Simple Slope Analysis Research Articles

Associations between executive functioning, personality, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent solid organ transplant recipients.

Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients are susceptible to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), given the presence of a life-threatening chronic medical condition and potential for complications. However, little is known about what individual characteristics are associated with an increased risk for PTSS among youth who received an organ transplant. The aim of the current study was to evaluate PTSS and its associations with executive functioning (EF) and personality (i.e., neuroticism and conscientiousness) among adolescents with solid organ transplants. Fifty-three adolescents (Mage =16.40, SD=1.60) with a kidney, heart, or liver transplant completed self-report measures of PTSS and personality, whereas caregivers completed a caregiver-proxy report of adolescent EF. Twenty-two percent of adolescent transplant recipients reported clinically significant levels of PTSS. Higher EF difficulties and neuroticism levels, and lower conscientiousness levels were significantly associated with higher PTSS (rs -.34 to .64). Simple slope analyses revealed that adolescents with both high EF impairment and high levels of neuroticism demonstrated the highest PTSS (t=3.47; p<.001). Most adolescent transplant recipients in the present study did not report clinically significant levels of PTSS; however, those with high neuroticism and greater EF difficulties may be particularly vulnerable to PTSS following organ transplantation. Following transplantation, medical providers should assess for PTSS and risk factors for developing PTSS. Identification of those at risk for PTSS is critical, given the strong associations between PTSS and certain medical outcomes (e.g., medication nonadherence) among these youth.

Health anxiety and attentional control interact to predict uncertainty-related attentional biases

Background and objectivesCurrent theories of health anxiety and a growing body of empirical literature suggest that those high in health anxiety symptoms might find uncertainty itself threatening and demonstrate attentional biases for uncertainty-related information (ABU). Moreover, a dual processes model of attention would suggest that individual differences in attentional control might modify such a relationship. The present study was designed to explore this proposed health anxiety-ABU relationship and also to consider attentional control as a moderator of theoretical and clinical relevance. MethodsUndergraduate participants (N = 148) completed a self-report measure of health anxiety symptoms and two performance-based tasks to assess ABU and attentional control. ResultsHierarchical regression analyses showed a significant interaction between health anxiety and attention control in predicting attentional disengagement from, but not engagement with, uncertainty-related words. Specifically, results of the simple slopes analysis suggested that those with elevated health anxiety symptoms and better attentional control may use top-down attentional control processes to disengage their attention from distressing uncertainty-related stimuli faster than those with worse attentional control. LimitationsThe analogue sample is a study limitation. ConclusionsResults provide new insights into the nature of attentional biases within health anxiety. Results are discussed in light of recent work on attentional control and avoidance-based psychopathology.

The relationship between supportive campus environment and cultural diversity in enhancing students’ sense of belonging in higher education

PurposeThe current study examines the moderating effect of supportive campus environment on the relationship between cultural diversity and students’ sense of belonging in a university in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was designed and used to gather data from a sample of 2,026 registered undergraduate students. Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software, the data gathered were analysed by way of hierarchical regression analysis.FindingsResults of the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that supportive campus environment and cross-cultural interaction serve as strong predictors of students’ sense of belonging. Furthermore, a simple slope analysis showed that supportive campus environment enhance: the positive relationship between cross-cultural interaction and students’ sense of belonging; and the positive relationship between students’ interaction with diverse peers and their sense of belonging.Originality/valueThis study addresses important knowledge and practical gaps in the relationship between supportive campus environment, cultural diversity and students’ sense of belonging in higher education. The results further highlight the significance of institutional structures, policies and practices that aim at enhancing students’ sense of belonging and reducing possible feeling of otherlings that arise due to a lack of supportive campus structures.

