Simple Sketch Research Articles

A language modeling-like approach to sketching

Sketching is a universal communication tool that, despite its simplicity, is able to efficiently express a large variety of concepts and, in some limited contexts, it can be even more immediate and effective than natural language. In this paper we explore the feasibility of using neural networks to approach sketching in the same way they are commonly used in Language Modeling. We propose a novel approach to what we refer to as “Sketch Modeling”, in which a neural network is exploited to learn a probabilistic model that estimates the probability of sketches. We focus on simple sketches and, in particular, on the case in which sketches are represented as sequences of segments. Segments and sequences can be either given – when the sketches are originally drawn in this format – or automatically generated from the input drawing by means of a procedure that we designed to create short sequences, loosely inspired by the human behavior. A Recurrent Neural Network is used to learn the sketch model and, afterward, the network is seeded with an incomplete sketch that it is asked to complete, generating one segment at each time step. We propose a set of measures to evaluate the outcome of a Beam Search-based generation procedure, showing how they can be used to identify the most promising generations. Our experimental analysis assesses the feasibility of this way of modeling sketches, also in the case in which several different categories of sketches are considered.

A sketch-based system for modeling 3D objects: Applications to taxonomy.

We present a sketch-based system for modeling 3D objects with multiple contours as overlaid structures, allowing users to infer perceivable symmetries and occluded parts of the model prior to its automatic 3D reconstruction. Many approaches for sketch-based interfaces and modeling focus on the final drawing and 3D reconstruction of solid objects, exploring, as inputs, contours; however, when the subject consists of multiple drawings as overlaid structures, as usual in species descriptions, these approaches have to roughly infer or discard occluded parts. Unlike previous sketch-based techniques, we explore a set of 2D visual effects to enhance the visual perception of users while sketching multiple overlaid objects in single-view. The proposed system was applied to general simple zoological and botanical sketches as well as to published descriptions of species of Diptera, demonstrating its usefulness for taxonomy.

Development of a machine learning-based sketch planning model for predicting mobile emissions

Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are required to measure emissions impacts of transportation plans and programs utilizing an emissions estimator such as MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) or EMission FACtor (EMFAC) models demanding intensive data and time consumption to run models for scenario planning or sensitivity tests. Over time, transportation planning practitioners have developed and applied various sketch planning models in scenario planning and sensitivity tests. Still, many sketch planning models require extensive data collection/preparation and are overly complicated. This paper discusses an approach for a simple sketch planning method based on a Random Forest (RF) algorithm with a machine learning technique that practitioners may use to predict emissions with significantly short time and effort in data preparation and model execution. In this study, the algorithm is trained to simulate emissions estimates based on multi-year Constrained Long Range Plan (CLRP) data in the National Capital region for eight case studies. The study results showed that the proposed model predicted mobile source nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gas emissions within +/- 10 percent of accuracy against MOVES counterparts with fewer resources in a shorter amount of time. The authors think that the model could be a sketch planning model evaluating emissions impacts of variables such as land use, trip purpose, network enhancement or mobility.

Colorization of Logo Sketch Based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks

Logo design is a complex process for designers and color plays a very important role in logo design. The automatic colorization of logo sketch is of great value and full of challenges. In this paper, we propose a new logo design method based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks, which can output multiple colorful logos only by providing one logo sketch. We improve the traditional U-Net structure, adding channel attention and spatial attention in the process of skip-connection. In addition, the generator consists of parallel attention-based U-Net blocks, which can output multiple logo images. During the model optimization process, a style loss function is proposed to improve the color diversity of the logos. We evaluate our method on the self-built edges2logos dataset and the public edges2shoes dataset. Experimental results show that our method can generate more colorful and realistic logo images based on simple sketches. Compared to the classic networks, the logos generated by our network are also superior in visual effects.

