Simple Plot Research Articles

Słowik nie z tej bajki. Kariera renesansowej fabuły o słowiku, kukułce i ośle oraz jej polska recepcja w XVII wieku

Invoking two Polish versions of the fable about the nightingale, cuckoo and donkey (by Stanisław Grochowski and Wacław Potocki), the author of the paper presents its European success in the 16th and partly 17th c. The source of the fable is one of the facetiae by the German humanist Heinrich Bebel (1512), referred to by Juan Luis Vives in his Latin phrasebook (1539), which definitely added to the apologue’s popularity. Subsequent versions were written by Joachim Camerarius the Elder, Gilbert Cousin, Achille Bocchi, Johann Stigel, Mathias Holtzwart and others. Some of them have the form of regular apologues (in prose or in verse), others are closer to emblematic compositions; there are also versions meant to be sung. The simple plot is given new motifs in them and the authors add some edifying morals. Polish interpretations of the theme are an element of European reception of the popular motif; the versions closest to them seem to be the ones by Vives or Bocchi dependent on him.

Determination of the pKa and Concentration of NMR-Invisible Molecules and Sites Using NMR Spectroscopy.

NMR spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for measuring the dissociation constants (pKa) of molecules, requiring smaller quantities of samples of lower purity relative to potentiometric or conductometric methods. However, current approaches are generally limited to those molecules possessing favorable pH-dependent NMR properties. Typically, a series of 1D experiments at varying pH are performed, and the pKa is obtained by fitting the observed chemical shift of the analyte as a function of pH using nonlinear routines. However, the majority of polymers, biomolecules, and inorganic species do not present favorable NMR resonances. Either the resonances are not observable or too broad, or the unambiguous interpretation of the NMR data is impossible without resorting to complex 2D experiments due to spectral overlap. To overcome these fundamental limitations, we present a method to obtain the pKa values and concentrations of acidic species without their direct observation by NMR. We instead determine the quantity of acidic protons removed from the species along a concentration gradient of an organic base in a single 1H chemical shift imaging experiment that can be run under automation. The pKa values are determined via simple linear plots, avoiding complex and potentially unreliable nonlinear fitting routines.

Incorporating Forest Mapping-Related Uncertainty into the Error Propagation of Wall-to-Wall Biomass Maps: A General Approach for Large and Small Areas

The sources of uncertainty in wall-to-wall AGB maps propagate from the tree to pixel, but uncertainty due to forest cover mapping is rarely incorporated into the error propagation process. This study aimed to (1) elaborate an analytical procedure to incorporate forest-mapping-related uncertainty into the error propagation from plot and pixel predictions; (2) develop a stratified estimator with a model-assisted estimator for small and large areas; and (3) estimate the effect of ignoring the mapping uncertainty on the confidence intervals (CIs) for totals. Data consist of a subset of the Brazilian national forest inventory (NFI) database, comprising 75 counties that, once aggregated, served as strata for the stratified estimator. On-ground data were gathered from 152 clusters (plots) and remotely sensed data from Landsat-8 scenes. Four major contributions are highlighted. First, we describe how to incorporate forest-mapping-related uncertainty into the CIs of any forest attribute and spatial resolution. Second, stratified estimators perform better than non-stratified estimators for forest area estimation when the response variable is forest/non-forest. Comparing our stratified estimators, this study indicated greater precision for the stratified estimator than for the regression estimator. Third, using the ratio estimator, we found evidence that the simple field plot information provided by the NFI clusters is sufficient to estimate the proportion forest for large regions as accurately as remote-sensing-based methods, albeit with less precision. Fourth, ignoring forest-mapping-related uncertainty erroneously narrows the CI width as the estimate of proportion forest area decreases. At the small-area level, forest-mapping-related uncertainty led to CIs for total AGB as much as 63% wider in extreme cases. At the large-area level, the CI was 5–7% wider.