Drinking to Fit in: The Effects of Drinking Motives and Self-Esteem on Alcohol Use among Female College Students

Objective: Over the past two decades, rates of alcohol use among female students have risen to meet or even surpass those seen among males. Yet, little is known about factors that play a role in the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consumption for female college students. The present study examines self-esteem as a moderator in the association between categories of drinking motives and alcohol use in a sample of female college students. Method: Participants included 196 female undergraduates who reported drinking alcohol at least once in the preceding month (Mage = 19.5 years, 88.8% White) at a northeastern public university. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing self-esteem, drinking motives, and past month alcohol use. Results: Self-esteem was significantly negatively correlated with coping (r=-.40, p<.001) and conformity motives (r=-.22, p=.002) but not enhancement or social motives. Main effects predicting alcohol use were detected for enhancement (b = 1.49, p<.001), coping (b = 1.73, p<.001), and social motives (b = 1.34, p<.001), but not conformity motives or self-esteem. The interaction of conformity motives and self-esteem was significant (b=-0.17, p=.04). Simple slopes analyses revealed that conformity motives were significantly positively related to alcohol consumption for at low (b = 1.53, p=.001), but not high levels (b=-0.39, p=.61) of self-esteem. No other interactions were significant. Conclusions: Assisting female college students with increasing their self-esteem may be an effective component of intervention programs targeting alcohol consumption, particularly among those who report drinking to fit in.

Interaction Effects of Level and Instability of Motivation on Learning Strategies: Introjected and Identified Regulation

This study examined the interaction effect of the level and instability of motivation on different learning strategies in university learning at the contextual level. Two motivation levels&amp;mdash;introjected and identified regulation&amp;mdash;and three types of learning strategies&amp;mdash;metacognitive, writing-repetition, and deep-processing&amp;mdash;were measured. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to students from two universities in Japan; data of 307 students were included in the analysis. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis on metacognitive and deep-processing strategies revealed an interaction effect of identified regulation and instability of motivation. The results of a simple slope analysis showed that identified regulation had no effect on metacognitive and deep-processing strategies during high instability of motivation. However, during low instability of motivation, higher identified regulation enabled greater use of metacognitive and deep-processing strategies. On the other hand, there was no an interaction effect of level and instability of motivation on writing-repetition strategies. These results revealed the significant role of the level and instability of motivation in the application of metacognitive and deep-processing strategies.

Work connectivity behavior after-hours and job satisfaction: examining the moderating effects of psychological entitlement and perceived organizational support

PurposeThis study aims to examine the moderating effects of psychological entitlement and perceived organizational support (POS) on the relationship between work connectivity behavior after-hours (WCBA) and job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 217 full-time employees of an Internet company in China at two points in time separated by about one month. Hierarchical regression and simple slope analyses were conducted to test hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed that WCBA was negatively related to job satisfaction and that this relationship could be mitigated by POS. Moreover, psychological entitlement aggravated this relationship, and this aggravating effect was stronger when POS was at low levels.Practical implicationsManagers should avoid intervening employees' nonwork domains too much. If this is unavoidable, managers should provide adequate organizational support to help employees cope with the challenges brought by WCBA. Besides, managers need to pay close attention to highly entitled employees and take measures to modify their expectations.Originality/valueFirst, this study enriches the understanding of what WCBA is and how WCBA works by investigating the influencing mechanism of WCBA from the perspectives of effort–reward imbalance and job demands–resources. Second, by verifying the moderating effects of psychological entitlement and POS, this study provides insights into the boundaries of the WCBA–job satisfaction relationship. Third, this study contributes to the literature on psychological entitlement by identifying its one applicable condition.

Pre-pandemic internalized and externalized symptoms predict hair cortisol concentrations in reaction to COVID-19 in girls but not in boys: A longitudinal study

Studies have shown associations between internalized symptoms (IS) and externalized symptoms (ES) and hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs; cumulative cortisol levels) in children. Results are however equivocal with regards to the directionality of the effects (positive vs. negative), and sex seems to moderate the associations. The cross-sectional nature of the studies also prevents to statute on the temporality of these associations. This study aimed to identify the effect of pre-pandemic IS and ES on HCCs in reaction to COVID-19 in youth. In June 2020 (T1), 69 healthy children (M=11.60 y/o, SD=1.55) who visited the laboratory between 2017 and 2019 (T0) provided a 6 cm hair segment corresponding to periods before (Segment A) and during (Segment B) the first wave of COVID-19 in Quebec, Canada. At T0, participants completed the Dominique Interactif to assess IS and ES. A linear regression was conducted, with HCCs percent change between Segment A and B as the dependant variable, IS and ES at T0 and sex as predictors, as well as hair washing frequency and time elapsed between T0 and T1 as covariates. A sex x IS and a sex x ES interactions were revealed. Simple slopes analyses showed a negative association between IS and HCCs [B=-41.266, p=.002] and a positive association between ES and HCCs [B=44.769, p=.004], but only in girls [R2=22.6%]. These results suggest that IS and ES symptoms could be used to predict cortisol reactivity to a major stressor in young girls.