Life Support: Invitation to Prayer by Judith Cohen Margolis

Reviewed by: Life Support: Invitation to Prayer by Judith Cohen Margolis Tahneer Oksman (bio) Life Support: Invitation to Prayer By Judith Cohen Margolis. Pennsylvania State Press, 2019. 96 pp. Judith Cohen Margolis’ Life Support is a small, sturdy book with a gray cloth cover, a long, dangling bookmark adorned with a silver hamsa lodged between its crisp white pages. In her introduction, the writer and artist describes the text as her own created “prayer book,” one in which she brings together, in new fashion, sketches, drawings, journal entries, and paintings chronicling her mother’s final illness, death, and some of what followed. Margolis describes in this opening how, when her mother’s health began to dramatically decline as she reached her seventies after a lifetime of living with diabetes, she, “both as a daughter and as an artist,” felt compelled to capture what was happening. Following this essay, the book is divided into forty-one short chapters, most typed entries reaching the length of a brief paragraph and several covering as much as a page and a half. Interwoven between these entries are the images: sketches of her mother in a hospital bed, with machinery surrounding her; full-color paintings of her mother, breathing tubes attached to her nose; sketches of her father, gloomily or idly slumped in visitor chairs; and an assortment of copies of other relevant paraphernalia from this period of their lives (a loving note from her eight-year-old daughter; a fragmented copy of an invitation for her mother’s seventy-fifth birthday; an old, wrinkled piece of paper with a recipe for making matzo balls). “Only when I am drawing and watching carefully, the observer, does the time seem to pass more gently,” Margolis writes in one of the early entries. “I leave feeling intact, not wrecked” (n.p.). Throughout the text, drawing, and turning to art and work more broadly, is often framed as a salve, an effortful, and meaningful, way of regulating, if only on paper, the mysterious, the uncanny, the unexpected fresh horrors that she is witness to during this time. “I control the panic I feel by writing a careful list describing every piece of machinery and hardware in the room,” she writes in the next entry. “Then [End Page 66] I draw the most complicated gadgets with a .01 Rapidograph pen. This all takes hours, but the time seems to have passed quickly” (n.p.). Throughout her life, as the author/artist explains, her relationship with her mother was often tense, and even until the end her feelings for her mother remained ambivalent. She describes her mother’s lifelong refrain in regard to her daughter: “I love you, but I don’t like you.” Taking note, at this painful stage, allows Margolis, even in light of all her misgivings, her complicated feelings, to draw close, to plant herself in relation to the profound pain experienced, at this juncture, by her mother, her father, her brother, and herself. It also becomes a way of grappling with the images that she does not produce—the ones that, instead, have a hold on her. Those gruesome details she cannot erase from memory. “The image of my mother’s hand is haunting me,” she writes in another early entry. “How will I ever forget it?” (n.p.). Above these typed words, there is a simple sketch of her mother’s soon-to-be-amputated ravaged, swollen hand, the fingers blackened. Beside it, a much smaller sketch divulges four slender, appealing fingers. “Her left hand is still healthy,” the scribbled text beside this mismatched coupling reads. Images, it seems, lead to, sometimes even invite, other images. One way for Margolis to keep the sight of her dying, and later dead, mother from overwhelming her is to draw her way out. But this strategy is not always successful. Halfway through the book, describing her excitement upon an art opening of her paintings, she suddenly asks, “Will I ever get over the image of my mother’s flesh actually rotting like some gruesome horror movie? After all this time, I still can’t get it out of my mind” (n.p.). Like all experiences of grief, unpredictability...

Interactive liquid splash modeling by user sketches

Splashing is one of the most fascinating liquid phenomena in the real world and it is favored by artists to create stunning visual effects, both statically and dynamically. Unfortunately, the generation of complex and specialized liquid splashes is a challenging task and often requires considerable time and effort. In this paper, we present a novel system that synthesizes realistic liquid splashes from simple user sketch input. Our system adopts a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) trained with physics-based simulation data to produce raw liquid splash models from input sketches, and then applies model refinement processes to further improve their small-scale details. The system considers not only the trajectory of every user stroke, but also its speed, which makes the splash model simulation-ready with its underlying 3D flow. Compared with simulation-based modeling techniques through trials and errors, our system offers flexibility, convenience and intuition in liquid splash design and editing. We evaluate the usability and the efficiency of our system in an immersive virtual reality environment. Thanks to this system, an amateur user can now generate a variety of realistic liquid splashes in just a few minutes.

Trends and Challenges in Improved Agricultural Inputs Use by Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia: A Review

Much of the sustained agricultural growth necessary for poverty reduction and sustainable development comes from adequate and expanded improved agricultural inputs use like hybrid seeds, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and inorganic fertilizer. However, smallholder farmers faced various and empirically unidentified constraints in the sustainable use of improved agricultural inputs. This study, therefore, is to examine the trends and challenges farmers faced to use improved inputs. The study has used secondary data from various databases such as FAOSTAT, World Bank, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and agricultural statistics. Simple graphical sketch, tabular and percentage analysis was employed for interpretation of the data. The study revealed that the trends in the use of various improved inputs are not based on the regular basis. The sustainable improved input intensification by smallholder farmers was influenced by various socio-economic, physical, and institutional factors. Understanding trends and challenges in input utilization provide baseline information for input intensification policies and strategies. Therefore, this review pointed out that it is possible to increase inputs intensification by smallholder farmers.

