Simple Hydrolysis Research Articles

Influence of yeast growth conditions and proteolytic enzymes on the amino acid profiles of yeast hydrolysates: Implications for taste and nutrition

This study investigated the effects of aerobic and anaerobic growth and proteolytic enzymes on the amino acid content of yeast hydrolysates in relation to taste and nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC5574 was grown under fed-batch aerobic or batch anaerobic conditions. Intracellular glutamic acid (Glu) concentrations were 18-fold higher in aerobic yeast.Hydrolysis with papain and alkaline protease released more amino acids (AA) than simple autolysis or hydrolysis with bromelain, most significantly when applied to aerobic yeast (∼2-fold increase). Autolysates and bromelain hydrolysates from aerobic yeast had low levels of bitter and essential AAs, with high levels of umami Glu. Papain and alkaline protease hydrolysates of aerobic yeast had high levels of umami, bitter and essential AAs. Autolysates/hydrolysates from anaerobic yeast had moderate, high, and low levels of bitter, essential and umami AAs.Selection of both yeast growth conditions and hydrolysis enzyme can manipulate the free AA profile and yield of hydrolysates.

In-situ template etching synthesis of BiON/BiOCl0.9I0.1 heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

Hierarchical heterostructures have emerged as promising candidates for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics owing to their matched energy levels and tunable absorption bands. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a heterojunction photocatalyst composed of basic bismuth nitrate (BiON) and BiOCl0.9I0.1 using a simple room-temperature hydrolysis method. Our results demonstrate that the BiON/BiOCl0.9I0.1 composite exhibits superior photodegradation performance compared to pure-phase materials owing to the catalytic enhancement at the heterointerface and the effective separation of the photogenerated carriers. Moreover, the unique three-dimensional microsphere morphology of the synthesized composite enhances its specific surface area and light absorption, further enhancing its photocatalytic activity. In the tetracycline (TC) photodegradation reaction as a model reaction, the catalyst could degrade 88% of TC in just 25 min. Overall, this work provides a promising strategy for the facile and low-cost synthesis of heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation materials.

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Enantiopure Amino Alcohols from Simple Methyl Ketones

AbstractThis study highlights the straight‐forward synthesis of substituted 1,2‐amino alcohols from simple and readily available aromatic methyl ketones. Starting from acetophenone derivatives, the straight‐forward synthesis strategy involved an initial bromination of the alpha‐positioned methyl group in the first step, followed by a simple hydrolysis to the hydroxyketone (2‐hydroxyacetophenone). The hydroxylated intermediate was subsequently converted from Silicibacter pomeroyi to the final 1,2‐amino alcohol by using the transaminase. The transaminase‐catalyzed reaction proceeded with yields up to 62 % and always excellent enantiomeric excess of >99 %. Interestingly, the keto‐enol‐tautomerism of the hydroxyl ketone yields an unexpected amino alcohol isomer.

Nanosized amorphous and nanocrystalline titania doped by Cr as novel, efficient, and cost-effective cool-colored nanopigments

Ceramic cool-colored nanopigments (NPGs) are becoming more promising in painting applications for their cooling and aesthetic performance. The phase structure and the doping by color elements play a crucial role in the performance of nanopigments. Throughout this study, pure titania (TiO2) and chromium (Cr)-doped TiO2 NPGs in nanosized amorphous and nanocrystals structures were synthesized using a simple hydrolysis route. The molar ratios of chromium (III) acetate hydroxide: titanium tetra isopropoxide are 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25%. The synthesized NPGs were studied as-synthesized and after annealing at 500oC and 700oC. X-ray diffraction analyses, FTIR and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were utilized to explore the microstructure and property of the synthesized NPGs. Also, surface area of the synthesized NPG samples was estimated by BET measurement. Optical property of synthesized NPGs was specified by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy. The combined influences of the annealing temperature and Cr addition on the phase structure, grain growth and near infrared (NIR) reflectivity of NPGs have been investigated. Pure white TiO2 NPG annealed at 700oC was displayed the higher NIR solar reflectance (R* = 94.72%) than the other investigated NPGs. The presence of Cr ion in annealed TiO2 NPGs caused a massive reduction in R* which is reaching out to 21.5% for the highest Cr concentration with annealing at 700oC. While the NIR reflectivity of as-synthesized pure TiO2 was slightly reduced from 87.49% to 77.05% as Cr ion content was increasing. The reflectance parameter in the visible region (RVIS*) was determined for the studied NPGs to define their aesthetic performance. Moreover, the color coordinates CIE (L*, a* &b*) and (ho, C*) were presented for the investigated NPGs according to the perpendicular form and the polar form, respectively.

