Simple Linkage Research Articles

Time Series Analysis and Forecast of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India using Genetic Programming.

COVID-19 declared as a global pandemic by WHO, has emerged as the most aggressive disease, impacting more than 90% countries of the world. The virus started from a single human being in China, is now increasing globally at a rate of 3% to 5% daily and has become a never ending process. Some studies even predict that the virus will stay with us forever. India being the second most populous country of the world, is also not saved, and the virus is spreading as a community level transmitter. Therefore, it become really important to analyse the possible impact of COVID-19 in India and forecast how it will behave in the days to come. In present work, prediction models based on genetic programming (GP) have been developed for confirmed cases (CC) and death cases (DC) across three most affected states namely Maharashtra, Gujarat and Delhi as well as whole India. The proposed prediction models are presented using explicit formula, and impotence of prediction variables are studied. Here, statistical parameters and metrics have been used for evaluated and validate the evolved models. From the results, it has been found that the proposed GEP-based models use simple linkage functions and are highly reliable for time series prediction of COVID-19 cases in India.

Identification Bacterial Contaminant in Semiarundinaria fastuosa Tissue Culture

Bamboo is one of the plants which propagated by tissue culture technique however, the emergence of microbial contaminant caused decrease of bamboo production. A type of microbe that caused the contamination on Semiarundinaria fastuosa tissue culture is bacteria. This study aimed to isolate bacterial contaminant and understanding its biodiversity. Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization were done by observing morphology, physiological test, biochemical test, identification and numeric phenetic analysis. Twelve bacterial contaminants was isolated and based on profile matching with Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, six isolate was a member of genus Bacillus, one isolate Enterococcus, two isolate Xenorhabdus, one isolate Morococcus, one isolate Corynebacterium, and one isolate belongs to genus Sarcina. A dendrogram created using Simple Matching coefficient (SSM) parameter and average linkage algorithm shown that on the 71% similarity index, all 12 OTU was grouped in one cluster. However, a dendrogram produced by Jaccard’s coefficient (SJ) parameter and average linkage algorithm on 70% similarity index divided 12 OTU on to 12 clusters.

The Effect of Large Deflections of Joints on Foldable Miniature Robot Dynamics

In miniature robotics applications, compliant mechanisms are widely used because of their scalability. In addition, compliant mechanism architecture is compatible with the manufacturing methods used to fabricate small scale robots, such as “foldable robotics”, where the size and the materials used allow much larger deflections. In this paper, the kinematics of compliant mechanisms used in miniature foldable robots are investigated with the assumption of nonlinear large deflections that occur at the flexure joints. The solution of the large beam deflection is acquired using elliptic integrals and is verified with finite element analysis and experiments on a simple small foldable leg linkage. The large deflection model takes joint strain energies into account and yields accurate estimations for load capacity of the mechanism as well as the necessary input torque for actuation of the leg. Therefore, the model presented can be used to estimate the load capacity of a miniature robot, as well as to select appropriate actuators. The work is also extended to estimate the compliant leg kinematics and rigid body dynamics of a foldable robot. The robot’s large deflection simulation results are compared with experiments and a simplified rigid-link pin-joint kinematic model. Our results demonstrate the modeling accuracy of the two approaches and can be used by foldable robotics community when deciding on the strategy to choose for modeling their robots.

The Organization Power For The coaches of the ɪraqi Football Teams Futsal for The Iraqi Super League From Footballers Point of View

The research aims to: - 1- Building a Scale for the sources of the organization power for the coaches of the Futsal teams in the super Iraqi leagues . 2- ɪdentifying the levels to the sources of the organization power for the Futsal teams coaches in the Iraqi super leagues from footballer point of views . The description programme had been used by the survey method and it included two samples . The build and the final application ( 182 / 120 ) footballers in frequently fram the super Iraqi league teams and to got the data then built the gauge of the organization power to apply it in default of the scientific conditions on it . The data had been corrected by counting using the arithmetic and the standard deviation with the simple linkage by Getmans equalization and Alphakrunbakhs operator . The two investigator deduced many things as impartant :- 1- Gauges ability of the organization power by the coaches which had built by the investingators of the Iraqi super leagues teams in futsal . 2- The coaches had very high level of the organization power and there is a contrast in using the sources of this power from footballers point of view and under these indicators :- A- The coaches had offered (( very high )) Levels in exploiting the Expert power . B- The coaches demonstrated (( very high )) Levels in their having the Referent power . C- The coaches had gotten (( very high )) Levels in acting the source of the legitimate power . D- The coaches had gotten (( high )) Levels in using Reward power . E- The coaches had used (( coercive power )) in (( Middle )) Levels . The two investigators advised many tips :- 1- The ability of depending on the gauges of the sitting education to evaluate the coaches organization power from the players point of views .

