Simple Translation Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC SEDIMENT BUDGET TO PREDICT FUTURE SHORELINE POSITIONS ON A SAND LIMITED SHORELINE IN LOUISIANA

A shoreline change analysis was performed along the shoreline of the chenier plain in southwestern Louisiana in an attempt to forecast future shoreline position and to determine the performance of a proposed sand beach nourishment project along the shoreline which extends 14 km west of the western jetty of Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana and runs through the community of Holly Beach, Louisiana. Observations of shoreline morphology revealed a solitary sediment wave traversing the project site from east to west since the 1960’s. The genesis of the sediment wave is unknown and is unexplored in this work. The presence of the sediment wave masked the long-term shoreline change rates along the project site and therefore biased the predictions of future shoreline positions due to the transient nature of the sediment wave morphology. Standard coastal engineering methods used to predict future shoreline positions include simple translation of the shoreline based on measured shoreline change rates (referred to herein as historical linear progression or HLP) and one-line numerical models. For the project site, due to the presence of this sediment wave the HLP approach to predict future shoreline positions is not applicable. One-line shoreline morphology models such as the US Army Corps of Engineer's GENESIS model require the assumption that the beach profile can be represented by an equilibrium beach profile which was developed for sand rich shorelines. The project site profile composition of a sandy veneer extending to a depth of approximately -1.2 to -2 m over a muddy bottom violates this assumption, and therefore the traditional one-line model cannot be applied. Therefore, a dynamic sediment budget (DSB) method was developed to predict future shoreline positions based on available historical data, longshore transport rates, known morphological processes, statistical estimates of storm events, beach nourishment diffusion, and a relationship between volume change and shoreline change based on existing profile composition. This method was validated with existing data and was able to predict 20 years of morphology within ±15 m of measured shoreline positions.

Aperture referral in dioptric systems with stigmatic elements

A previous paper develops the general theory of aperture referral in linear optics and shows how several ostensibly distinct concepts, including the blur patch on the retina, the effective cornealpatch, the projective field and the field of view, are now unified as particular applications of the general theory. The theory allows for astigmatism and heterocentricity. Symplecticity and the generality of the approach, however, make it difficult to gain insight and mean that the material is not accessible to readers unfamiliar with matrices and linear algebra. The purpose of this paper is to examine whatis, perhaps, the most important special case, that in which astigmatism is ignored. Symplecticity and, hence, the mathematics become greatly simplified. The mathematics reduces largely to elementary vector algebra and, in some places, simple scalar algebra and yet retains the mathematical form of the general approach. As a result the paper allows insight into and provides a stepping stone to the general theory. Under referral an aperture under-goes simple scalar magnification and transverse translation. The paper pays particular attention to referral to transverse planes in the neighbourhood of a focal point where the magnification may be positive, zero or negative. Circular apertures are treated as special cases of elliptical apertures and the meaning of referred apertures of negative radius is explained briefly. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 3-11)

Integrating cell‐free biosyntheses of heme prosthetic group and apoenzyme for the synthesis of functional P450 monooxygenase

Harnessing the isolated protein synthesis machinery, cell-free protein synthesis reproduces the cellular process of decoding genetic information in artificially controlled environments. More often than not, however, generation of functional proteins requires more than simple translation of genetic sequences. For instance, many of the industrially important enzymes require non-protein prosthetic groups for biological activity. Herein, we report the complete cell-free biogenesis of a heme prosthetic group and its integration with concurrent apoenzyme synthesis for the production of functional P450 monooxygenase. Step reactions required for the syntheses of apoenzyme and the prosthetic group have been designed so that these two separate pathways take place in the same reaction mixture, being insulated from each other. Combined pathways for the synthesis of functional P450 monooxygenase were then further integrated with in situ assay reactions to enable real-time measurement of enzymatic activity during its synthesis.