Enhancing Polyantimonic-Based Materials’ Moisture Response with Binder Content Tuning

Humidity sensors are of huge importance in diverse domains. Several types of materials present a moisture-sensing capacity; however, frequently, their electrical response does not display time stability. Due to its high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and different conduction mechanism contributing to its overall conductivity, polyantimonic acid (PAA) is seen as a promising material for humidity-sensing devices. In the present work, crystalline PAA was obtained via a simple and safe hydrolysis technique using SbCl3 as a precursor. Bulky sensor samples were produced using different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (10–20 wt.% PVA) as a binder. The obtained PAA solid sensors were tested at room temperature (RT) in order to evaluate their moisture detection/measuring ability in the relative humidity range 0–100%; the evaluation was carried out with electrical impedance spectroscopy. The sample’s structure and morphology were studied using diverse experimental techniques (porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetry analysis, etc.). The sensors’ electrical response was in line with the found structural and morphological features. The slope of the resistance variation with an RH percentage concentration between 1 kΩ and 1.5 kΩ was noted for all sensors (showing no changes with time) in the interval between 30 and 100% RH. A good repeatability and reproducibility of the evaluated sensors’ electrical response was observed: the ones that displayed a higher sensitivity were the ones with a high PVA binder content, higher than previously published results for PAA, as well as a very good time stability along the time and low hysteresis.

A SIMPLE APPROACH TOWARDS TUNING MORPHOLOGY OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a purified cellulose derivative. It is a white, highly oriented form of cellulose most commonly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to its advantageous properties of high crystallinity, large surface area, good compressibility etc. MCC is a high value added material that is widely used in pharmaceutical companies. For such applications, a large surface area of MCC is important. In this study, MCC was prepared from cellulosic fibres with a specific cross-section, i.e. trilobal, to produce trilobal microcrystalline cellulose (TMCC), which has a large surface area. This MCC is produced by a simple acid hydrolysis process. The process parameters in the production of MCC were optimised to maintain the cross-sectional shape of the fibres, even after conversion to MCC. The obtained MCC was characterized by various analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), B.E.T surface and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The cross and longitudinal morphology of the produced MCC was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study shows that strong hydrolysis conditions, such as higher temperatures of 50 to 55 °C, lead to distortion of the cross-section, while lower reaction temperatures, i.e. 25 to 30 °C, help maintain a trilobal morphology. It was also found that the thermal stability of TMCC is higher, compared to that of regular MCC. The maximum decomposition temperature of TMCC was 304 °C, while it was 270 °C for regular MCC. The crystallinity index of all MCC was in a similar range. In addition, the water retention value (WRV) of TMCC was higher than that of circular MCC, indicating effectiveness of the increased surface area. The maximum WRV for MCC and TMCC was 66 and 85%, respectively.

Investigating the magnetic properties of rGO, and rGO-ZnO nanocomposite

In the present work, magnetic properties of the graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), rGO-ZnO hybrid (RGZ) nanocomposite and ZnO nanorods have been investigated. A simple hydrolysis method is used to synthesize (RGZ) nanocomposite and ZnO nanorods. The structural and the morphological studies are performed using XRD, TEM, FTIR, TGA and FESEM. Magnetic properties of the samples have been investigated through SQUID magnetometer. The as synthesized GO, rGO samples show diamagnetic behavior with weak ferromagnetic component at room temperature (RT) while at low temperatures (10 K) these samples exhibit paramagnetic behavior with small ferromagnetic signature. As synthesized ZnO nanorods exhibit weak ferromagnetism at RT. The RGZ nanocomposite exhibits weak ferromagnetic behavior at RT and the magnetization value is found greater than that of ZnO. Moreover, RGZ nanocomposite shows higher value of magnetization than GO, rGO and pure ZnO samples at low temperatures. Further, we have investigated the temperature dependent magnetization (M−T) in zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) conditions for ZnO nanorods, GO, rGO and rGO-ZnO samples at 100 Oe applied magnetic field. The possible mechanisms for magnetic behavior of rGO-ZnO composite are discussed and described in this manuscript.

EnT-Mediated Amino-Sulfonylation of Alkenes with Bifunctional Sulfonamides: Access to β-Amino Sulfone Derivatives.