An examination of the role of social comparison orientation and social norms in drunkorexia engagement

Drunkorexia is a behavior pattern marked by calorie restriction and/or compensation in relation to alcohol consumption. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of social norms (descriptive, injunctive) and social comparison orientation (SCO; global, alcohol-specific, eating disorder-related) in drunkorexia engagement. Specifically, our research aimed to examine a possible interaction between norms and SCO; we hypothesized that the relationship between social norms and drunkorexia would be moderated by SCO in that the relationship would be stronger among those elevated on SCO. Data were collected from an undergraduate sample (n = 501); participants completed the consent form and questions/questionnaires via Qualtrics. The results indicated that the predictor variables examined were correlated with overall drunkorexia engagement. In the regression models, in terms of main effects, eating disorder-related SCO emerged as the strongest predictor of the drunkorexia dimensions as well as overall drunkorexia engagement. Descriptive norms emerged as the second strongest predictor in the models. Only one interaction was identified; eating disorder-related SCO moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and the bulimia drunkorexia dimension. The simple slopes analysis indicated that descriptive norms was positively predictive of the bulimia drunkorexia dimension only among individuals with average or elevated eating disorder-related SCO. Social comparisons made regarding one’s body, eating, or exercise (eating disorder-related) and social norms are potentially important targets for drunkorexia prevention and/or intervention programs. Further research is needed to better understand risk factors for drunkorexia engagement in the college population.

Childhood sexual abuse history amplifies the link between disease burden and inflammation among older adults with HIV

As they age, people living with HIV (PLWH) experience greater rates of inflammation-related health conditions compared to their HIV-negative peers. Because early life adversity can exaggerate proinflammatory effects of later physiological challenges, inflammation may be higher among PLWH with these combined risks, which could inform intervention approaches to mitigate multimorbidity. In this cross-sectional analysis, we investigated individual and combined effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) history and physiological burden (Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index scores) on serum cytokine and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among PLWH. Participants (n ​= ​131; age 54 and older) were patients at an outpatient HIV clinic who completed a psychosocial survey and biomedical research visit as part of a larger study. 93% were virally suppressed, and 40% reported experiencing sexual abuse in childhood. Composite cytokine levels (summarizing IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), CRP, and disease burden did not differ significantly between those who had a history of CSA and those who did not. Participants with greater disease burden had higher composite cytokine levels (r ​= ​0.29, p ​= ​0.001). The disease burden by CSA interaction effect was a significant predictor of composite cytokine levels (but not CRP), and remained significant after controlling for age, sex, race, BMI, anti-inflammatory medication use, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use, depressive symptoms, and smoking status (F(1, 114) ​= ​5.68, p ​= ​0.02). In follow-up simple slopes analysis, greater disease burden was associated with higher cytokine levels among those with CSA history (b ​= ​0.03, SE ​= ​0.008, p<0.001), but not among those without CSA history. Further, in the context of greater disease burden, individuals with a CSA history tended to have higher cytokine levels than those without a CSA history (b ​= ​0.38, SE ​= ​0.21, p ​= ​0.07). These data suggest that the physiological sequelae of childhood trauma may persist into older age among those with HIV. Specifically, links between physiological burden and inflammation were stronger among survivors of CSA in this study. The combined presence of CSA history and higher disease burden may signal a greater need for and potential benefit from interventions to reduce inflammation, an area for future work.

Cumulative Risk Exposure and Social Isolation as Correlates of Carer and Child Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Study with Families from Various Europeans Countries.