Genome-wide association study of important agronomic traits within a core collection of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

BackgroundCultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the staple food for over half of the world’s population. Thus, improvement of cultivated rice is important for the development of the world. It has been shown that abundant elite genes exist in rice landraces in previous studies.ResultsA genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed with EMMAX for 12 agronomic traits measured in both Guangzhou and Hangzhou was carried out using 150 accessions of Ting’s core collection selected based on 48 phenotypic traits from 2262 accessions of Ting’s collection, the GWAS included more than 3.8 million SNPs. Within Ting’s core collection, which has a simple population structure, low relatedness, and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay, we found 32 peaks located closely to previously cloned genes such as Hd1, SD1, Ghd7, GW8, and GL7 or mapped QTL, and these loci might be natural variations in the cloned genes or QTL which influence potentially agronomic traits. Furthermore, we also detected 32 regions where new genes might be located, and some peaks of these new candidate genes such as the signal on chromosome 11 for heading days were even higher than that of Hd1. Detailed annotation of these significant loci were shown in this study. Moreover, according to the estimated LD decay distance of 100 to 350 kb on the 12 chromosomes in this study, we found 13 identical significant regions in the two locations.ConclusionsThis research provided important information for further mining these elite genes within Ting’s core collection and using them for rice breeding.

A novel immuno-PCR method using cDNA display

Immuno-PCR (IPCR) provides sensitive and versatile detection of a variety of antigens by conjugating a PCR-amplifiable DNA reporter to a specific antibody or an aptamer. Several methodologies have been developed to prepare appropriate DNA-antibody conjugates, but in most cases, it remains difficult to label polypeptides with high site-specificity and fixed stoichiometry. To address this issue, we first demonstrated the feasibility of IPCR based on cDNA display, a 1:1 covalent complex of a polypeptide and its encoding cDNA via puromycin at the single molecule level. Several other in vitro display technologies (e.g., ribosome display, mRNA display) have similar simple nucleic acid-peptide linkage. However, they should be unsuitable for diagnostic applications because of their lability against heat and RNase. The newly developed system here, termed cDNA display mediated immuno-PCR (cD-IPCR), proved to work in direct- and sandwich-type detection of target proteins. Detection of a target in serum was also possible, using a VHH (variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain antibody) antibody as a binding molecule. Although further improvement on sensitivity and quantitativity is necessary before the method becomes useful, we believe this work demonstrated a potential of cD-IPCR as an alternative novel format of IPCR.

Evaluate the Roles of Coaches By Enhancing The Footballers Sportsmanship of The Super Iraqi Leagues in Futsal

The research aims to: - 1- Scale building by Erected the gauges for enhancing the footballers sports manship of the Iraqi footballers coaches in Futsal from the footballers point of view . 2- Identifyingthe levels for enhancing the footballers manship Sport that which act by the Iraqi footballers coaches in futsal the super Iraqi leagues from the footballers point of view . The description programme had been used by the survey method and it included two samples , the build and the final application ( 182 / 120 ) footballers in frequently for the super Iraqi league teams and to get data of enhancing the manship sports whish had built and applied it in default of the scientific conditions on it . The data had been corrected by counting with using the arithmetic the standard deviation and the simple linkage with Gettman equalization and Alpha Cronbach operator . The two investigatars deduced many things like :- 1- Ability Gauges for enhancing the footballers manship sports by the coaches which had built in the super Iraqi leauges teams in futsal . 2- The footballers Iraqi coaches in futsal have got a very high interested in enhancing the footballers manship sports by acting the inclusive vision with developing its sides . The two investigators advised many tips :- 1- The ability of depending on the sitting education gouges to evaluate the role of coaches in enhancing the players manshipsports . Encourage the coaches to keep their a distinct roles in enhancing the players manship sports and encourage them to go on with the central Iraqi union of football and their configuration managers of their clubs .