Does It Matter Whether to Use Circular or Square Plots in Forest Inventories? A Multivariate Comparison

The design of a sampling unit, whether a simple plot or a subplot within a clustered structure, including shape and size, has received little attention in inferential forestry research. The use of auxiliary variables from remote sensing impacts the precision of estimators from both model-assisted and model-based inference perspectives. In both cases, model parameters are estimated from a sample of field plots and information from pixels corresponding to these units. In studies assisted by remote sensing, the shape of the plot used to fit regression models (typically circular) often differs from the shape of the population elements for prediction, where the area of interest is divided into equal tessellated parts. This raises interest in understanding the effect of the sampling unit shape on the mean of variables in forest stands of interest. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of circular and square subplots, concentrically overlapped and arranged in an inverted Y cluster structure, over tree density, basal area, and aboveground biomass in a managed temperate forest in central Mexico. We used a Multivariate Generalised Linear Mixed Model, which considers the Gamma distribution of the variables and accounts for spatial correlation between Secondary Sampling Units nested within the Primary Sampling Unit. The main findings of this study indicate that the type of secondary sampling unit of the same area and centroid, whether circular or square, does not significantly affect the mean tree density (trees), basal area (m2), and aerial biomass.

Comparison of central corneal thickness measured in myopic eyes by Pentacam, Sirius and IOLMaster 700

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations and consistency among the central corneal thickness (CCT) of healthy myopic patients measured with three different anterior segment analysis systems. DesignThis was a retrospective study. The study included myopia patients who had undergone preoperative examinations in the refractive surgery department of our hospital between January 2021 and December 2023. The CCT was measured separately using Pentacam, Sirius, and IOLMaster 700. MethodsStatistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Correlations among the three groups of measured values were assessed using the Pearson method, and a simple scatter plot and fitting line were drawn. Bland‒Altman scatter plots and 95 % limits of agreement (LoAs) were used to evaluate consistency in the data among the systems. ResultsA total of 269 patients participated in the study, including 134 males (49.8 %) and 135 females (50.2 %). The CCT measurements by Pentacam, Sirius, and IOLMaster 700 instruments were found to be 541.63 ± 31.67 μm, 541.74 ± 33.36 μm, and 548.90 ± 34.19 μm respectively; significant differences were observed among these measurements (p < 0.05). Significant differences were also observed in CCT between Pentacam and IOLMaster 700 as well as between Sirius and IOLMaster 700 (p < 0.05). The CCT measurements by all three devices showed high positive correlation with all p values less than 0.001: Pentacam and Sirius, r = 0.972; Pentacam and IOLMaster 700, r = 0.966; and Sirius and IOLMaster 700, r = 0.962. The respective 95 % LoAs were -0.18∼0.18; -1.51∼-1.11; and -1.52∼-1. ConclusionThe results indicate that there is a high correlation in measuring CCT for healthy myopic eyes using three different anterior segment analysis systems. However, the differences in the values measured by the three devices were statistically significant. Therefore, in actual clinical practice, it is suggested that the same device should be used to measure and evaluate the CCT across visits.

Untraded inter‐dependencies as auxiliary production factors for informal artisans in urban industrial clusters: An empirical study in Kumasi, Ghana

AbstractThe concept and influence of untraded inter‐dependencies are under‐explored in the industrial cluster and informal economy literature. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by extending the conventional Cobb‐Douglas production function to operationalising and testing the moderating effects of two forms of untraded inter‐dependencies in informal production. Based on the diffusion theory, we argue that knowledge‐sharing would favour informal production, as opposed to tool‐sharing. Using quantitative methods, 334 informal artisans were randomly sampled from three clusters in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and analysed data obtained with moderating models and simple slopes plots. The tested models and fuzzy set configurations confirmed that knowledge‐sharing, but not tool‐sharing, has significant interaction effects on informal production. The optimal model derived would be one in which capital interacts with incremental knowledge‐sharing at the existing level of tool‐sharing among the artisans. This paper serves as an extension of new economic geography with an additional factor of untraded inter‐dependencies. As part of post‐COVID restoration and enhancement of informal production processes, we recommend city officials to deliberately plan and space clustered enterprises that enable the observed rates of interactions between production factors and untraded inter‐dependencies.

