was extremely folded in the fundus with numerous opening of glands. The body and pylorus mucosa were almost smooth and equipped with gastric gland openings. A simple columnar epithelium covered the stomach entirely. Cardiac glands region was mucus secreting with both positive and negative reactions to PAS. Fundic mucosa was contained cardiac glands near to the cardia, and toward the body it was divided into the light and dark zones. These zones and body contained proper gastric gland, which constituted of parietal, chief, and mucous neck cells. These glands contained PAS-positive cells on their basal portions. The pyloric glands were mucus secreting but negative for PAS. All gastric glands were Alcian blue-negative, but epithelium showed moderate reaction especially in the pylorus. SOX and gastrin were express highly in the body and fundus. The expression of serotonin and glucagon was rare. Comparatively, some similarities between the stomach of hedgehog and dog can be assumed. The present findings provide additional information concerning the histochemical characteristics and endocrine cells distribution in the stomach of the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor). Further detailed studies are required to enhance the current knowledge on histophysiology of the digestive system in this species as a pet and exotic animal. HIGHLIGHTS: The stomach was simple glandular type. The fundus was divided into light and dark zones similar to the dog. The proper gastric glands were periodic acid Schiff's positive at their basal parts.

On the orbital diameter of groups of diagonal type

The orbital diameter of a primitive permutation group is the maximal diameter of its orbital graphs. There has been a lot of interest in bounds for the orbital diameter. In this paper we provide explicit bounds on the diameters of groups of simple diagonal type. As a consequence we obtain a classification of simple diagonal groups with orbital diameter less than or equal to 4. As part of this, we classify all finite simple groups with covering number and conjugacy width at most 3. We also prove some general bounds on the covering number and conjugacy width of groups of Lie type.

Spinal Afferent Innervation of the Rat Stomach: Anterograde Tracing

Nociceptive afferents from spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and vagal nodose ganglia innervate the stomach and send nociceptive signals centrally to the brain and locally to the enteric nervous system. In our other two posters (Mistareehi et al. 2022, Nguyen et al. 2022), nociceptive afferents are detected with SP and CGRP markers. To specifically study spinal afferent innervation of the stomach, we injected tracer Dextran Biotin (DB) into the left DRG (T7‐T11; 1.5 µl/each ganglion). 14 days after tracer injection, rats were perfused through the left ventricle with 40℃ PBS (1M phosphate‐buffered saline, pH = 7.4). Tissues were then fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS (4℃, pH 7.4). After the perfusion, the distal esophagus and the proximal duodenum were transected, and the stomach was removed. Next, the ventral and dorsal stomach walls were separated by an incision along the lesser and greater curvatures, thus yielding two flat‐mounts per animal. The external muscle wall of the stomach was then isolated as a whole mount by removing the gastric mucosa and submucosa. Ventral stomach flat‐mounts were examined using the Neurolucida system. We found that Tracer DB‐labeled axons formed serval categories of the terminal structures. The simple type: long varicose axons without branching; The branching type: axons with multiple branches running in parallel with either circular or longitudinal muscles; The complex type: single axons with multiple branches running in various directions in both circular and longitudinal muscle layers; The ganglionic type:axons innervating myenteric ganglia; The blood vessel type: axons innervating blood vessels. Our work will provide a foundation for specific labeling of spinal afferent innervation of the stomach. In the future, we will use tracer injection of DRG and nociceptive markers (e.g., SP, CGRP, TRPV1) to examine topographical innervation of spinal nociceptive afferents in the stomach. The first two authors contributed equally to this work.

Management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations involves additional factors aside from the diameter of feeding arteries: a 3-year case-case retrospective analysis

BackgroundPulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are rare but cause various manifestations. Although the diameter of feeding arteries has been linked to treatment decisions, relationships among the characteristics of PAVMs, clinical symptoms, and treatment effect remain unclear. The present study was performed to investigate how collective characteristics of PAVMs relate to clinical symptoms and to provide proper treatment recommendations for patients with PAVMs.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 838,447 patients’ radiographic data and medical records from January 2018 to December 2020. Patients were included if a PAVM was radiographically detected for the first time in our hospital. Ordered multivariable logistic regression and hierarchical multiple regression were performed to analyse the relationships between characteristics of PAVMs and various clinical symptoms. We investigated the management of PAVMs in four tertiary university hospitals.ResultsDetection rate of PAVMs was 0.025% (207/838,447), and 37.6% of patients (78/207) also had hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eight patients were diagnosed with bilateral diffuse PAVMs. Two hundred thirty-six lesions were detected in 199 patients, and the mean diameter of the feeding artery was 4.13 ± 1.92 mm. Most PAVMs were the simple type and located in the peripheral pulmonary area. In total, 34.3% of patients (71/207) were symptom-free; remaining patients showed various manifestations, and respiratory symptoms were most common (dyspnoea on exertion, 47.8%). The diameter of the feeding artery and the type and the number of PAVMs were correlated with hypoxaemia (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.037, respectively). The collective characteristics of PAVMs were not related to the severity of central nervous system symptoms (largest diameter of feeding artery, P = 0.8; largest diameter of sac, P = 0.42; number of PAVMs, P = 0.35; type of PAVMs, P = 0.99). Various symptoms were greatly relieved after treatment. The hospital investigation showed that management of PAVMs was not generally appreciated in clinical practice.ConclusionsOur study revealed a low detection rate of PAVMs and a low degree of association with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia in the general population. Considering the connection between collective characteristics of PAVMs and various clinical symptoms, clinicians should consider the type and number of PAVMs, the largest diameter of the feeding artery, and clinical symptoms when managing patients with PAVMs.

Data‐model driven rescheduling considering both rotor angle stability and transient voltage stability constraints

Facing the problem of workforce and time costs caused by the rescheduling of large-scale power grids with renewable energy penetration, and the lack of parallel control research on rotor angle instability and transient voltage instability, a rescheduling method based on trajectory sensitivity and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed to meet the requirements of rotor angle stability and transient voltage stability at the same time. By introducing the process of rescheduling to meet the transient stability constraint, the Markov decision-making process of rescheduling is first constructed. Then, a simple dominant instability type identification method is proposed according to the occurrence time, location, voltage pattern, and position of the oscillation centre. Moreover, a rescheduling strategy is formulated based on the dominant instability mode identification, trajectory sensitivity calculation, actionable device selection, action amount computation, and action of the device. Next, according to the improved distributed distributive deep deterministic policy gradients (D4PG), a DRL model is established to map the action to actionable generator pairs and capacitors/reactors, so as to realize parallel rescheduling of rotor angle instability and transient voltage instability. Finally, the improved New England 39-bus system and an actual power grid are used to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the method.

Ca(ClO3)2۰4CO(NH2)2 – C3H8O3N2۰NH2C2H4OH – H2O SISTEMASINING POLITERMIK ERUVCHANLIGINI O‘RGANISH

In order to physico-chemically justify the preparation of a new type of defoliants with a complex effect, the interaction of the calcium chlorate tetracarbamide - urea monoethanolammonium acetate - water system in the temperature range from -41.0°С to -10.0°С was studied by visual-polythermic method. Based on the obtained data, a polythermal solubility diagram was created and its projections were built. Secondary and tertiary points were found in the system and the composition of solid phases was determined. The simple eutonic type of the studied system and the fact that no new compounds were formed were based on the visual-polythermal method, which allows for the development of a technology for obtaining a new drug with a complex effect, which contains physiologically active, nutritious and ethylene-forming components.

Phase Equilibrium of the Quaternary System LiBr-Li2SO4-KBr-K2SO4-H2O at 308.15 K

The phase equilibria of the reciprocal quaternary system LiBr-Li2SO4-KBr-K2SO4-H2O and its ternary sub-systems LiBr-Li2SO4-H2O and KBr-K2SO4-H2O at 308.15 K were studied using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. Then, the solubility data of the equilibrium solutions were collected, and the phase diagrams were plotted. The phase diagrams of the ternary sub-systems at 308.15 K were compared with those at other temperatures. This study found that the phase diagram of the LiBr-Li2SO4-H2O system at 308.15 K consisted of an invariant point, two solid-phase crystallization regions of Li2SO4·H2O and LiBr·2H2O, and their corresponding solubility curves. The system generated two hydrated salts, which belonged to the hydrate type I phase diagram. The phase diagram of the KBr-K2SO4-H2O system at 308.15 K consisted of an invariant point, two univariant solubility curves, and two solid-phase crystallization regions of KBr and K2SO4, and no solid solution and double salts were formed. Thus, it belonged to a simple co-saturation type phase diagram. In the LiBr-Li2SO4-KBr-K2SO4-H2O system, K2SO4·Li2SO4 double salt formed at 308.15 K, and the phase diagram consisted of three invariant points, five crystallization regions, and seven univariant solubility curves.