A Screw Approach to the Approximation of the Local Geometry of the Configuration Space and of the Set of Configurations of Certain Rank of Lower Pair Linkages

Abstract A motion of a mechanism is a curve in its configuration space (c-space). Singularities of the c-space are kinematic singularities of the mechanism. Any mobility analysis of a particular mechanism amounts to investigating the c-space geometry at a given configuration. A higher-order analysis is necessary to determine the finite mobility. To this end, past research leads to approaches using higher-order time derivatives of loop closure constraints assuming (implicitly) that all possible motions are smooth. This continuity assumption limits the generality of these methods. In this paper, an approach to the higher-order local mobility analysis of lower pair multiloop linkages is presented. This is based on a higher-order Taylor series expansion of the geometric constraint mapping, for which a recursive algebraic expression in terms of joint screws is presented. An exhaustive local analysis includes analysis of the set of constraint singularities (configurations where the constraint Jacobian has certain corank). A local approximation of the set of configurations with certain rank is presented, along with an explicit expression for the differentials of Jacobian minors in terms of instantaneous joint screws. The c-space and the set of points of certain corank are therewith locally approximated by an algebraic variety determined algebraically from the mechanism's screw system. The results are shown for a simple planar 4-bar linkage, which exhibits a bifurcation singularity and for a planar three-loop linkage exhibiting a cusp in c-space. The latter cannot be treated by the higher-order local analysis methods proposed in the literature.

Glycosylation of HIV Env Impacts IgG Subtype Responses to Vaccination.

The envelope protein (Env) is the only surface protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and as such the exclusive target for protective antibody responses. Experimental evidences from mouse models suggest a modulating property of Env to steer antibody class switching towards the less effective antibody subclass IgG1 accompanied with strong TH2 helper responses. By simple physical linkage we were able to imprint this bias, exemplified by a low IgG2a/IgG1 ratio of antigen-specific antibodies, onto an unrelated antigen, namely the HIV capsid protein p24. Here, our results indicate the glycan moiety of Env as the responsible immune modulating activity. Firstly, in Card9−/− mice lacking specific C-Type lectin responsiveness, DNA immunization significantly increased the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio for the Env-specific antibodies while the antibody response against the F-protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) serving as control antigen remained unchanged. Secondly, sequential shortening of the Env encoding sequence revealed the C2V3 domain as responsible for the strong IgG1 responses and TH2 cytokine production. Removing all potential N-glycosylation sites from the C2V3 domain by site-specific mutagenesis reversed the vaccine-induced immune response towards a Th1-dominated T-cell response and a balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Accordingly, the stretch of oligomannose glycans in the C2V3 domain of Env might mediate a specific uptake and/or signaling modus in antigen presenting cells by involving interaction with an as yet unknown C-type lectin receptor. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of Env glycosylation on HIV antigen-specific immune responses, which will further support HIV vaccine development.

First simple sequence repeat-based genetic linkage map reveals a major QTL for leafing time in walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most important nut tree species. Simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic linkage maps are valuable and effective tools for studies on integrative and comparative mapping. The data available in literature on walnut is inadequate for linkage mapping. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to construct the first SSR-based genetic linkage map using the ‘Chandler’ × ‘Kaplan-86’ F1 population and to identify QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) for leafing time in walnut. A total of 386 SSRs were mapped to 16 linkage groups (LGs) after screening 1437 SSR primer pairs. Among the mapped markers, 166 SSRs (43.0%) were heterozygous in both the parents, whereas 113 (29.3%) and 107 (27.7%) markers were from one of the parents that were integrated into the female and male maps, respectively. The total length of the consensus map was 1568.2 cM, with an average length of 98.0 cM. It included an average of 24.1 markers per LG, and the mean distance between SSR markers was 4.3 cM. The Chandler maternal linkage map included 279 SSR markers of total map length 1285.8 cM, whereas the Kaplan-86 male genetic map contained 273 SSRs of total map length 1574.4 cM. The SSR-based linkage maps presented in this study are moderately dense and can be considered as a fundamental genetic linkage map for further genetic and molecular studies in walnut, as well as in other Juglans species. A major QTL was identified for leafing time on LG4 explaining 52.0–68.8% of the phenotypic variation at similar positions in parental and consensus maps. The identified QTL region with associate markers can be potential for marker-assisted selection in the future for walnut breeding programs.