This study adopted a cumulative risk approach to examine the relations between various domains of risk factors (i.e., social isolation and home confinement, other pandemic-related risk factors, and pre-existing psychosocial risk factors) and carers’ and children’s mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The sample consisted of 1475 carers of 6- to 16-year-old children and adolescents residing in five European countries (Portugal, United Kingdom, Romania, Spain, and The Netherlands) who completed an online survey. The results showed that each of the three domains of adversity accounted for unique variation in carers’ and children’s mental health outcomes. Also, the results indicated that pre-existing psychosocial risk factors moderated the relationship between pandemic-related risk factors and children and carers’ anxiety and between social isolation and confinement and carers’ well-being. Simple slopes analysis suggested a stronger relationship between these domains of adversities and mental health outcomes in already more vulnerable families. It is important to consider the implications of social isolation measures and confinement for families’ mental health, paying special attention to families with pre-existing psychosocial vulnerabilities.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10578-021-01233-3.

Effect of education on functional network edge efficiency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease

We investigated the effect of education on the edge efficiency in resting state functional networks (RSFNs) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD). We collected the data of 57 early aMCI, 141 late aMCI, 173 mild ADD, and 39 moderate-to-severe ADD patients. We used years of education as a proxy for cognitive reserve. We measured edge efficiency for each edge in RSFNs, and performed simple slope analyses to discover their associations with education level among the four groups. In the late aMCI, a sub-network that had hub nodes in the right middle frontal gyrus and the right posterior cingulate gyrus, showed a positive association between RSFN edge efficiency and education (threshold = 2.5, p = 0.0478). There was no negative effect of education on the RSFN edge efficiency. In the early aMCI, mild ADD, and moderate-to-severe ADD, there were no sub-networks showing positive or negative correlation between education and RSFN edge efficiency. There was a positive effect of higher education on RSFN edge efficiency in the late aMCI, but not in the early aMCI or ADD. This indicates that in late aMCI, those who have higher education level have greater ability to resist collapsed functional network.

Not a matter of quantity: quality of relationships and personal interests predict university students’ resilience to anxiety during CoViD-19.

During the CoViD-19 pandemic, University students may have suffered from increased anxiety due to interferences in their relationships and in academic requirements, as didactic activities have moved to distance learning systems. However, being surrounded by supportive relationships and being motivated to cultivate personal interests might have decreased anxiety. In this pilot study, we collected the responses of 174 students from Italian University merit colleges to an online questionnaire, investigating their perceived anxiety, the quality of surrounding relationships, whether they were cultivating any personal interests and whether they had spent the period of lockdown in college or at home. Regression analyses indicated that both quality of relationships and personal interests predicted low levels of anxiety (p < 0.001). However, simple slope analyses showed that personal interests were negatively related to anxiety only at medium and high quality of relationships (p < 0.001), while no association was found at low quality of relationships. No differences were found between students who stayed in college or at home. These results suggest that Universities should promote accessibility to relationships and cultivation of personal interests to protect students’ mental health during mass emergencies such as the current pandemic, in the perspective of improving community resilience.

Feeling better or not: Adjusting affective style moderates the association between sleep duration and positive affect on next day.

Affect is intertwined with sleep, yet how to adjust sleep duration to enhance affect remains unknown. Previous studies found that adjusting affective style, reflecting interindividual differences in emotion regulation, functions in processes where sleep modulates our affective state. Hence, this study examined whether and how it moderates the association between daily sleep duration and subsequent affect. An ambulatory assessment design was employed among 64 participants, wherein both within-person sleep duration and affect, and between-person affective styles were measured. Multilevel moderation analysis and simple-slope analysis were applied to test the moderation of adjusting affective style in the sleep-affect association. This study found that adjusting affective style significantly moderated the association between sleep duration and subsequent positive affect. Specifically, the association between sleep duration and subsequent positive affect was positive under higher adjusting affective style and negative under extremely lower adjusting affective style. However, such moderation was not observed in associations between subsequent negative affect and sleep duration. This study uncovers the relationship between sleep duration and subsequent affect, wherein the likelihood for individuals to reach more positive affective state by increasing sleeping duration might count on their ability of emotion regulation. Additionally, negative affect cannot be downregulated simply through long sleep duration.