New mode of literature reading - an effective method to enhance the overall ability of postgraduates

We changed the form of literature reading from simple reading and translation to comprehensive lecture,analysis,discussion and exchange under the guidance of teachers in order to promote postgraduates' capability of learning professional English and to enhance their overall quality.The new form not only improves students' English proficiency but also enhances their overall quality,such as literature quality,teaching ability,competitive consciousness,psychological quality,etc.At the same time,it is also beneficial for teachers. Key words: Literature reading; Postgraduate; Medical English; Overall quality

Bounded Arithmetic in Free Logic

One of the central open questions in bounded arithmetic is whether Buss' hierarchy of theories of bounded arithmetic collapses or not. In this paper, we reformulate Buss' theories using free logic and conjecture that such theories are easier to handle. To show this, we first prove that Buss' theories prove consistencies of induction-free fragments of our theories whose formulae have bounded complexity. Next, we prove that although our theories are based on an apparently weaker logic, we can interpret theories in Buss' hierarchy by our theories using a simple translation. Finally, we investigate finitistic G\"odel sentences in our systems in the hope of proving that a theory in a lower level of Buss' hierarchy cannot prove consistency of induction-free fragments of our theories whose formulae have higher complexity.

A finite state intersection approach to propositional satisfiability

We use a finite state (FSA) construction approach to address the problem of propositional satisfiability (SAT). We present a very simple translation from formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF) to regular expressions and use regular expressions to construct an FSA. As a consequence of the FSA construction, we obtain an ALL-SAT solver and model counter. This automata construction can be considered essentially a finite state intersection grammar (FSIG). We also show how an FSIG approach can be encoded. Several variable ordering (state ordering) heuristics are compared in terms of the running time of the FSA and FSIG construction. We also present a strategy for clause ordering (automata composition). Running times of state-of-the-art model counters and BDD based SAT solvers are compared and we show that both the FSA and FSIG approaches obtain an state-of-the-art performance on some hard unsatisfiable benchmarks. It is also shown that clause learning techniques can help improve performance. This work brings up many questions on the possible use of automata and grammar models to address SAT.

Adaptación del Inventario de Resiliencia ante el Suicidio (SRI-25) en adolescentes y jóvenes de Colombia

Describe the psychometric properties of the Suicide Resilience Inventory (SRI-25), adapted to Spanish, in a student sample of adolescents and young adults from San Juan de Pasto, Colombia. The SRI-25 was adapted to the Spanish language by means of a simple translation. This involved the participation of 573 schoolchildren and college/ university students between 10 and 25 years of age. In an exploratory factorial analysis by principal components, a structure of three factors was found to explain 52.83% of the variance. Factorial analysis was carried out by sex, educational level, and developmental stage. On this basis, it was confirmed that in all the groups, the items are weighted on the same factors as in the original test: namely, internal protection, emotional stability, and external protection. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.922 was obtained for the total test. Concerning the validity of the construct, the SRI-25 presented significant correlations with measurements of self-esteem, social support, problem-solving skills, reasons for living, depression, despair, and suicidal ideas. It was proved that the SRI-25 is a useful instrument for measuring resilience to suicide among adolescents and young people pursuing their education in San Juan de Pasto, Colombia.

Chretien de Troyes in Prose: The Burgundian Erec and Cliges

This translation of the Middle French prosifications of two of Chrétien de Troyes's Old French romances is a credit to both Joan Tasker Grimbert and Carol J. Chase. Their rendering of the Middle French syntax and vocabulary of both texts is fluid, accurate, and believable, while the overall presentation of the volume is clean and unfussy. The Introduction to the translations constitutes both a useful piece of apparatus for understanding the translators’ rationale for certain decisions and a brief, yet insightful, explanation of, and guide to, the texts’ historical and literary context, and the current state of scholarship. Grimbert and Chase lead us through the evolution of Arthurian romance from twelfth-century poetry to fifteenth-century prose and elucidate, with a combination of exactitude and concision, why fifteenth-century prosifications have come to be understood as more than simple translations of the original texts. They argue that this type of prosification actually constitutes transmutation, a process which is often underpinned by what Jane H. M. Taylor refers to as ‘acculturation’, which is a reappropriation of an anthropological term, and by which she means a meticulous recasting of the unfamiliar in familiar terms.