Heterochromatin Distribution Pattern of Six Wild Corchorus L. Species with Differential Staining from Bangladesh

In this study pattern of heterochromatin dis-tribution at mitotic interphase and prophase stage of six wild <i>Corchorus</i> L. species, viz. C. <i>brevicornatus</i>, C. <i>septentrionalis</i>, C. <i>urticifolius</i>, C. <i>hirtus</i>, C. <i>siliquosus</i> and C. <i>pinnatipartitus</i> were investigated following orcein, CMA- and DAPI- staining. After orcein staining, interphase nuclei of C. <i>brevicornatus</i>, C. <i>septentrionalis</i> and C. <i>urticifolius</i> had 'Diffuse Type' while C. <i>hirtus</i>, C. <i>siliquosus</i> and C. <i>pinnatipartitus</i> had 'Simple Chromocenter Type'. In case of prophase chromosomes, C. <i>septentrionalis</i> and C. <i>urticifolius</i> were detected as 'Gradient Type', C. <i>brevicornatus</i> and C. <i>hirtus</i> as 'Continuous Type' and C. <i>siliquosus</i> and C. <i>pinnatipartitus</i> as 'Interstitial Type'. Distinct amount of CMA- and DAPI- fluoresced bands were observed in the studied six wild <i>Corchorus</i> L. species.

Simple Type Theory is not too Simple: Grothendieck’s Schemes Without Dependent Types

Church’s simple type theory is often deemed too simple for elaborate mathematical constructions. In particular, doubts were raised whether schemes could be formalized in this setting and a challenge was issued. Schemes are sophisticated mathematical objects in algebraic geometry introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in 1960. In this article we report on a successful formalization of schemes in the simple type theory of the proof assistant Isabelle/HOL, and we discuss the design choices which make this work possible. We show in the particular case of schemes how the powerful dependent types of Coq or Lean can be traded for a minimalist apparatus called locales.

Local Stability to Periodicity in the EuMg5+x Type: Chemical Pressure, Disordered Channels, and Predicted Superstructure in YZn5.225

AbstractA central theme in the structural chemistry of intermetallic phases is that complex structures can be derived from variations on simpler ones. This is vividly demonstrated by the variety of structure types that can be connected to chemical pressure (CP)‐driven transformations of the simple CaCu5 type. In this Article, we investigate an intriguing addition to this family: the EuMg5‐type intermetallics, as exemplified by YZn5. As expected from the large negative CPs around the cations in CaCu5‐type structures, YZn5 exhibits tightened coordination environments around the cations. However, it also contains an unusually inhomogeneous atomic packing, particularly in channels running between the Y atoms along c. Our structural reinvestigation of YZn5 reveals a disordered occupation pattern of Zn atoms within these channels, consistent with the EuMg5+x type, a disordered variant of the EuMg5 type. DFT‐CP analysis indicates that the transition from the CaCu5 type to the YZn5+x structure indeed creates more compact Y environments, but strong tensions remain within the Zn sublattice. These include CP features on the channel walls that provide a mechanism for the communication of structural information between the channels and favorable cooperation in their occupation patterns. Based on these results, a structural model is proposed that explains an earlier observation of superstructure reflections in the diffraction patterns of ErZn5 corresponding to a √3×√3×3 supercell.

Puzzles of Existential Generalisation from Type-theoretic Perspective

The present paper addresses several puzzles related to the Rule of Existential Generalization, (EG). In solution to these puzzles from the viewpoint of simple type theory, I distinguish (EG) from a modified Rule of Existential Quantifier Introduction which is derivable from (EG). Both these rules are often confused and both are considered as primitive but I show that (EG) itself is derivable from the proper Rule of Existential Quantifier Introduction. Moreover, the latter rule must be primitive in logical systems that treat both total and partial functions, for the universal and the existential quantifiers are not interdefinable in them. An appropriate natural deduction for such a system is deployed. The present logical system is simpler than the system recently proposed and applied by the present author. It utilises an adequate definition of substitution which is capable of handling not only a higher-order quantification, but also (hyper)intensional contexts.