On the Initial Phase of the Ongoing Unrest at Campi Flegrei and Its Relation with Subsidence at Vesuvio (Italy)

The densely inhabited area of Naples (Italy), between the Campi Flegrei and Vesuvio volcanoes, is one of the most hazardous regions in the world. After two decades of sustained subsidence, Campi Flegrei has been experiencing an accelerating uplift since 2005. The uplift is currently associated with unusual seismicity and increased degassing. To try to identify the cause of the shift from subsidence to uplift and explore any connection between Campi Flegrei and Vesuvio, we analysed the ground displacement time series of the two volcanoes from 1993 to 2010, obtained from ERS/ENVISAT Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery. To distinguish between the various sources of deformation, we used simple scatter plots and a blind source separation technique called variational Bayesian independent component analysis (vbICA). We obtained consistent results using both approaches. Specifically, with vbICA, we identified two significant independent components (ICs). IC1 describes the subsidence that occurred at Campi Flegrei prior to 2000, including the mini-uplifts of 2000 and 2005, and part of the post-2005 uplift. The expansion and contraction of two volumes beneath Campi Flegrei satisfy IC1: a sill-shaped volume at a depth of approximately 3 km and a small volume at a depth of 1–2 km, respectively. The two sources of deformation reproduce the large-scale deformation in the Campi Flegrei area and the local deformation in the Solfatara area, respectively. In the Campi Flegrei area, IC2 exhibits primarily uplift, which is concentrated in the eastern part of the caldera. The deformation pattern is complex and difficult to interpret. If we model it using simple spheroidal deformation sources, the pattern suggests that two volumes at depths of approximately 9 and 8 km are experiencing opposite activity, namely contraction (beneath the southwestern part of the caldera) and expansion (beneath the central part of the caldera). In the Vesuvio area, IC2 is consistent with the deformation induced by the contraction of a volume at a depth of around 9 km. The contraction beneath Vesuvio is smaller in magnitude than the expansion/contraction beneath Campi Flegrei. The correlation observed after 2002 between uplift at Campi Flegrei and subsidence at Vesuvio suggests the transfer of magma and/or magmatic fluids between the two plumbing systems at 8–9 km depth. This implies that part of the ongoing unrest at Campi Flegrei may have been promoted by mass transfer from below Vesuvio.

Emotional labor and burnout among nurses in Iran: core self-evaluations as mediator and moderator

BackgroundThis study investigated the mediating and moderating impact of core self-evaluations in the path from emotional labor to burnout. Our hypothesized associations are based on Hobfoll (Rev Gen Psychol 6:307–24, 2002) conservation of resources theory.MethodThree hundred nurses from four hospitals in Abadan, Iran, were invited to participate in our study. Of the 300, 255 completed all sections and questions in our survey for an 85% response rate. The posited direct and indirect effects were evaluated with structural equation modeling and the interaction effects were evaluated with hierarchical moderated regression and simple regression slope plots.ResultDeep acting has indirect effects on burnout through core self-evaluations. Though unrelated to surface acting, core self-evaluations moderate its impact: under low core self-evaluations, surface acting is strongly related to emotional exhaustion and inversely related to personal accomplishment, whereas, under high core self-evaluations, surface acting is unrelated to these burnout dimensions.ConclusionOur findings reveal the dual functions of CSE as a psychological resource and buffer to offset the interpersonal demands of patient care. Limitations, directions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.