Nonrigid motion correction in 3D using autofocusing withlocalized linear translations

AbstractMR scans are sensitive to motion effects due to the scan duration. To properly suppress artifacts from nonrigid body motion, complex models with elements such as translation, rotation, shear, and scaling have been incorporated into the reconstruction pipeline. However, these techniques are computationally intensive and difficult to implement for online reconstruction. On a sufficiently small spatial scale, the different types of motion can be well approximated as simple linear translations. This formulation allows for a practical autofocusing algorithm that locally minimizes a given motion metric — more specifically, the proposed localized gradient‐entropy metric. To reduce the vast search space for an optimal solution, possible motion paths are limited to the motion measured from multichannel navigator data. The novel navigation strategy is based on the so‐called “Butterfly” navigators, which are modifications of the spin‐warp sequence that provides intrinsic translational motion information with negligible overhead. With a 32‐channel abdominal coil, sufficient number of motion measurements were found to approximate possible linear motion paths for every image voxel. The correction scheme was applied to free‐breathing abdominal patient studies. In these scans, a reduction in artifacts from complex, nonrigid motion was observed. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

INCA - Individual Nomad Clinical Assistant - supporting nurses with mobile devices.

A completely structured nursing record has been deployed in the 8 hospitals of the University hospitals of Geneva. Even with laptops, the access to the records restrains nurses' mobility during their bedside work. It has lead to a strong demand for mobile devices. There are several papers showing that mobile computers can lead to increase time for data acquisition, increased errors and omissions. Thus, there are important challenges at developing these tools, while respecting the mobile paradigm and the needs for qualitative and efficient acquisition. A simple translation of user interfaces from usual computers is not recommended. After evaluating various user interfaces with users in real conditions, we propose a solution that eases the selection of patients, the navigation into the various screens, and provides a very clear list of tasks to achieve for nurses. The article exposes the difficulties to adapt an existing tool on mobile devices. Despite these difficulties, by organizing smartly the displayed information, we produced a tool with similar functionalities but better adapted to the user.

"Con oscurità mutando i nomi": Napoli epicurea nei <em>Successi di Eumolpione</em> (1678)

Author(s): Onelli, Corinna | Abstract: This article suggests a new interpretation of the novel Successi di Eumolpione (Naples, 1678) previously considered a simple translation of the Satyricon of Petronius. Instead, the Successi di Eumolpione is a sophisticated roman a cle which hides several references to the Neapolitan society of the 1670s. In particular, the Successi di Eumolpione must be read in the frame of the dispute between its dedicatee, Giovan Giacomo Lavagna, and the group of the Investiganti (namely, Leonardo Di Capua). Moreover, the novel seems to be not only a satire against the Investiganti but also a satire of the Satyricon itself.

Evaluation of Direct Shear Tests on Geogrid Reinforced Soil

This paper presents a program of direct shear tests in soil reinforced with geogrids, carried out with large-scale equipment. A woven geogrid was placed in sandy soil and positioned with different inclinations inside the shear box. The strength parameters of the soil-geogrid interface were obtained from shear tests with the geogrid positioned horizontally in the sand. The direct shear tests with inclined reinforcement revealed the strength differences related to the reinforcement inclination, seeking to define the most favorable positioning of the geogrid for construction works in reinforced slopes. An analysis of the deformed configuration of the geogrid is presented, based on the measured position of the grid at the end of the shear tests. Finally, numerical simulations of the direct shear tests were carried out, allowing an assessment of the tensile forces acting on the inclined reinforcement. These studies allowed a clear definition of the soil region that is not distorted during the direct shear test, being subject to a simple translation only. The geogrid’s displacements were found to be anti-symmetrical in relation to the failure plane. Shearing was concentrated at the central region of the specimen’s height, with the upper and lower regions being simply subjected to translation, with no distortion. The inclination of the reinforcement within the soil has a significant influenc

Possible versus desirable in instructional systems: who's driving?