Finding meaning in simple sketches: How do humans and deep networks compare?

Finding meaning in simple sketches: How do humans and deep networks compare?

Program sketching with live bidirectional evaluation

We present a system called Smyth for program sketching in a typed functional language whereby the concrete evaluation of ordinary assertions gives rise to input-output examples, which are then used to guide the search to complete the holes. The key innovation, called live bidirectional evaluation, propagates examples "backward" through partially evaluated sketches. Live bidirectional evaluation enables Smyth to (a) synthesize recursive functions without trace-complete sets of examples and (b) specify and solve interdependent synthesis goals. Eliminating the trace-completeness requirement resolves a significant limitation faced by prior synthesis techniques when given partial specifications in the form of input-output examples. To assess the practical implications of our techniques, we ran several experiments on benchmarks used to evaluate Myth, a state-of-the-art example-based synthesis tool. First, given expert examples (and no partial implementations), we find that Smyth requires on average 66% of the number of expert examples required by Myth. Second, we find that Smyth is robust to randomly-generated examples, synthesizing many tasks with relatively few more random examples than those provided by an expert. Third, we create a suite of small sketching tasks by systematically employing a simple sketching strategy to the Myth benchmarks; we find that user-provided sketches in Smyth often further reduce the total specification burden (i.e. the combination of partial implementations and examples). Lastly, we find that Leon and Synquid, two state-of-the-art logic-based synthesis tools, fail to complete several tasks on which Smyth succeeds.

An overview road data collection, visualization, and analysis from the perspective of developing countries

Road data collection went through dramatic changes over the course of technology enhancement. It started with simple paper sketches of pavement distresses, then manual and automatic road data collection, current trends are mobile phone-based road data collection and in near future connected/autonomous vehicles based road data collection will dominate. The evolution of road data collection methods shows how technology is shaping the way how data is collected, stored and analyzed. Even though the technology is rapidly progressing, most of the developing countries are still practicing manual (visual) road data collection practices. The paper overviews the advantages and disadvantages each approach describes data quantity requirements proposes an approach for road asset management systems in developing countries. It also highlights how to visualize road data by utilization open-source GIS software and briefly overviews turnkey solutions for road asset management.

La imagen cartográfica del Estrecho de Magallanes en las dos primeras décadas que siguieron a su descubrimiento

The discovery and navigation of the interoceanic passage through the New World by Fernando de Magallanes in 1520, once it was known by the Spanish authorities after the return of the nao Victoria in September 1522, was valued as a geographical fact of the greatest importance for the Castilian crown. Consequently, and on the basis of the precarious information provided by the survivors of the historical world tour, it was able to be placed immediately on the maps that provided a new and enlarged image of the planet as it was being known. This article considers the stages and forms of a cartographic evolution from the simple initial sketch to the most elaborated particular expression of the early famous channel, obtained after two decades of patient news gathering about it, and of an increasingly careful and reliable professional task.

Visualization by example

While visualizations play a crucial role in gaining insights from data, generating useful visualizations from a complex dataset is far from an easy task. In particular, besides understanding the functionality provided by existing visualization libraries, generating the desired visualization also requires reshaping and aggregating the underlying data as well as composing different visual elements to achieve the intended visual narrative. This paper aims to simplify visualization tasks by automatically synthesizing the required program from simple visual sketches provided by the user. Specifically, given an input data set and a visual sketch that demonstrates how to visualize a very small subset of this data, our technique automatically generates a program that can be used to visualize the entire data set. From a program synthesis perspective, automating visualization tasks poses several challenges that are not addressed by prior techniques. First, because many visualization tasks require data wrangling in addition to generating plots from a given table, we need to decompose the end-to-end synthesis task into two separate sub-problems. Second, because the intermediate specification that results from the decomposition is necessarily imprecise, this makes the data wrangling task particularly challenging in our context. In this paper, we address these problems by developing a new compositional visualization-by-example technique that (a) decomposes the end-to-end task into two different synthesis problems over different DSLs and (b) leverages bi-directional program analysis to deal with the complexity that arises from having an imprecise intermediate specification. We have implemented our visualization-by-example approach in a tool called Viser and evaluate it on over 80 visualization tasks collected from on-line forums and tutorials. Viser can solve 84 of these benchmarks within a 600 second time limit, and, for those tasks that can be solved, the desired visualization is among the top-5 generated by Viser in 70% of the cases.