Problematic social networking site use and associations with anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and resilience

BackgroundSocial networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram are now used frequently by millions of people worldwide. However, there are concerns of problematic social networking site use (PSNSU) and psychopathological symptoms that may be co-morbid with this behaviour. The present study investigated the interactions between PSNSU severity, time spent on SNSs, anxiety severity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity, and resilience levels. MethodA total of 458 SNS users (mean age = 32.35 years, SD = 10.44) completed an online survey consisting of measures assessing PSNSU severity, anxiety severity, ADHD severity, and resilience levels. ResultsBivariate correlations identified moderate positive correlations between PSNSU severity, time spent on SNSs, anxiety severity, and ADHD severity, and a negative correlation between PSNSU severity and resilience levels. The moderated regression analyses revealed that anxiety severity as well as the interaction of anxiety severity and resilience levels significantly explained 28.6% of the variance in PSNSU severity. The simple slopes analysis was calculated indicating the main effect of anxiety severity. Furthermore, ADHD severity was also a significant predictor of PSNSU severity, but there was no significant interaction effect with resilience levels. Additional analysis illustrated that both variables investigating psychopathological symptoms significantly interact in predicting PSNSU severity. There was no significant effect of the three-way interaction between anxiety severity, ADHD severity, and resilience levels. ConclusionThe study showed that anxiety severity and ADHD severity are risk factors in the development of PSNSU severity and resilience levels may have a preventive effect, which must be investigated in further studies.

The interactive effect of mental contamination and cognitive fusion on anxiety.

Mental contamination and cognitive fusion have been identified as risk factors for anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of cognitive fusion on the relationship between mental contamination and anxiety. Participants (N = 504 community adults), recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), completed measures of mental contamination, cognitive fusion, and anxiety. Results from a regression analysis showed that the interaction between mental contamination and cognitive fusion predicted anxiety (β = 0.15, p < 0.001). Simple slopes analysis revealed a positive association between mental contamination and anxiety that was significant at higher (β = 0.25, p < 0.001), but not lower (β = 0.01, p = 0.88), levels of cognitive fusion. The development of risk profiles that incorporate mental contamination and cognitive fusion may be beneficial for early identification of individuals at high risk for anxiety.

Does pre-treatment functioning influence response to intravenous ketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression?

BackgroundThe efficacy of monoamine-based antidepressants in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) is attenuated in persons with greater pre-treatment functional impairment. Herein, we investigated whether pre-treatment functioning in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) moderates response to intravenous (IV) ketamine. MethodsAdults (N= 326; Mage = 45) with DSM-5-defined MDD or bipolar disorder and TRD received repeat-dose IV ketamine at a community-based clinic. Function was evaluated with the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), using total scores as well as scores on the subdomains of workplace/school, social life, and family life/home responsibilities. The primary dependent measure was change in depressive symptoms from pre-treatment to post-infusion 4, as measured by the Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report-16. ResultsTotal functional disability, as well as the subdomains of social life and family life/home responsibilities, significantly moderated response to IV ketamine (p = .003; p = .008; p = .008). Follow-up simple slopes analyses indicated a significant improvement in depressive symptoms across the functional domain spectrum (ps < .001). Above average functional disability (i.e., 1 SD > mean functional impairment within the sample) was associated with a greater change in depressive symptoms. Workplace function did not significantly moderate response to IV ketamine (p = .307), suggesting that individuals with significantly impaired workplace functioning may expect a similar response to ketamine as those with less workplace impairment. ConclusionsSymptomatic benefit with IV ketamine was observed in patients with TRD and significant pre-treatment functional impairment. The foregoing result has implications for mechanism of action, cost-effectiveness, and patient selection in adults with TRD receiving IV ketamine.

Brain Dynamics Underlying Cognitive Flexibility Across the Lifespan.