The popularity of the Internet has infected education, particularly distance education, with technological opportunism. Educators feel the 'technology pull' of Web applications and want to experiment. I have talked to colleagues from around the world, and their stories about new developments usually start with the technology, for example: 'We wanted to see what we could do with Java.' Reinhardt (1995, 55) predicts an optimistic future with improved educational productivity and qualitatively changing learning profiles - he predicts an improvement in learning due to technology alone. But do simple Internet translations of existing materials offer anything more to the student, or do we need other strategies for the effective exploitation of the Internet for teaching?DOI:10.1080/0968776980060111

Continuous Tuning of a Diode Laser Over 8.4 THz Near 1550 nm With a Chirped Grating

We achieve mode-hop-free tuning of an extended-cavity diode laser with an original technique. The external coupler is a chirped (varied line-space) diffraction grating. A simple linear translation of the grating is then sufficient to obtain continuous tuning. The measured continuous tuning range has reached 66 nm (8.4 THz) near a wavelength of 1550 nm with a relatively constant output power of 3 mW.

Mouri Matters

The vision statement of Te Reo o Taranaki, “Tuku reo, tuku mouri: language, culture, crossing generations”, embodies the essence of an understanding of mouri which goes beyond the simple dictionary translations of “life force” or “life essence”. Indeed, there are numerous oral narratives—whakataukī (proverbs), waiata (songs), haka (dance), karanga (ceremonial call), whaikōrero (formal speech), karakia (prayers and incantations)—from the present day to our earliest records of Māori history that engage the notion of mouri. The purpose of this paper is to examine current understandings of mouri and, by linking the concept with linguistic, cultural and intergenerational terms—as in the Taranaki example—it will be argued that mouri is something of significance to our “being” and to our wellbeing.

Exploiting step semantics for efficient bounded model checking of asynchronous systems

This paper discusses bounded model checking (BMC) for asynchronous systems. Bounded model checking is a technique that employs the power of efficient SAT and SMT solvers for model checking. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of a simple modeling formalism independent way of translating an asynchronous system into a transition formula for three partial order semantics: the ∃-step semantics, its generalization, the relaxed ∃-step semantics, and a novel variant that combines the latter with the idea of process semantics. Step and process semantics have been introduced in earlier works for different low level asynchronous system formalisms to improve the efficiency of BMC. However, this paper is the first one showing how to translate the semantics for any asynchronous system modeling formalism including high-level data manipulation operations while encoding the independence of actions in a dynamic fashion. Thus, the approaches have been extended to cover a larger class of modeling formalisms. The technical approach uses the notion of a coherent encoding of the transition relation, making for a simple and elegant translation of the partial order semantics in question. The presented translations have been implemented and we present extensive empirical results comparing the efficiency of the different translations to each other as well as to an explicit state model checker DiVinE on its own BEEM benchmark suite.

Translation and Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in Hindi Language

Aims and Objectives:Translation of the Insomnia Severity Index from English to Hindi and Validation of the Hindi version.Materials and Methods:The translation process of the Insomnia Severity Index was initiated after obtaining due permission from the author of the original version of the same. Translation was carried out by using standard translation procedures, such as combined translation, decentering, and pretest method. The final version of the Insomnia Severity Index in Hindi was finally validated. A randomly selected sample size of 65 subjects was enrolled for the purpose of validation and testing the reliability of Hindi version of the Insomnia Severity Index. Insomnia was present in 45 subjects and they constituted the insomnia group. The rest 20 subjects did not have insomnia and were included in the control group. The Hindi version of the Insomnia Severity Index was applied to both the groups.Results:The total sample constituted of 50.8% males and 49.2% females. The mean age in the control group was 30.8±8.3 years and that in the insomnia group was 40.3±4 years (t=3.04; P=0.001). The translated version of the Insomnia Severity Index showed a reliability of 0.91 (Cronbach's α=0.91). This was not just simple translation, but many of the words were changed to adapt it for the local population.Conclusion:The Hindi version of the Insomnia Severity Index is a valid and reliable tool that can be administered for the assessment of severity of insomnia.