The role of sketching within the process of creative maturation of an architect in 21st century – sketching from nature in cognitive development

In the XXIst century, there is a debate whether an architect should practise freehand drawing. This article covers statements about both advantages and drawbacks concerning this activity. Firstly, sketching remains an universal and timeless medium in cognitive development for artists, due to its engagement with various types of deep concentration at once, such as: practical, theoretical, aesthetic or scientific attention focus. What is more, through the medium of freehand drawing from nature, an architect is introduced to experience natural and build environment, by both reason and physical presence in a setting. In addition to this, there is a strong resemblance of methods within cognitive and creative process of an architectural design. On the other hand, the concepts of artistic freedom and genius, which appeared in XXth century, seem to strongly support the idea, that there is a little or no purpose of learning, development, and practise for an artist. Apart from that, recently there happen to be a common belief that manual methods lose their importance in an era of super fast and precise technology or hyper-realistic visualizations and simulations. Freehand drawing fails to reach the standards of the temporary definition of an ideal. If other qualities of manual techniques remain unrecognised, such methods could be abandoned, lose popularity and recognition. These and other controversiesconcerning freehand drawing are presented and discussed In conclusion, to show XXth and XXIst century’s approach towards this problem several architectural studios and their methods are introduced. Among many others there are modern architects: Peter Zumthor, Le Corbusier, Louis Kahn, Alvar Aaltoand Frank Gehry, that provide numerous examples of drawings, paintings, studies and sketches from nature. Moreover they emphasize the crucial role of manual techniques within architectural design too. To summarise there is a quotation from Alvar Aalto with a remark about this topic: It is not through simple sketches and superficial similarities that they [painting, sculpture, architecture] influence each other, but through “materia”: an intellectual analysis of the chosen material.

Using the scanners and drone for comparison of point cloud accuracy at traffic accident analysis

The purpose of the paper is to describe, compare and analyse the instruments used, time needed and accuracy of gathered data, sketches, 3D models and to enhance the extracted information about the accident. Simple sketches and tape measurements were performed. Also complex 3D measurements and 3D modelling of the scene with Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology were used. A classical police work dealing with a simulated traffic accident was compared to sketches obtained from 3D models from Riegl VZ-400i 3D, Faro Focus S70, Geoslam ZebRevo 3D TLS and Topcon Falcon 8 drone. For 3D modelling an orthophoto from drone photos and point clouds were obtained. 3D models were graphically compared in CloudCompare software. Sketches were made for each measuring method and their accuracies were also compared one to each other. The graphical distance accuracy in scene measurements ranged up to 17 cm in comparison to police measurement but in the most course point cloud. Average absolute difference in compared distances amounts up to 6 cm. As expected, more points in the cloud means better 3D model and easier analysis. There is considerable reduction of time needed for collecting the accident scene data. The obtained 3D model is a permanent archive of the scene of a traffic accident. From the cadre, both visual and dimensional information subsequently can be obtained.

Generating Sketch-Based Synthetic Seismic Images With Generative Adversarial Networks

The characterization of the subsurface is paramount for the exploration and production life cycle and, more specifically, for the identification of potential hydrocarbon accumulations. In recent years, the oil and gas industry has increased its interest in applying machine learning to accelerate the seismic interpretation process, which is regarded as a time-consuming and human-centered task. Although machine learning has been successfully used in many applications ranging from stratigraphic segmentation to salt dome detection, a usual bottleneck is the need for a large amount of high-quality annotated data. To overcome this, data augmentation approaches are commonly used, and one of the most powerful is synthetic data generation. In addition, sketch-based synthetic seismic images can be used to support image retrieval applications to help oil companies leverage petabytes of seismic data sets. In this context, this letter investigates the generation of synthetic seismic images based on sketches using generative adversarial networks (GANs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to propose such an approach. Experiments with five different sketch types in a public seismic data set indicate that realistic seismic images can be synthesized using rather simple sketches.