β-Amino sulfones are commonly found structural motifs in biologically active compounds. Herein, we report a direct photocatalyzed amino-sulfonylation reaction of alkenes for the efficicient production of important compounds by simple hydrolysis without the need for additional oxidants and reductants. In this transformation, the sulfonamides worked as bifunctional reagents, simultaneously generating sulfonyl radicals and N-centered radicals which were added to alkene in a highly atom-economical fashion with high regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. This approach showed high functional group tolerance and compatibility, facilitating the late-stage modification of some bioactive alkenes and sulfonamide molecules, thereby expanding the biologically relevant chemical space. Scaling up this reaction led to an efficient green synthesis of apremilast, one of the best-selling pharmceuticals, demonstrating the synthetic utility of the applied method. Moreover, mechanistic investigations suggest that an energy transfer (EnT) process was in operation.

Tricine-supported polyoxo(alkoxo)lanthanide cluster {Ln15} (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb) with magnetic refrigerant and fluorescent properties

A family of polyoxo(alkoxo)lanthanide cluster {Ln₁₅} [Ln = Eu (<strong>1</strong>), Gd (<strong>2</strong>), Tb (<strong>3</strong>)] was successfully isolated via the simple hydrolysis reaction of lanthanide metal ions in the presence of tricine ligand. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the {Ln₁₅} display a wheel-like structure with a <em>µ</em>₅-chloride anion as template. Interestingly, each analogue shows distinctive function based on the different Ln(III) ions. The complexes <strong>1</strong> and <strong>3</strong> in solid state emitted the characteristic fluorescence of Eu(III) or Tb (III). The fluorescence lifetimes of ⁵<em>D</em>₀ excited state for <strong>1</strong> and ⁵<em>D</em>₄ excited state for <strong>3</strong> were tested and the values were 890 and 250 μs, respectively. For gadolinium analogue <strong>2</strong>, it exhibits magneto-caloric effect at ultralow temperatures with a maximum −Δ<em>S</em>_m value of 29.9 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ at 3 K and 7 T.

Core-Shell Structured Silica-Coated Iron Nanowires Composites for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties.

In this study, we successfully prepared core-shell heterostructured nanocomposites (Fe NWs@SiO2), with ferromagnetic nanowires (Fe NWs) as the core and silica (SiO2) as the shell. The composites exhibited enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption and oxidation resistance and were synthesized using a simple liquid-phase hydrolysis reaction. We tested and analyzed the microwave absorption properties of Fe NWs@SiO2 composites with varied filling rates (mass fractions of 10 wt%, 30 wt%, and 50 wt% after mixing with paraffin). The results showed that the sample filled with 50 wt% had the best comprehensive performance. At the matching thickness of 7.25 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) could reach -54.88 dB at 13.52 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL < -10 dB) could reach 2.88 GHz in the range of 8.96-17.12 GHz. Enhanced microwave absorption performance of the core-shell structured Fe NWs@SiO2 composites could be attributed to the magnetic loss of the composite, the core-shell heterogeneous interface polarization effect, and the small-scale effect induced by the one-dimensional structure. Theoretically, this research provided Fe NWs@SiO2 composites with highly absorbent and antioxidant core-shell structures for future practical applications.

Thiazolide Prodrug Esters and Derived Peptides: Synthesis and Activity.

Amino acid ester prodrugs of the thiazolides, introduced to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent drugs, proved to be stable as their salts but were unstable at pH > 5. Although some of the instability was due to simple hydrolysis, we have found that the main end products of the degradation were peptides formed by rearrangement. These peptides were stable solids: they maintained significant antiviral activity, and in general, they showed improved pharmacokinetics (better solubility and reduced clearance) compared to the parent thiazolides. We describe the preparation and evaluation of these peptides.

Enhanced Energy Storage Performance of Zr-Doped TiNb2O7 Nanospheres Prepared by the Hydrolytic Method

The use of TiNb2O7 (TNO) as an anode material for Li-ion battery is attracting tremendous attention because of its stable structure and high theoretical capacity. However, the inherent poor electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity restrict its practical application. Herein, we designed and prepared zirconium-doped TiNb2O7 nanospheres (Zrx-TNO NSs, x = 0, 0.05, 0.010) with pores through a simple hydrolysis method to adjust the lattice spacing and electron distribution. The nanosphere-structured electron materials with pores can not only prevent aggregation of active materials but also provide more channels for Li+ and electrons’ transportation. Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction coupled with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results verified the crystal spacing increasement. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum exhibited partial reduction of metal atoms. As a result, Zr0.05-TNO NSs showed improved cycling stability in the half cell (i.e., delivers a reversible capacity of 170 mA h/g at 5 C after 1000 cycles). It also showed excellent performance in the rate capabilities of 260.0 and 177.8 mA h/g at 0.5 and 10 C, making it highly competitive for quick-charging lithium-ion batteries.

