Simple Splicing Research Articles

Weighted Simple and Semi-Simple Splicing Systems

The modelling of splicing system has been introduced theoretically by Head in 1987. As time goes on, various splicing systems have been developed, such as one-sided, simple and semi-simple splicing systems. However, in the investigation on the generative power of splicing system, there are limitations on the generative power of splicing system with finite components. In order to overcome the limitation of the usual splicing system, one variant of splicing system has been introduced recently, called the weighted splicing system. In this paper, we associate weights from selected weighting spaces to the axioms of simple and semi-simple splicing systems, thus introducing weighted simple splicing system and weighted semi-simple splicing system. Some examples are presented for weighted simple and semi-simple splicing systems to illustrate their generative power. Lastly, relation of the languages generated by weighted simple and semi-simple splicing systems in the Chomsky hierarchy are also investigated.

Computing the first eigenpair of the p-Laplacian in annuli

We propose a method for computing the first eigenpair of the Dirichlet p-Laplacian, p>1, in the annulus Ωa,b={x∈RN:a<|x|<b}, N>1. For each t∈(a,b), we use an inverse iteration method to solve two radial eigenvalue problems: one in the annulus Ωa,t, with the corresponding eigenvalue λ−(t) and boundary conditions u(a)=0=u′(t); and the other in the annulus Ωt,b, with the corresponding eigenvalue λ+(t) and boundary conditions u′(t)=0=u(b). Next, we adjust the parameter t using a matching procedure to make λ−(t) coincide with λ+(t), thereby obtaining the first eigenvalue λp. Hence, by a simple splicing argument, we obtain the positive, L∞-normalized, radial first eigenfunction up. The matching parameter is the maximum point ρ of up. In order to apply this method, we derive estimates for λ−(t) and λ+(t), and we prove that these functions are monotone and (locally Lipschitz) continuous. Moreover, we derive upper and lower estimates for the maximum point ρ, which we use in the matching procedure, and we also present a direct proof that up converges to the L∞-normalized distance function to the boundary as p→∞. We also present some numerical results obtained using this method.

Alternative-splicing-mediated gene expression

Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental process during gene expression and has been found to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes. However, how AS impacts gene expression levels both quantitatively and qualitatively remains to be fully explored. Here, we analyze two common models of gene expression, each incorporating a simple splice mechanism that a pre-mRNA is spliced into two mature mRNA isoforms in a probabilistic manner. In the constitutive expression case, we show that the steady-state molecular numbers of two mature mRNA isoforms follow mutually independent Poisson distributions. In the bursting expression case, we demonstrate that the tail decay of the steady-state distribution for both mature mRNA isoforms that in general are not mutually independent can be characterized by the product of mean burst size and splicing probability. In both cases, we find that AS can efficiently modulate both the variability (measured by variance) and the noise level of the total mature mRNA, and in particular, the latter is always lower than the noise level of the pre-mRNA, implying that AS always reduces the noise. These results altogether reveal that AS is a mechanism of efficiently controlling the gene expression noise.

High temperature microstructured fiber sensor based on a partial-reflection-enabled intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer

A compact fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor for high temperature measurements is proposed and demonstrated. The FPI consists of a small core microstructured fiber and single mode fiber, and it is enabled by partial Fresnel reflection at the interface of the two fibers and the end surface Fresnel reflection of the microstructured fiber. Simple splicing and cleaving techniques are used to construct such an interferometer, and the fringe contrast can reach 20dB. Response to high temperature up to 1000°C is tested and a sensitivity of 17.7 pm/°C at 1570nm is obtained. This proposed sensor is compact, and fabricated only with splicing and cleaving techniques, which shows a great potential for space-limited high temperature sensing applications.

Probabilistic Semi–Simple Splicing System and Its Characteristics

The concept of splicing system was first introduced by Head in 1987. This model has been introduced to investigate the recombinant behavior of DNA molecules. Splicing systems with finite sets of axioms only generate regular languages. Hence, different restrictions have been considered to increase the computational power up to the recursively enumerable languages. Recently, probabilistic splicing systems have been introduced where probabilities are initially associated with the axioms, and the probability of a generated string is computed by multiplying the probabilities of all occurrences of the initial strings in the computation of the string. In this paper, some properties of probabilistic semi-simple splicing systems, which are special types of probabilistic splicing systems, are investigated. We prove that probabilistic semi-simple splicing systems can also increase the generative power of the generated languages.

Temperature and Strain Independent Modal Interferometric Torsion Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber

An all-fiber modal interferometric torsion sensor based on simple splicing configuration is presented wherein a photonic crystal fiber is spliced in between multimode fiber and single mode fiber. Appreciable torsion sensitivity of ~79.83 pm/° is obtained in the long dynamic range of 180°. It is also found that there is no effect of strain and temperature on torsion sensitivity in the range of 0-4500 μe and 30-200°C, respectively, leading to zero cross-sensitivity of torsion with strain and temperature.