Similes analysis in Thai literature: A case study of "The happiness of Kati" in the English version

As our curiosity has led us to wonder why Thai children's literature with a simple plot, like Jane Vejjajiva's The Happiness of Kati, could actually captivate readers all over the world. By analysing the figurative language in the book, with an emphasis on similes as the scope, we would then try to demonstrate the hypothesis that the writer's story and her writing style have a significant relationship. According to the study's objectives, a list of all the similes used in the novel would be included in the study's findings, along with a list of the most frequently used similes based on the meaning analysis classification and the precise meanings behind them. These sought to establish the connection between the story and the author's writing style. Analysing descriptive data was used in the research. The process of gathering the data implies locating the similes that frequently appear in phrases and sentences and using the conjunctions "like" or "as." Both Richard's (1936) and Fromilhague's (1995) theories—simile analysis and simile meaning analysis—were applied in data analysis. The examined data were reviewed in order to determine the relationship between the story and the writer's writing style. The study found that there are 78 similes in the novel. 63 explicit and 25 implicit similes, or 68% and 32%, respectively, were discovered through meaning analysis. The author's writing style in her novel greatly enhances the plot that she develops in a variety of ways.

Komodifikasi Novel pada Platform Sastra Siber: Studi Pragmatisme Penulis Novel di Aplikasi Fizzo

This research aims to explain and analyze the commodification of novels on the Fizzo cyber literary platform, understand the role of pragmatism in the commodification process, and provide insight into the impact of commodification on cyber literary novels. Novels have become commodities through commodification on the Fizzo cyber-literary platform. Cyberliterary platforms offer economic benefits to novel writers. Novel writers who do not have good marketing skills think pragmatically about publishing novels on cyber-literary platforms. Therefore, it is necessary to research pragmatism in the commodification of novels on the Sibe Fizzo literary platform. The formulation of this research problem is: how are novels commodified on the Fizzo cyber literary platform? How does the author's pragmatism play a role in the commodification of the novel on cyber-literary platforms? This research uses a qualitative descriptive design with observations and interviews as the main data. The data were analyzed using hermeneutic analysis. The results of this research show that commodification on the Fizzo cyber literary platform includes offering economic benefits, characteristics of popular literary novels, genre division, and intensive promotion on the internet. Novel writers on the Fizzo cyber literary platform are oriented towards readers' tastes. This can be seen from the characteristics of novels, which have simple plots, tend to be clichés, use controversial issues, have regular publication schedules, and use language trends. This situation has implications for the quality of novels on cyber-literary platforms that are uncontrolled and subordinate to the market. However, the openness of interaction between readers and writers is a discourse that continues to develop, which is the basis for the creative process of novel writers to innovate on the Fizzo cyber literary platform.

THE STORY JULIA AS ONE OF KARAMZIN’S CREATIVE EVOLUTION STAGES

The article analyzes Karamzin’s story Julia in its relation to the literary source - the novel Julie, or the New Heloise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau - and to the late stories, written by Karamzin (A Knight of Our Times, My Confession, The Sensitive and the Cold). Comparative analysis proves that Julia is highly dependent on the Rousseau’s works, but at the same time contains all the structural elements developed in Karamzin’s later stories. Julia is a didactic story; its heroes read Heloise and Emile, comparing their actions with the instructions in these books. Disagreement with the Rousseau’s ideas is expressed not by the author, but by the heroine, while at the compositional level the Rousseauist pathos, on the contrary, is affirmed. Three late stories (A Knight of Our Times, My Confession, The Sensitive and the Cold) share a rather simple plot scheme - or content core - Rousseauist love triangle, which includes characters contrasted by the criterion of ‘sensitivity’. They should be considered as variants of one idea, because they are created at the same time, are based on the plot model from Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s novel Julie, or the New Heloise and reflect Karamzin’s divergence with Rousseau’s views. Moreover, it is noticeable that in these texts the novel structure became visible and the type of conflict situation was changed. It is not a moral choice between virtue and vice, but a conflict between the artist and the crowd, which is explained by Karamzin’s reorientation to the German novel tradition, in particular, to the genre of the Bildungsroman. This fact allows us to trace Karamzin’s creative evolution, expressed in rethinking given plot models and character schemes. A comparison of A Knight of Our Times, My Confession and The Sensitive and the Cold not with foreign sources (works of Rousseau and Goethe), but with an earlier story by Karamzin himself allows us to explicate the specific features of the period of 1799-1803.