Integrating a gradient–based difference operator with machine learning techniques in right heart segmentation

In this research a three step method for right heart segmentation based on a gradient-based difference operator and machine learning techniques is reported. The proposed method is applied to human heart multi-slice computerized tomography (MSCT) volumes. The first step is the preprocessing, where a gradient-based difference operator is applied to exploit the functional relationship between the original input image and its edge enhanced version. In the second step, the least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) are used with a double purpose. First, an appropriate volume-of-interest is automatically established in order to isolate the structure to segment. Second, another LSSVM is trained for locating the voxels required for initializing the seed based clustering procedure. In the third step (segmentation step), the preprocessed volumes are subsequently processed with an unsupervised clustering technique based on simple linkage region growing. Dice score is used as a metric function to compare the segmentations obtained using the proposed method with respect to ground truth volumes traced by a cardiologist. The right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle and venae cavae are segmented from 80 cardiac MSCT volumes. Reported metrics confirm that this method is a promising technique for right heart segmentation.

Design and kinematic analysis of a 3-RRR spherical parallel manipulator reconfigured with four–bar linkages

Abstract In this paper, the 3-RRR spherical parallel manipulator (SPM) of co-axis input is redesigned with reconfigurability. By utilizing a simple four-bar linkage, the SPM is able to change virtually the dimensions of driving links. The new design allows the SPM reconfigurable for investigation of the influence of the link dimensions on the kinematic and dynamic performance of the SPM. Moreover, the new design can be used directly for the applications such as flight simulator. In this paper, the workspace, dexterity and singularity of the new design are investigated, considering the effect of an adjustable link dimension onto the manipulator performance. The relationship between the varying link dimension in a prescribed range and the operational workspace is studied, with some new results on workspace and dexterity of the SPM revealed.

QTL mapping of flag leaf-related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Key messageQTL controlling flag leaf length, flag leaf width, flag leaf area and flag leaf angle were mapped in wheat.This study aimed to advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying morphological traits of the flag leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from ND3331 and the Tibetan semi-wild wheat Zang1817 was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), flag leaf area (FLA), and flag leaf angle (FLANG). Using an available simple sequence repeat genetic linkage map, 23 putative QTLs for FLL, FLW, FLA, and FLANG were detected on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3A, 3D, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7B, and 7D. Individual QTL explained 4.3–68.52% of the phenotypic variance in different environments. Four QTLs for FLL, two for FLW, four for FLA, and five for FLANG were detected in at least two environments. Positive alleles of 17 QTLs for flag leaf-related traits originated from ND3331 and 6 originated from Zang1817. QTLs with pleiotropic effects or multiple linked QTL were also identified on chromosomes 1B, 4B, and 5A; these are potential target regions for fine-mapping and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.

Four-bar linkage modeling and kinematics analysis of an in-vessel transfer system for Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor

A Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) as a Generation IV (Gen-IV) advanced type of nuclear fission energy requires a fuel transfer machine (or a refueling system). It is employed to exchange spent fuel-assemblies during plant operation and other failed core assemblies (CAs). The refueling system provides a means of transporting, storing and handling reactor CAs. For the refueling system of the Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (PGSFR), developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), the PGSFR refueling mechanism was modeled in this paper for the refueling planning, and its kinematics analysis (mathematical steps for forward and inverse kinematics) revealed interesting results by a simple and efficient 2D four-bar linkage system as a kinematics model. This paper argues that restricting coupler link movements is far better not only for more suitable solution forms but also for dynamic safety guarding against collisions with neighboring structures than setting an orientation of the gripper. Computer simulation results in all the angular position information based on the proposed approach report that the total rotation angles of the gripper link for all the core-to-core locations is less than 90° by restricting the coupler link. It was concluded that refueling with the middle component motion restricted is a safe operation strategy with other computational benefits. By taking advantages of the proposed approach, the refueling system can be ready for more precise and safe operations confirmed by kinematics solutions for all of the target core-assembly locations.

