Simple Node Research Articles

The Acquisition of Recursion: How Formalism Articulates the Child’s Path

We distinguish three kinds of recursion: Direct Recursion (which delivers a ‘conjunction’ reading), Indirect Recursion, and Generalized Transformations. The essential argument is that Direct Recursion captures the first stage of each recursive structure. Acquisition evidence will then be provided from both naturalistic data and experimentation that adjectives, possessives, verbal compounds, and sentence complements all point to con-junction as the first stage. Then it will be argued that Indirect Recursion captures the Strong Minimalist Thesis, which allows periodic Transfer and interpretation. Why is recursion delayed and not immediate? It is argued that an interpretation of Generalized Transformations in the spirit of Tree Adjoining Grammar offers a route to explanation. A labeling algorithm combines with Generalized Transformations to provide different labels for recursive structures projection. Recursion is then achieved by substitution of a recursive node for a simple node. One simple case is to substitute a Maximal Projection for a simple non-branching lexical node. A more complex case — essential to acquisition — is to substitute a category for a lexical string. Consequently, a computational ‘psychological reality’ can be attributed to explain why recursion requires an extra step for the addition of each recursive construction on the acquisition path.

Two-stage diver tracking in a high-clutter harbor environment.

One approach to detecting swimmers with active sonar is to deploy a larger number of relatively simple nodes and network them together. Instead of using a complex multi-element phased array with electronic beamforming, this system uses air-backed parabolic reflectors, each with an omni-directional transducer. To avoid performance degrading acoustic interactions, the available operating frequency band is managed at the channel level. The physical configuration of this sonar system presents challenges for tracking through and across beams, and between nodes. Swimmers can exhibit low target strength and the acoustic clutter fields can be dense and highly dynamic. To detect and track swimmers in this environment, we employ a windowed Hough-transform (HT) tracker at the beam level. The HT has received wide use for track initiation. However, because of the processing gain required to continually track a weak target in such a significant clutter field, the HT is used in this case to maintain as well as to initiate tracks. The single- and multi-node tracker is a Kalman-based, multi-object tracker capable of tracking any number of stationary, constant-velocity and/or maneuvering targets. The multi-node tracker receives fused observations as inputs and creates accurate estimates based on the target position, velocity, and acceleration.

Case of the Season: Osteosarcoma of the Breast

Acase of high-grade extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the breast is reported. Features of the tumor on mammography and ultrasound are described and illustrated. Pathologic analysis is presented to include the histologic and cytologic features of the tumor. Literature review concerning tumor features, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical management is outlined. Case Report A 54-year-old white woman with a medical history significant for bipolar affective disorder and hypertension presented with a palpable mass in her left breast. Given the patient’s psychiatric history, pertinent details concerning her medical history are few. Screening mammography demonstrated a 3.5-cm lobular mass in the medial left breast. Clinical examination demonstrated a golf ball-sized mass located at the 9-o’clock position in the left breast. Diagnostic mammography 1 month later demonstrated a 3.43.73.8-cm lobular mass with partially circumscribed and partially indistinct margins, which had increased in size when compared with the patient’s previous study (Figs. 1 and 2). Extensive calcifications within the mass suggested bony metaplasia or osteoidformation(Fig.3).High-resolutionsonographydemonstrated a densely shadowing mass, compatible with the extensive calcification seen on mammography. Increased through transmission was also present (Fig. 4). Doppler evaluation demonstrated marked surrounding vascularity. A 14-gauge ultrasound guided core biopsy of the lesion was performed, which resulted in a pathologic diagnosis of a high-grade neoplasm with a focal epitheloid appearance intermixed with a prominent osseous component. A pankeratin/CAM5 stain showed no definite epithelial component. ER, PR, and Her-2/neu stains were all negative. The differential diagnosis included osteosarcoma versus a metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation. Complete excision was recommended. A simple mastectomy and sentinel lymph node dissection were performed, with no lymph node metastasis found. Macroscopic pathologic examination of the specimen from the left breast revealed a 3.1 3 2.5-cm ill-defined, firm white-tan-pink, focally hemorrhagic, diffusely calcified, granular mass with 10% to 15% necrotic extent. Specifically, the tumor demonstrated 52 mitotic figures per 10 high-powered fields. Venous and lymphatic invasion were absent. Additionalpathologicfindingsincludedasmallfocusofatypical lobular hyperplasia with microcalcifications.