I Am Enough by G. Byers

Byers, Grace. I Am Enough. Illustrated by Keturah A. Bobo, Balzer + Bray-Harper Collins, 2018
 I Am Enough by Grace Byers is an uplifting and motivating book about female empowerment and respect for diversity. The consistent message through this book is one of self-worth and embracing differences. Byers emphasizes that regardless of one’s looks, abilities, or beliefs, every child is unique, able, and worthy of respect. Her message encourages children to recognize diversity and show respect and kindness to others. She poetically portrays messages of empowerment through the use of simple simile and rhyme. For example, she writes “Like the sun, I’m here to shine” and later: “...that does not dictate our worth, we both have places here on Earth.” Her use of rhyme allows the book to read smoothly and rhythmically, and simile encourages the reader to think carefully about the message on each page. Many of the messages are simple and clear, while others may require more careful thought and discussion to build meaning from the message. The front cover of her book shows the face of a young girl of colour, which paired with the bold title "I Am Enough" sets the tone of diversity, acceptance, and strength, seen throughout the book.
 Byers’ messages of empowerment are complemented and supported by Keturah Bobo’s illustrations. Bobo’s illustrations artistically and realistically depict children from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and abilities. Great thought and detail has been put into the characters in the illustrations, authentically depicting girls from a variety of different races and cultures. This book could be a mirror for children from a variety of backgrounds, allowing them to see themselves in this book. Bobo’s illustrations add a great deal of meaning to this story, as the theme of diversity is not explicitly stated in the text until the end of the book, but is clearly portrayed in the images throughout the pages. The children featured in this story are elementary aged, matching the intended audience. The characters in the foreground are complemented by background images of simple crayon sketches. The use of crayon further appeals to the intended audience of young children.
 This is Grace Byers’ first children's book. She grew up in a diverse background of a multiracial family, as well as the child of deaf parents. She wrote this book to empower young girls against bullying and promote an understanding of diversity and the importance of showing kindness to others. Her intended audience is elementary aged children (particularly girls, as females are the focus in the illustrations), however this book is a great read for everyone. The mantra “I am enough” has the potential to resonate with individuals of any age or background, so the message portrayed can appeal to a variety of readers. This book would be an excellent addition to school and classroom libraries.
 Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Bethany Semotiuk
 Bethany Semotiuk is an elementary teacher and open studies student at the University of Alberta. She has a special interest in early literacy development and plans to pursue graduate studies focused in children’s language and literacy. She enjoys reading children’s literature in her classroom as well as for personal pleasure.

Accuracy and effectiveness of orthophotos obtained from low cost UASs video imagery for traffic accident scenes documentation

Mapping and documenting traffic accident scenes may vary from simple sketches and tape measurements to complex 3D measurements and modeling of the scene space which could involve expensive Terrestrial Laser Scanning instruments. In this paper we propose a novel approach for the documentation of traffic accidents scenes that is based on low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology and UAV photogrammetry methods. By using the onboard camera with a 4 K video recording feature, a very detailed and accurate orthophotos are generated from a set of the individual frames. Analyzing the orthophotos obtained from different case studies corresponding to different image overlaps and processing parameters, the horizontal accuracy in scene measurements ranged from 5 cm to 8 cm. This study also concludes that this state-of-art approach can be used effectively for traffic accidents scenes documentation.

Mempelajari Tegangan pada Balok dengan Bantuan Software Berbasis Perhitungan Matematis dan Visualisasi 3 Dimensi