Design and Fabrication of Wheelchair Cum Stretcher

The number of disabled and physically weak, handicapped persons are increasing day by day. Therefore transportation medium is required for patients. Wheelchair and stretchers are commonly used in hospitals. And this medical equipment is used for transferring patients from one place to another. And during transferring patients creates problems to patients and also creates problems for attendant and nurse. Sometimes it creates problems to patient. And transferring patient from wheelchair to stretcher, stretcher to bed, and bed to wheelchair is always issue for both hospital staff and family members of patient. This system causes stress, body pain to patients and sometimes chances to sleep down the patient. Understanding the various issues regarding the mobility equipment a better design will be an asset for medical field and helpful for disabled person. This paper presents the design and fabrication of wheelchair cum stretcher. This project is specially design for patient to transfer patient from bed to wheelchair and wheelchair to stretcher. This innovation helps medical staff to transfer patient from chair to bed very easily because chair become a stretcher and it is adjustable to height of bed. Conversion of wheelchair to stretcher and vice versa is achieved by simple linkage mechanism which is manually operated easy mechanism. Also the height of stretcher can be adjusted using hydraulic jack manually. It is placed in horizontal position. These jacks push against a lever, which lifts the main lift arm. This is a cost reducing Project which helps patients to do their daily things.

Clearance-induced output position uncertainty of planar linkages with revolute and prismatic joints

The paper presents the first kinematic model to quantify the effects of the joint clearance stack up on the nominal output link position of linkages containing revolute and prismatic joints. It demonstrates the modeling of each joint clearance, how the clearance stacks up is formed, and how the position uncertainty is affected by each joint clearance as well as the combination of all joint clearances. The novelty lies on the simplicity of the kinematic model resulted from the use of Ting's rotatability laws. For the worst case scenario, a chaotic clearance induced output uncertainty analysis at a nominal position of an N-bar linkage is reduced to a simple four-bar linkage analysis. The treatment is valid for all single loop N-bar linkages containing revolute and prismatic joints. The proposed kinematic model is showcased with a slider crank mechanism and an inverted slider crank mechanism.

Study of the construction and working principle of tendon type multi fingered robotic gripper

It is proposed to study the construction and working principle of Tendon type multi fingered Robotic gripper. The criterion for gripper selection is tendon driven and anthromorphic. It has a simple mechanism to grasp irregular shaped objects. To achieve this goal we intend to incorporate a simple linkage actuation mechanism. A tendon is used to actuate the fingers of the gripper using pulley and low flanged cylinder arrangement. One end of the tendons is wound about the low flanged cylinder whereas the other end is hinged to the finger tip. The low flanged cylinder is coupled to a geared D.C. Motor. Each revolute joint of the finger and thumb has a pulley over which the tensioning and loosening tendon is mounted in opposite directions. Each finger has three revolute joints and thumb has two revolute joint. The gripper can perform the basic function of picking, holding and grasping of objects. The tendoning of the revolute joints mechanism is such that it provides the gripper the ability to conform to the object topology.

Design, Analysis, and Optimization of an Acute Stroke Gait Rehabilitation Device

Stroke is one of the leading causes of adult physical disability, and rehabilitation and hospitalization costs for stroke are among the highest for all injuries. Current rehabilitation techniques are labor intensive and time consuming for therapists and difficult to perform effectively. Research suggests that starting rehabilitation during the acute or subacute stage of recovery results in better outcomes than therapy delivered in the chronic stage. To improve the gait rehabilitation process, robot-assisted gait rehabilitation has gained much interest over the past years. However, many robot-assisted rehabilitation devices have limitations; one of which is being bulky and complex to handle. Large and expensive devices that require special training to operate are less attractive to clinics and therapists, and ultimately less likely to be available to patients especially at the early stage of stroke. To address these limitations, this research proposes a new gait rehabilitation device called the linkage design gait trainer (LGT). The device is based on a walking frame design with a simple four-bar linkage “end-effector” mechanism to generate normal gait trajectories during general walking and exercise. The design of the four-bar linkage mechanism was optimized for a particular gait pattern. A prototype of the device was developed and tested. The kinematics of the device itself and gait kinematics with and without assistance from the device were recorded and analyzed using an optical motion capture system. The results show the linkage mechanism is able to guide the leg of the user during over ground walking. There were some differences in the hip (20.5 deg RMS) and knee (14.8 deg RMS) trajectory between the person walking with and without the device assistance. The study demonstrated the concept and feasibility of this novel gait training device.