Measurement properties of translated versions of neck-specific questionnaires: a systematic review

BackgroundSeveral disease-specific questionnaires to measure pain and disability in patients with neck pain have been translated. However, a simple translation of the original version doesn't guarantee similar measurement properties. The objective of this study is to critically appraise the quality of the translation process, cross-cultural validation and the measurement properties of translated versions of neck-specific questionnaires.MethodsBibliographic databases were searched for articles concerning the translation or evaluation of the measurement properties of a translated version of a neck-specific questionnaire. The methodological quality of the selected studies and the results of the measurement properties were critically appraised and rated using the COSMIN checklist and criteria for measurement properties.ResultsThe search strategy resulted in a total of 3641 unique hits, of which 27 articles, evaluating 6 different questionnaires in 15 different languages, were included in this study. Generally the methodological quality of the translation process is poor and none of the included studies performed a cross-cultural adaptation. A substantial amount of information regarding the measurement properties of translated versions of the different neck-specific questionnaires is lacking. Moreover, the evidence for the quality of measurement properties of the translated versions is mostly limited or assessed in studies of poor methodological quality.ConclusionsUntil results from high quality studies are available, we advise to use the Catalan, Dutch, English, Iranian, Korean, Spanish and Turkish version of the NDI, the Chinese version of the NPQ, and the Finnish, German and Italian version of the NPDS. The Greek NDI needs cross-cultural validation and there is no methodologically sound information for the Swedish NDI. For all other languages we advise to translate the original version of the NDI.

Modelling long-term diffuse nitrate pollution at the catchment-scale: Data, parameter and epistemic uncertainty

Summary A model of catchment-scale nitrate transport is presented for a small, rural headwater basin (Alton Pancras: 2 ) in Dorset, UK, for the period 1930–2007. Estimates of annual nitrogen (N) loading were based on parish land-use data, held in the UK’s National Archives, and previously reported figures of typical UK N loadings from livestock, fertiliser, ploughing of permanent pasture, atmospheric deposition, biological fixation and crop uptake. Loading calculations were performed within an uncertainty framework to allow for the reliance on literature data sources. Loading calculations show that all significant sources must be included not just fertiliser application which, at most, contributes 50% of N input in any given year. A simple algorithm was used to transform estimated catchment N loading (1930–2007) into a river nitrate response (observed data: 1980–2004). This assumed N-loads were delayed by some catchment mean travel time (MTT), t a , attenuated according to a Peclet number, P e , converted into solute concentrations by a factor, α , to increase some initial baseline river concentration, C b . Simple graphical translation of estimated catchment N loading to the river concentration data suggested a MTT of around 37 years. As P e → ∞ , the transport model simplified to a linear relationship between catchment N load and river nitrate concentration response lagged by the MTT. Hence, the model results suggest that, in this catchment, advection is the dominant mechanism for transport of diffuse pollution from land to river: there is little or no dispersion present. The MTT ( t a ) was then reconsidered using an estimated distribution of unsaturated zone depths in the Alton Pancras catchment. Conclusions suggest that, in modelling of long-term nutrient transport, a detailed source term is of much greater importance than a complex hydrogeological model. Implications of epistemic uncertainty, long-term prediction and management of diffuse agricultural pollution are discussed.

Automated detection and localisation of duplicated regions affected by reflection, rotation and scaling in image forensics

Although the detection of duplicated regions plays an important role in image forensics, most of the existing methods aimed at detecting duplicates are too sensitive to geometric changes in the replicated areas. As a result, a slight rotation can be used not only for the copied region to fit better the scene in the image, but also to hinder the detection of the tampering. In this paper, a novel forensic method is presented to detect duplicated regions, even when the copied portions have undergone reflection, rotation and/or scaling. To achieve this, overlapping blocks of pixels are mapped to log-polar coordinates, and then summed along the angle axis, to produce a one-dimensional (1-D) descriptor invariant to reflection and rotation. Besides, scaling in rectangular coordinates results in a simple translation of the descriptor. The dimension-reduced representation of each block has a favourable impact in the computational cost of the search of similar regions. Extensive experimental results, including a comparative evaluation with two existing methods, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.