Design of wireless sensor network and its application for structural health monitoring of cable-stayed bridge

A low-cost wireless sensor network (WSN) solution with highly expandable super and simple nodes was developed. The super node was designed as a sensing unit as well as a receiving terminal with low energy consumption. The simple node was designed to serve as a cheaper alternative for large-scale deployment. A 12-bit ADC inputs and DAC outputs were reserved for sensor boards to ease the sensing integration. Vibration and thermal field tests of the Chi-Lu Bridge were conducted to evaluate the WSN's performance. Integral acceleration, temperature and tilt sensing modules were constructed to simplify the task of long-term environmental monitoring on this bridge, while a star topology was used to avoid collisions and reduce power consumption. We showed that, given sufficient power and additional power amplifier, the WSN can successfully be active for more than 7 days and satisfy the half bridge 120-meter transmission requirement. The time and frequency responses of cables shocked by external force and temperature variations around cables in one day were recorded and analyzed. Finally, guidelines on power characterization of the WSN platform and selection of acceleration sensors for structural health monitoring applications were given.

Cluster-Based Ranging for Accurate Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

A novel ranging technique based on received signal strength (RSS) and suitable to indoor scenarios is illustrated. In the proposed technique, multiple power measurements, associated with the signals radiated by a cluster of nodes surrounding a given target, are jointly processed to improve the quality of RSS-based estimation of the distance between the target and an anchor. Specific algorithms for the generation of a cluster and for the acquisition of power measurements are described. Simulation results show that, when used in indoor positioning systems, the proposed ranging technique is substantially more accurate than noncooperative strategies. In addition, it allows to concentrate significant processing tasks in a limited number of fixed anchors, so reducing maintenance costs and making it possible to adopt cheap and simple portable wireless nodes.

Exact boundary observability for quasilinear wave equations in a planar tree-like network of strings

In this paper the local exact boundary observability is established by means of a constructive method for quasilinear wave equations on a planar tree-like network of strings with general topology and the number of the observed values is equal to the number of simple nodes minus one.

Frequency-Domain Modeling of Transients in Pipe Networks with Compound Nodes Using a Laplace-Domain Admittance Matrix

An alternative to modeling the transient behavior of pipeline systems in the time domain is to model these systems in the frequency domain using Laplace transform techniques. A limitation with traditional frequency-domain pipeline models is that they are only able to deal with systems of a limited class of configuration. Despite the development of a number of recent Laplace-domain network models for arbitrarily configured systems, the current formulations are designed for systems comprised only of pipes and simple node types such as reservoirs and junctions. This paper presents a significant generalization of existing network models by proposing a framework that allows not only complete flexibility with regard to the topological structure of a network, but also, encompasses nodes with dynamic components of a more general class (such as air vessels, valves, and capacitance elements). This generalization is achieved through a novel decomposition of the nodal dynamics for inclusion into a Laplace-domain network admittance matrix. A symbolic example is given demonstrating the development of the network admittance matrix and numerical examples are given comparing the proposed method to the method of characteristics for 11-pipe and 51-pipe networks.

Remote Repeater-Based EPON With MAC Forwarding for Long-Reach and High-Split-Ratio Passive Optical Networks

The Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is one of the most viable optical access technologies for the provision of broadband services to users. However, the scalability of EPON has become a limiting factor in realizing network architecture with large coverage and a high number of subscribers. EPONs with longer reach and higher split ratios have been successfully demonstrated by researchers to overcome the physical limitations of reach and split ratio of the standard PON architecture. Nevertheless, the 1 Gb/s bandwidth that is shared among a larger number of users degrades the efficiency of EPON especially in terms of the data rate utilized by each user. In this paper, we propose a simple active remote node (RN) with a media access control (MAC) forwarding scheme for an EPON network to achieve improved network performance and overcome bandwidth limitations arising from higher split ratios. The scheme works in conjunction with EPON protocols and does not modify the underlying functionalities of the network. The simulation results show a large improvement in latency (up to 90 ms of improvement) and up to 18% of enhancement in capacity or a 16% increase in the number of users with the use of the active RN structure.