SPring-8 X-Ray Micro-Tomography Observations of Zirconium Inclusions in CO$_{2}$ Laser Fusion Splice for Single Mode Optical Fibers

Laser fusion splicing has been realized for the simple splicing of optical fibers in a small board area, and for accommodating the increasing number of optical fibers that must be mounted on a board. For the splicing, zirconia ceramics are conventionally used to fabricate V-groove substrates because of their high machining performance. In this study, the existence of zirconium inclusions between the spliced optical fibers could be clarified with SPring-8 micro-computed tomography (SP-μCT) for the first time. The large inclusion size was found to increase the splicing loss. Moreover, the average splicing loss could be reduced from 0.18 dB to 0.15 dB by the adoption of a cleaning process to remove the zirconium inclusions that originate from the V-groove substrate used for the fiber.

Broadband coupling transducers for magneto-inductive cables

A broadband resonant transducer capable of low-loss coupling between magneto-inductive (MI) waveguides and a real impedance is introduced. The transducer is an L–C circuit resonating at the resonant frequency of the elements forming the guide. However, the values of the components in the transducer are different, and chosen to obtain two separate nulls in reflection so that low reflection is obtained over a wide spectral range. The transducer can be incorporated into the MI waveguide itself, allowing a connection between a MI cable and a conventional system to be made as a simple splice. The design is confirmed using 2 m length of low-loss thin-film MI cables formed using copper-clad polyimide and operating near 100 MHz frequency.

Low-loss splice in a microstructured fibre using a conventional fusion splicer

A simple splice technique to fuse a SMF-28™ and a microstructured fibre using a conventional electric-arc splicer is presented. The technique consists in applying the electric arc in the SMF-28™ region. The fusion-loss dependence with arc duration for constant fusion power is also investigated. A splice loss of 0.25 dB is obtained with high reproducibility. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 172–174, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20935

Splicing representations of strictly locally testable languages

The relationship between the family SH of simple splicing languages, which was recently introduced by Mateescu et al. and the family SLT of strictly locally testable languages is clarified by establishing an ascending hierarchy of families { S i H: i⩾ − 1} of splicing languages for which SH = S 1 H and the union of the families is the family SLT. A procedure is given which, for an arbitrary regular language L, determines whether L is in SLT and, when L is in SLT, specifies constructively the smallest family in the hierarchy to which L belongs. Examples are given of sets of restriction enzymes for which the action on DNA molecules is naturally represented by splicing systems of the types discussed.

Simple splicing systems

We consider one of the most restrictive classes of splicing ( H) systems, namely based on splicing rules of the form ( a, λ; a, λ), where a is a symbol in a given set and λ is the empty string. They correspond to a special class of “null context splicing systems”, as introduced in Head (1987). A series of language-theoretic properties of languages generated by such systems with finite sets of axioms are investigated.

Offset‐dependent mis‐tie analysis at seismic line intersections

Offset‐dependent line‐intersection displays can be of significant direct interpretive value. On our data set from a proprietary location, use of these displays permits a refined structural interpretation and improves the usefulness of amplitude and amplitude‐versus‐offset displays for direct hydrocarbon detection. The degree of data reproducibility at each intersection may be exposed as a function of offset through the use of prestack and partial‐range stack splice and difference displays. At a set of marine line intersections, after only cursory processing, the range of residual amplitudes found by subtracting strike traces from dip traces is from −20 dB to +6 dB relative to the input. The average is about −8 dB. The poorest line intersection ties occur below the edges of deep bright spots, where velocity anomalies leading to time mis‐ties greater than 10 ms can occur. Shallow near‐surface velocity anomalies, out‐of‐plane arrivals including fault plane reflections, and, occasionally, water reverberation variations contribute locally to the data mis‐ties. Location errors are ubiquitous but of secondary importance, and random noise is more than 20 dB down. A simple and inexpensive routine splice display of line intersection data can be of significant value for quality control, for processing evaluation, and for interpretation. Issues of data reliability, such as screening of amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) anomalies by shallow gas and transmission‐path problems for large CMP offsets, as well as other problems in operational and research geophysics, may be addressed by analysis of line intersections in the offset domain.

New simple one-end splice loss measurement method using an OTDR for single-mode optical fibre

The letter presents a new simple method using an optical time-domain reflectometer for measuring the real splice loss of single-mode optical fibres from one end of the fibre. Importantly, the method eliminates the difference in backscattering properties of the spliced fibres by subtracting two discontinuities obtained at different wavelengths in the received backscattered power.

An Application of Number Theory to the Splicing of Telephone Cables*

The consideration of a simple and practical splicing scheme for minimizing the recurrence of same-layer adjacencies among telephone circuits in long cables leads to a problem in Number Theory whose solution calls for some extension of the previous work in this field. The solutions for numbers not greater than 139 have been computed, and a table of these is included.

An Application of Number Theory to the Splicing of Telephone Cables

The consideration of a simple and practical splicing scheme for minimizing the recurrence of same-layer adjacencies among telephone circuits in long cables leads to a problem in Number Theory whose solution calls for some extension of the previous work in this field. The solutions for numbers not greater than 139 have been computed, and a table of these is included.