The Gediz River fluvial archive: A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia

The Gediz River, one of the principal rivers of Western Anatolia, has an extensive Pleistocene fluvial archive that potentially offers a unique window into fluvial system behaviour on the western margins of Asia during the Quaternary. In this paper we review our work on the Quaternary Gediz River Project (2001–2010) and present new data which leads to a revised stratigraphical model for the Early Pleistocene development of this fluvial system.In previous work we confirmed the preservation of eleven buried Early Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Gediz River (designated GT11, the oldest and highest, to GT1, the youngest and lowest) which lie beneath the basalt-covered plateaux of the Kula Volcanic Province. Deciphering the information locked in this fluvial archive requires the construction of a robust geochronology. Fortunately, the Gediz archive provides ample opportunity for age-constraint based upon age estimates derived from basaltic lava flows that repeatedly entered the palaeo-Gediz valley floors. In this paper we present, for the first time, our complete dataset of 40Ar/39Ar age estimates and associated palaeomagnetic measurements. These data, which can be directly related to the underlying fluvial deposits, provide age constraints critical to our understanding of this sequence.The new chronology establishes the onset of Quaternary volcanism at ∼1320ka (MIS42). This volcanism, which is associated with GT6, confirms a pre-MIS42 age for terraces GT11-GT7. Evidence from the colluvial sequences directly overlying these early terraces suggests that they formed in response to hydrological and sediment budget changes forced by climate-driven vegetation change. The cyclic formation of terraces and their timing suggests they represent the obliquity-driven climate changes of the Early Pleistocene. By way of contrast the GT5-GT1 terrace sequence, constrained by a lava flow with an age estimate of ∼1247ka, span the time-interval MIS42 – MIS38 and therefore do not match the frequency of climate change as previously suggested. The onset of volcanism breaks the simple linkage of terracing to climate-driven change. These younger terraces more likely reflect a localized terracing process triggered by base level changes forced by volcanic eruptions and associated reactivation of pre-existing faults, lava dam construction, landsliding and subsequent lava-dammed lake drainage.Establishing a firm stratigraphy and geochronology for the Early Pleistocene archive provides a secure framework for future exploitation of this part of the archive and sets the standard as we begin our work on the Middle-Late Pleistocene sequence. We believe this work forms a benchmark study for detailed Quaternary research in Turkey.

Fine mapping of a fertility restoring gene for a new CMS hybrid rice system

The Fujian Abortion cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-FA) system, a new type of sporophytic CMS system in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.), was developed using the cytoplasm and the corresponding fertility-restoring gene from a wild rice (O. rufipogon L.), which originated from Fujian Province, China. Previous studies in combination with several years of production practice demonstrated that CMS-FA hybrid rice was superior to CMS-WA hybrid rice, a prevailing hybrid rice worldwide, and that the male fertility restoration was controlled by a pair of dominant alleles. We tentatively designated the fertility restoration gene as Rf(fa). The analysis of the polymorphism between the fertile and sterile pool DNAs from a mapping segregation population (BC1F1) indicated that Rf(fa) was located on rice chromosome 10. We further delimited the Rf(fa) locus to a 121.1-kb region flanked by RM6100 and MM2023, which were approximately 0.26 cM and 0.18 cM away from Rf(fa), respectively, by simple sequence repeat molecular marker linkage genetic analysis. These results would facilitate the map-based cloning of Rf(fa), the elucidation of a novel molecular mechanism underlying cytoplasm–nucleus interaction in the CMS-FA system, and the production application of this hybrid rice.