Designing a Clinician-Centered Wearable Data Dashboard (CarePortal): Participatory Design Study.

The recent growth of eHealth is unprecedented, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Within eHealth, wearable technology is increasingly being adopted because it can offer the remote monitoring of chronic and acute conditions in daily life environments. Wearable technology may be used to monitor and track key indicators of physical and psychological stress in daily life settings, providing helpful information for clinicians. One of the key challenges is to present extensive wearable data to clinicians in an easily interpretable manner to make informed decisions. The purpose of this research was to design a wearable data dashboard, named CarePortal, to present analytic visualizations of wearable data that are meaningful to clinicians. The study was divided into 2 main research objectives: to understand the needs of clinicians regarding wearable data interpretation and visualization and to develop a system architecture for a web application to visualize wearable data and related analytics. We used a wearable data set collected from 116 adolescent participants who experienced trauma. For 2 weeks, participants wore a Microsoft Band that logged physiological sensor data such as heart rate (HR). A total of 834 days of HR data were collected. To design the CarePortal dashboard, we used a participatory design approach that interacted directly with clinicians (stakeholders) with backgrounds in clinical psychology and neuropsychology. A total of 8 clinicians were recruited from the Rhode Island Hospital and the University of Massachusetts Memorial Health. The study involved 5 stages of participatory workshops and began with an understanding of the needs of clinicians. A User Experience Questionnaire was used at the end of the study to quantitatively evaluate user experience. Physiological metrics such as daily and hourly maximum, minimum, average, and SD of HR and HR variability, along with HR-based activity levels, were identified. This study investigated various data visualization graphing methods for wearable data, including radar charts, stacked bar plots, scatter plots combined with line plots, simple bar plots, and box plots. We created a CarePortal dashboard after understanding the clinicians' needs. Results from our workshops indicate that overall clinicians preferred aggregate information such as daily HR instead of continuous HR and want to see trends in wearable sensor data over a period (eg, days). In the User Experience Questionnaire, a score of 1.4 was received, which indicated that CarePortal was exciting to use (question 5), and a similar score was received, indicating that CarePortal was the leading edge (question 8). On average, clinicians reported that CarePortal was supportive and can be useful in making informed decisions. We concluded that the CarePortal dashboard integrated with wearable sensor data visualization techniques would be an acceptable tool for clinicians to use in the future.

Victimization or self-inflicted hurt: Double narrative movements in Katherine Mansfield’s The Little Governess

The paper aims to study the double narrative movements in Katherine Mansfield’s short story “The Little Governess” which has received limited critical attention because of its seemingly simple plot. Most of the previous interpretations concentrate on the victimization of the little governess by patriarchal forces. But the study of Mansfield’s subtle stylistic choices, together with intertextual comparison and the connection with the author’s personal life, reveals that behind the ‘overt plot,’ there exists a ‘covert progression’ in which another countervailing theme springs out: the victimization of the little governess by her class prejudice. By laying bare the heroine as a girl who is victimized by her distinct class consciousness, this essay exposes Mansfield’s criticism of the deep-rooted class division.