Simulation of crack growth using cohesive crack method

We present an effective cohesive discrete crack method in the context of the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) in order to study fracture of concrete structures. The discrete crack approach is based on the visibility method and a simple node splitting scheme. We also present an effective implementation of the visibility method and an iteration free algorithm by including the cohesive force term directly into the stiffness equations. The crack is represented by straight-line segments and the cohesive zone model is employed to model the post-localization behavior of concrete. The method is applied to several examples involving mode I and mixed-mode fracture. These results are compared to experimental data and show good agreement.

Heterotopic breast tissue versus occult metastatic carcinoma in lymph node, a diagnostic dilemma

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer in women and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. We report a case of a patient who underwent bilateral simple mastectomies and right sentinel node biopsy for invasive lobular carcinoma in the right breast. An ipsilateral sentinel lymph node showed a microscopic focus of ductal elements. Although residual lobular carcinoma was identified in the right breast, no ductal carcinoma was identified in either breast. The ducts were discrete distributed in a 3-mm focus in the lymph node parenchyma as well as the subcapsular sinus. By immunohistochemistry, the ducts were positive for cytokeratin, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor and did not show a myoepithelial layer by P63 or smooth-muscle myosin heavy-chain staining. The differential diagnosis includes heterotopic epithelial inclusions and benign mechanical transport. Mechanical transport of the breast tissue was ruled out because primary tumor type in the breast and the ductal structures in the lymph nodes were of different types. The diagnosis of occult metastatic tumor was based on the lack of the myoepithelial layers associated with the ductal structures. The diagnostic dilemma of the differential diagnoses is discussed, and pertinent literature is reviewed.

Exact boundary controllability for quasilinear wave equations in a planar tree-like network of strings

In this paper the local exact boundary controllability for quasilinear wave equations on a planar tree-like network of strings is established and the number of boundary controls is equal to the number of simple nodes minus 1.

Modeling the effect of node synchronization times in ultra-wideband wireless networks

Ultra-wideband wireless (UWB) can provide the physical layer for high-throughput personal area networks. When UWB is used for communication between many nodes, relatively long acquisition times are needed when dropping and re-establishing wireless links between the nodes. This paper describes the development and use of mathematical and simulation models to investigate the impact of dropping and reacquiring links between nodes on average packet delay; we also consider the performance of the alternative strategy of forwarding packets through intermediate nodes without breaking the established wireless links. The work presented here assumes that no specific MAC layer protocol, such as WiMedia UWB MAC, is in operation. The paper describes the models, explains the selection of modeling parameters used, compares the average packet delay for a network of three simple UWB nodes and for a ring of ten UWB nodes and explains the use of these results for network design engineers.

Development and Evaluation of two Memory Architectures for the Hardware Version of CNN Face Recognizer

The design of the proposed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for face image recognition takes the constraints on the bandwidth of the communications between memory and processor into the account. The coarse grained parallelism which performed in the bottom layer node's calculations is reduced in consequent manner until the calculation of one simple node in the upper layer is achieved sequentially. Two methods of segmentation are used to buffer the image data required for these parallel to sequential calculations from the image RAM to multi-port RAMs. A comparison between these two methods with respect to the whole number of RAM access required to generate the system recognition code is performed. A speedup of 44 is achieved when the hardware system is implemented with the using of the 1st method of segmentation as compared to a Pentium 4, 2.4 GHz sequential computer software implementation. While a speedup of 88 is achieved when the same hardware system is implemented but with the using of the 2nd segmentation method, compared to the same mentioned sequential computer. Keywords: convolution neural networks, parallel processing, memory architecture.

Modeling and simulation of WDM optical networks under traffic control protocols

A proper node architecture design capable to support different network protocol enhances the data transport capability of a wavelength division multiplexed system. In the present paper a simple node architecture model has been developed to simulate the node throughput based on media access control protocols for bursty data traffic of variable time slot duration and data rate. An appropriate mathematical model has been derived to evaluate different types of traffic reservation protocols used in WDM networks. It has been observed that the network performance is well controlled through implemented protocols and network design parameters.