Penelitian pada mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Sipil U.K.Maranatha menunjukkan sebagian besarkecenderungan gaya belajar mahasiswa adalah active–sensing (41,38%) serta visual (68,97%), kondisiini rupanya sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Richard Felder sebagai pengembang ILS(Index Learning Style) terhadap mahasiswa teknik Iowa State University yang menyatakan bahwa63% mahasiswa adalah active learners, 67 % sensing learner dan 85% visual learners, kemudianpenelitian terhadap mahasiswa Michigan Tech. menunjukkan bahwa 56% active leaners, 63% sensingleaners, dan 74% visual leaners. Secara umum hasil penelitian Felder menunjukkan bahwa 64%active leaners, 63% sensing leaners, dan 82% visual leaners. Penemuan ini setidaknya bisa memberigambaran yang cukup umum bahwa mahasiswa teknik memiliki kecenderungan gaya belajar yanghampir sama dibeberapa perguruan tinggi.Mahasiswa dengan gaya belajar active-sensing-visual learners memiliki kecenderungan belajarmelalui metode praktis problem-solving, penggunaan banyak gambar, grafik, sketsa sederhana sertaaktivitas kelompok dimana mereka diberi kesempatan untuk bertukar pikiran dan bereksperimen.Hambatan pemahaman akan materi yang disampaikan terjadi ketika para mahasiswa dengankecenderungan gaya belajar seperti ini menghadapi materi mekanika rekayasa yang sulit untukdibayangkan perilakunya, bahkan untuk materi yang didalamnya terdapat persamaan-persamaanmatematis yang sederhana.Salah satu materi dasar yang diberikan pada matakuliah mekanika bahan adalah tegangan pada balokatau kolom (lentur, aksial, geser, dsb) akibat beban merata, terpusat sentris, terpusat eksentris yangmengakibatkan lentur biaksial, dsb. Penggunaan suatu software komputer berbasis perhitunganmatematis dan mampu memvisualisasikan persamaan-persamaan matematik dalam bentuk grafik baik2D atau 3D seperti MatCad atau MatLab akan sangat membantu mahasiswa memahami konsep danperilaku tegangan pada balok/kolom.Beberapa keuntungan penggunaan alat bantu ini adalah secara umum mahasiswa dapat memahamidasar teori, penurunan rumus, perilaku tegangan pada balok dengan lebih baik. Kedua, mahasiswadapat melihat suatu eksperimen sederhana mengenai perilaku tegangan pada balok dengan visualisasiyang menarik karena kemampuan software ini untuk mengupdate hasil serta tampilan grafiknya secara3 dimensi secara langsung. Ketiga, seluruh proses mulai dari dasar teori, penurunan rumus sertalatihan soal serta visualisasi grafik dapat terdokumentasi dengan baik. Keuntungan-keuntungan diatassangat membantu mahasiswa dengan gaya belajar active-sensing-visual learners yang mayoritasdimiliki oleh mahasiswa teknik sipil untuk memahami pelajaran mekanika bahan.

The Real Target of Kant’s “Refutation”

Kant was never satisfied with the version of his “Refutation” published in 1787 (KrV, B 275-279). His dissatisfaction is already evident in the footnote added to the preface of the second edition of the Critique in 1787. As a matter of fact, Kant continued to rework his argument for at least six years after 1787. The main exegetical problem is to figure out who is the target of the “Refutation”: a non-sceptic idealist or a global sceptic of Cartesian provenance or both. In this last case, a related problem is to know whether either of them is the Cartesian sceptic of the first Meditation, the idealist sceptic of the second Meditation and first part of the third Meditation, or some other non-sceptic idealist. I present and defend a new reconstruction of Kant’s “Refu­tation” as a successful argument against Mendelssohnian idealism of Cartesian provenance. This defence is based on a simple logical sketch of the proof provided by Dicker, but essentially modified in the light of Dyck’s insight about Kant’s opponent. How shall I support my reading? First, by appealing to overwhelming textual evidence according to which the proof is of the existence of mind-independent things, showing that Kant’s main opponent is Mendelssohn’s idealism of Cartesian provenance. Finally, I support my reading by showing that Kant’s “Refutation” is doomed to fail against all forms of global scepticism, but is quite successful against Mendelssohn’s idealism.

Capturing the built environment-travel interaction for strategic planning: Development of a multimodal travel module for the Regional Strategic Planning Model (RSPM)

Integrated land use and transportation models have evolved along a spectrum from simple sketch planning models to complex microsimulation models. While each has its niche, they are largely unable to balance the flexibility and realism of microsimulation and the speed and interactivity of simple models. The Regional Strategic Planning Model (RSPM) aims to fill this gap by taking a microsimulation approach while making other simplifications in order to model first-order effects quickly. It enables planners to consider the robustness of prospective policies in the face of future uncertainties by accepting a broad range of inputs and allowing rapid simulations of many scenarios.
 
 This paper introduces the RSPM and shows how new land use and multimodal transportation sensitivities have been incorporated through the conversion to the new VisionEval open-source framework. Land use and transportation interactions in the RSPM are reviewed, and the development of a new multimodal travel demand module with improved land use sensitivities is highlighted. The use of a unique nationwide dataset combining the 2009 NHTS, EPA’s Smart Location Database, and metropolitan transit and roadway data is explained. The paper concludes with the results of validation and sensitivity tests, and a discussion of future work.