The soul and the mask: linguopoetic analysis of V. Bryusov’s poem "If you could not guess yourself..." (to the 150th anniversary of the birth)

The article analyses one of the late V. Ya. Bryusov’s little-known poems. The research focuses on the composition, key semantic fields and oppositions, spatial and temporal organization of the text. The article pays meticulous attention to the ways of presenting the lyrical hero and the linguistic means of expressing agent-object relations. The semantic-stylistic analysis of the text and the method of slow reading show how the lyrical plot unfolds, what accent the linguistic form brings to the interpretation of the figurative and semantic content of the poem, as well as to its subtext formation. Componential analysis is used to characterise the complex of meanings of the lyrical text core units. The research highlights the originality of the mask image and the presentation of the lyrical subject of the poem. The article concludes that the seemingly brief and simple plot conceals a complex intertwined subject-object structure.

Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Cultivated Land in Semiarid Sandy Areas

The unique natural geographical conditions and land use patterns in semiarid sandy areas have resulted in a distinct cultivated landscape. Identifying and classifying the morphological characteristics of cultivated land are key to improving land utilization efficiency. This study focuses on the semiarid sandy areas of China. We obtained information on cropland morphology by judging high-precision remote sensing images and landscape pattern analysis, and then determined the spatial clustering characteristics of different plot morphologies through local spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results are as follows: cultivated land can be classified into five main types: simple large plots, complex large plots, simple small plots, complex small plots, and scattered plots, and there are significant differences in morphology between eastern and western plots. In addition, different morphology types of plots formed a variety of aggregation patterns; clustered plots are surrounded by scattered plots, showing a staggered distribution pattern. Farmers and land managers can make more informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and crop selection, and this knowledge can provide a basis for further optimizing the layout of cultivated land, identifying fragmented cultivated land, and scientifically recovering farmland to ensure more scientific and refined classification management and zoning protection of cultivated land.

Representation of political conflicts in history textbooks

This research scrutinizes the representation of political conflict within contemporary Indonesian history textbooks. The research question is about how the contemporary history textbooks present political conflicts in Indonesian historiography for the younger generation within the frame of political interests, nation-building, and the demand of conflict reconciliation and transformation. Discourse Historical Analysis was used as the research method, particularly in investigating conflict representation from the analysis of nomination, predication, argumentation, perspectivation, and intensification. The object is Indonesian History textbook used in schools. Data analysis techniques are carried out with discourse historical analysis techniques through analysis of nominations, predicates, arguments, and perspectives. The findings show that historical conflicts in the textbooks are represented in two forms of historical narrative logic. The first is a simple plot and heroism narrative logic to present the conflicts in Indonesia from 1945 to 1965. The second is a cooperative-constructive narrative logic that emphasizes the conflict reconciliation rather than the conflictual process in presenting the conflicts in Indonesia from 1965 to 1998. Those logics consist of the binary system and schizophrenic feeling that shows the confusion of the historians in narrating conflict within the history textbook. Therefore, the chance to take advantage of the textbook in supporting conflict transformation in Indonesia can be hard to achieve. The historian has to find an alternative approach to solve the problem of conflict representation within the Indonesian history textbook. This alternative approach is carried out as an effort to support the transformation of conflict in Indonesian society.

Investigation of the Effect of Disorder on the Tauc Edge of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Using Dunstan’s Bandgap Fluctuations Model

The optical absorption edge in both Urbach and Tauc regions are analyzed for hydrogenated amorphous silicon optical data of Cody et al and Viturro and Weiser . Dunstan’s model, introduces disorder into the band-band absorption through a linear exponential distribution of local energy gaps. This model has a simple mathematical form and has a clear physical meaning in comparison to the somewhat similar models of O’Leary and Guerra, yet Dunstan’s model is unjustly neglected in literature. The most important physical parameter of the model is the energy gap parameter- Eo, which represents the separation between the valence and conduction band edges, it can be considered as the mobility gap of the material. Dunstan’s model is found successful in capturing the optical data of Cody et al and, Viturro and Weiser. A plot of the energy parameters of the Dunstan and Cody models, Eo against Eopt respectively, was proposed here to separate the masking contribution of tail-related absorption from the real change of the band gap, and was found fruitful for this purpose. This is because Eo is a function only of the separation between valence and conduction band edges, while the meaning of the optical energy Eopt is ambiguous because it is also a function of absorption due to tail-related absorption that results from disorder. This simple plot of Eo vs. Eopt , through the slope ΔEo/ΔEopt of the fitting straight line , was capable of distinguishing the different relative contributions of disorder between Cody et al and Viturro and Weiser optical data, Eo value was found less sensitive to hydrogen content variation for Viturro and Weiser data which is interpreted due to their better control of the thin film deposition process. Keywords: optical energy gap, absorption coefficient, amorphous semiconductor, mobility gap