Relationship between structure and information processing in Physarum polycephalum

Mechatronics often involves connectionist information processing. Many connectionist models of the human nervous system, such as artificial neural networks, have concentrated on the interactions between neurons. Cells in these models are typically represented as simple nodes. However, single-celled organisms have a wide range of responses that allow them to thrive in a demanding environment. Recently, information processing by single-celled organisms has been demonstrated experimentally. An archetypal example of single cell computing is maze traversal by Physarum polycephalum, a giant single-celled organism. Here, we give a preliminary demonstration that information processing in Physarum can be modelled and understood in terms of standard artificial intelligence (such as search, path finding and ant colony optimisation) constructs and known physiological responses.

Evolution from TDM-PON to WDM-overlaid PON employing a wavelength-conversion node

A cost-effective and smooth evolution scheme from a time-division multiplexing–passive optical network (TDM-PON) to a WDM-overlaid PON that can provide high-speed fiber-to-the-home service to a wide area with a high population density is proposed. Existing optical transmitters of TDM-PON optical network units (ONUs) are reusable by employing a wavelength-conversion node at the ONU site, which transforms the wavelength of each ONU to a predefined WDM wavelength. A specially designed optical router is needed at a remote node site; it should broadcast downstream signals to each ONU, routing upstream ONU signals to a wavelength-conversion node and passing the wavelength-converted signal to an optical line terminal. A simple but efficient remote node structure is proposed. A wavelength conversion node should be designed carefully since it repeats burst-mode signals from multiple ONUs. A 2R repeater-based wavelength conversion node is suggested. Performance of various schemes is analyzed and their measurement results are provided.

Remarks on interpolation in certain linear spaces (IV)

In the papers [5], [6], [7] we shall study a way of extending the model of interpolating the real functions, with simple nodes, to the case of the functions defined between linear spaces, especially between linear normed spaces. In order to keep as many characteristics as possible from the case of the interpolation of real functions, in this paper we present a model of construction of the abstract interpolation polynomials and the divided differences based on the properties of multilinear mappings. The aim of the present paper is the study of the conduct of the abstract interpolation polynomial, in the case when the function for interpolation is a abstract polynomial. In the last part we will construct the abstract interpolation polynomial and the divided differences, in the case in which the spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) have finite dimensions.

On Adaptive Refinement Analysis for the Coupled Boundary Element Method—Reproducing Kernel Particle Method

An adaptive refinement procedure for the coupled boundary element-reproducing kernel particle method (coupled BE-RKPM) is suggested. The procedure is developed by combining a h-adaptive BEM refinement scheme based on the residual approach and an adaptive RKPM refinement scheme based on an extraction type a posteriori error estimator. During the adaptive refinement process for the coupled analysis, the displacement compatibility condition along the interface boundary of the BEM and the RKPM domains is maintained by using a penalty approach and a simple node spacing adjustment procedure. Thus, no specially formulated finite element is required along the interface boundary between the RKPM and the BEM domains. Numerical examples show that the suggested procedure significantly reduces the effect of singularity and nearly optimal convergence rate is obtained.

A FAST ALGORITHM FOR BANDWIDTH MINIMIZATION

We propose a simple and direct node shifting method with hill climbing for the well-known matrix bandwidth minimization problem. Many heuristics have been developed for this NP-complete problem including the Cuthill-McKee (CM) and the Gibbs, Poole and Stockmeyer (GPS) algorithms. Recently, heuristics such as Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search and GRASP have been used, where Tabu Search and the GRASP with Path Relinking achieved significantly better solution quality than the CM and GPS algorithms. Experimentation shows that our method achieves the best solution quality when compared with these while being much faster than newly-developed algorithms.

Nonlinear Diffusion Through Large Complex Networks Containing Regular Subgraphs

Transport through generalized trees is considered. Trees contain the simple nodes and supernodes, either well-structured regular subgraphs or those with many triangles. We observe a superdiffusion for the highly connected nodes while it is Brownian for the rest of the nodes. Transport within a supernode is affected by the finite size effects vanishing as N → ∞. For the even dimensions of space, d = 2, 4, 6,..., the finite size effects break down the perturbation theory at small scales and can be regularized by using the heat-kernel expansion.