The neural mechanisms contributing to flexible cognition and behavior and how they change with development and aging are incompletely understood. The current study explored intrinsic brain dynamics across the lifespan using resting-state fMRI data (n = 601, 6-85years) and examined the interactions between age and brain dynamics among three neurocognitive networks (midcingulo-insular network, M-CIN; medial frontoparietal network, M-FPN; and lateral frontoparietal network, L-FPN) in relation to behavioral measures of cognitive flexibility. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed brain dynamics among a brain state characterized by co-activation of the L-FPN and M-FPN, and brain state transitions, moderated the relationship between quadratic effects of age and cognitive flexibility as measured by scores on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test. Furthermore, simple slope analyses of significant interactions revealed children and older adults were more likely to exhibit brain dynamic patterns associated with poorer cognitive flexibility compared with younger adults. Our findings link changes in cognitive flexibility observed with age with the underlying brain dynamics supporting these changes. Preventative and intervention measures should prioritize targeting these networks with cognitive flexibility training to promote optimal outcomes across the lifespan.

Substance use and subjective health in Chinese Left-behind adolescents in rural areas: The moderating role of cognitive reappraisal

Background/ObjectiveThis study investigated the relationship between substance use (i.e., smoking, drinking, and using illicit drugs), subjective health, and cognitive reappraisal in Chinese left-behind adolescents in rural areas. MethodsA total of 1,375 Chinese adolescents aged 15–19 years with left-behind experience in rural areas participated in this study. Substance use, substance use risk profile, subjective health complaints, and cognitive reappraisal were assessed. ResultsSubstance use was negatively correlated with subjective health, and cognitive reappraisal was positively correlated with both substance use and subjective health. The regression analysis showed that substance use (negative) and cognitive reappraisal (positive) significantly predicted subjective health. The interaction between drinking frequency and cognitive reappraisal was also a significant predictor of subjective health. Furthermore, the simple slope analysis showed that for the group with low cognitive reappraisal, drinking frequency was negatively associated with subjective health, whereas there was no significant effect of drinking frequency on subjective health in the group with high cognitive reappraisal. These results indicated that cognitive reappraisal was a significant moderator in the relationship between drinking frequency and subjective health. ConclusionsOur results suggest that while substance use has an adverse effect on subjective health, cognitive reappraisal can reduce this adverse effect.

The impact of mutual aid on mental health and perceived isolation among the single elderly: An examination of economic status.

This study aimed to identify patterns in mutual aid relationships between older people living alone and their relatives and neighbors, and to examine the impact of mutual aid relationship patterns on mental health and perceived isolation through the mediating effect of subjective economic status. We conducted a survey with 5000 randomly selected adults aged 65 years or older, from the five official senior care service areas of city A in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Valid responses were received from 3941 participants (78.8%), of whom 436 participants from single-person households constituted the study sample. Latent class analysis revealed four types of mutual aid: family; family and intra-generational neighbors; no mutual aid; and family and multi-generational neighbors. Regression analysis showed that the interaction effect between family and neighbors' mutual aid and subjective economic status was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Simple slope analysis clarified that subjective economic status had a negative effect on depressive symptoms for the non-family/neighbors group, but not for the family/neighbors group. Furthermore, the interaction term between no mutual aid and subjective economic status was negatively associated with the fear of future isolation. Finally, the significantly negative effect observed was greater for the no mutual aid group than for the non-no mutual aid group. Mutual aid relationships are effective in improving the mental health and decreasing the fear of future isolation of older adults living alone who experience low economic status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 555-560.

Perfectionistic tipping points: Re-probing interactive effects of perfectionism.

Researchers have recently turned their attention to examining interactive effects of dimensions of perfectionism in sport and exercise. This is typified by research testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010) and the use of simple slopes analysis to probe statistically significant interactions. The aim of this study is to illustrate a different approach to probe statistically significant interactions, the Johnson-Neyman (J-N) technique, and how it can identify the specific level of evaluative concerns perfectionism at which the effect of personal standards perfectionism changes (termed the perfectionistic tipping point). To meet this aim, secondary analysis was undertaken of three samples that previously provided evidence of interactions between dimensions of perfectionism in predicting sport devaluation, dedication, enthusiasm, and expressive suppression. Using the J-N technique, perfectionistic tipping points were identified whereby the conditional effect of PSP became statistically significant for each outcome at low-to-moderate levels of ECP. In each case, the level of ECP was outside of the levels tested in the 2 × 2 model making it useful complementary information. Based on the findings, it is recommended that researchers report perfectionistic tipping points when probing significant interactions in the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism and when examining interactive effects of perfectionism, generally.