The Franco-Arab conflict of Balducci and Daru in Camus’s ‘The Guest’

Albert Camus’s ‘The Guest’ ([1957] 2012) is a short narrative that displays several conflicts at the colonial, existential, psychological, and individual levels at once. The narrative introduces these conflicts through its simple plot that fully relies on the relationship between Daru (the schoolmaster), Balducci (the gendarme) and the Arab (the prisoner). Understanding the relationships between these three constitutes the foundation to decoding the thematic value or message of the narrative. Therefore, this article scrutinizes the deeper level of the relationship between these characters and argues that the main conflict in the narrative is between humans of authentic self and those of unauthentic one. The article concludes that ‘The Guest’ is not a simple narrative about postcolonialism or schoolteachers’ ethics, but a heavily sophisticated piece that celebrates humans’ authenticity and freedom as the main foundations or principles of peaceful life.

Evolutionary combination of connected event schemas into meaningful plots

Many of the stories we are exposed to are built from small schemas of connected events involving a set of characters–boy meets girl leads to a relationship or crime leads to revenge. The present paper proposes an evolutionary solution to the task of putting together a story by combining a set of such schemas. This approach presents three challenges: how to mix up the elements in the different schemas, how to instantiate the characters across the schemas and how to tell acceptable combinations from the rest. The present paper applies an evolutionary solution that relies on a genetic representation for these combinations of schemas, and applies as fitness functions a set of metrics on compatibility constraints across schema combinations. Outputs of this procedure are evaluated by human judges in comparison with baseline solutions in which the values for genes are assigned at random. The proposed solution generates a population of story drafts that resemble plot descriptions for simple stories. The results of the comparative evaluation by human judges are positive. The genetic representation of pattern combinations and the metrics on compatibility across pattern pairs provide a valid evolutionary solution for constructing simple plots.

Participatory Evaluation of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties Under Irrigation Condition at Abergelle Woreda, Ethiopia

Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved tomato varieties namely;‘Melka salsa, 'Roma VF' and 'Kochero’ against the local variety was carried out in the 2019/20 irrigation season. The trial was laid on unreplicated simple plots using six farmers as replication at irrigation scheme of Saka kebele in Abergelle woreda. The experiment was intended to evaluate and demonstrate the performances of different tomato varieties for farmers, then to collect and assess their feedback. Based on the actual biological and farmers’ preference data, the analysis result underscores the better performance of improved tomato varieties over the local variety by the most yield-related attributes. The average marketable fruit yields of ‘Melka salsa, 'Roma VF', 'Kochero’, and the local variety were 4.62, 3.88, 3.64, and 3.10 ton.ha-1, respectively. The improved varieties had thus yielded an advantage of 72.38%, 37.14%, and 25.72% over the local variety in the given order. Among the improved tomato varieties, ‘Melka salsa' provided the highest fruit yield, and owing the highest score of overall preference attributes rank. The medium-sized, oval-shaped, and tasty flashed ‘Melka salsa’ tomato fruit is most liked by farmers for its less perishability, better market demand and good taste. The ‘Melka salsa’ tomato variety is therefore suggested for up-scaling for similar agro-ecologies that have irrigation schemes and production potential. The biological scientists were also advised to consider the farmers’ preference attributes and feedback as a backup for future tomato breeding studies.