One-pot preparation of a carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose from oil palm fronds as hydrophilic additive for enhancement of membrane permeability and anti-fouling properties

Most polymeric membranes, including polyethersulfone (PES), are limited in their application due to their low water flux and high fouling characteristic. In this study, carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose (C-NCC) embedded PES membrane was fabricated using the non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS) method to enhance the water permeability and anti-fouling properties of the PES membrane. Herein, we synthesized our C-NCC from oil palm fronds (OPFs) using a simple and time-efficient one-pot mixed acid hydrolysis method. The as-prepared C-NCCOPF exhibited a rod-like structure with dimensions of 121.03 ± 65.30 nm and 15.64 ± 5.42 nm in length and width, respectively. The degree of oxidation value of 0.21 was obtained, comparable to those C-NCC synthesized using the classical TEMPO or APS oxidation procedures. By incorporating C-NCCOPF nanorods into the PES matrix, the hydrophilicity, pore structure, mean pore size, porosity, and pure water flux of the modified membrane were significantly enhanced. The Hermia model and Bolton's combined fouling model were applied to investigate the anti-fouling properties of the fabricated membrane during the HA filtration at 1 bar operating pressure. The results demonstrated that the pristine PES membrane was susceptible to fouling which is likely related to the hydrophobic nature of the PES polymer. In contrast, it was discovered that incorporating the C-NCCOPF into the PES membrane could significantly reduce fouling and enhance membrane performance.

Supramolecular interaction enabled preparation of high-strength water-based adhesives from polymethylmethacrylate wastes

The preparation of water-based adhesives with high bonding strength for various substrates is challenging. Moreover, to construct a sustainable society, it is highly desirable to develop a cost-effective way to achieve the reuse of plastic wastes. Herein, using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) chemicals or wastes as raw materials, water-based adhesives with high bonding strength for various substrates are prepared through a simple one-step hydrolysis strategy. The adhesives possess the maximum bonding strength of 7.1MPa to iron, 4.2MPa to wood, and ∼1.5MPa to plastics. The adhesives have a world-record bonding strength to metal when compared with that of current reported water-based adhesives. Our method is low cost, simple, environmentally friendly, and suitable for large-scale industrial production. More importantly, using plastic wastes as raw materials opens up a new and low-cost way to turn wastes into valuables, which will greatly contribute to construct a sustainable society.

Co3O4 Nanowires Decorated with BOx Species for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

One-dimensional nanowires possess significant advantages in active site exposure and electron and matter transport. Their oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances can be well enhanced by the introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ov) and boron element (B), which, however, have not been achieved simultaneously. Herein, the Ov and BOx motifs were simultaneously employed in typical cobalt spinel oxide nanowires via simple NaBH4 hydrolysis (Co3O4/BOx). When grown on carbon fiber cloth, the observed Co3O4/BOx nanowire array electrode drives a current density of 10 mA cm–2 with only 328 mV overpotential in a 1.0 M KOH solution, which is much superior to the spinel Co3O4. We found that the BOx motifs and Ov have efficiently tuned electronic structures of Co3O4, thereby enhancing the electrical conductivity and generating a large number of electroactive sites. This study provides a simple solution for designing and producing nanostructure OER catalysts with excellent electrochemical performance.

Preparation process optimization and evaluation of bioactive peptides from Carya cathayensis Sarg meal

Carya cathayensis Sarg meal (CM) is a by-product of the edible kernel during oil manufacture. In order to improve wastes utilization, the CM derived peptides (CMPs) that showed an in vitro radical scavenging ability were firstly prepared by five different hydrolases. Alcalase treatment revealed the highest yield and the optimal conditions were further determined by response surface methodology (RSM), under which the yield reached 35.84%. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion led to an enrichment of low molecular weight (MW) peptides (<3 kDa), which was beneficial for protecting hepatocyte damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, generated hydrolysates exhibited protective effects on paraquat-induced Caenorhabditis elegans via enhancing expressions of Skinhead-1 (SKN-1) and its downstream target including glutathione S-transferase (GST)-4 and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-3 to diminish oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrated that simple enzymatic hydrolysis of crude protein powder from CM represents an efficient, eco-friendly and economical strategy for producing bioactive peptides, which can be supplemented in nutraceutical products and food preservation.

Visible-light-driven simultaneous decontamination of multi-antibiotics by facile synthesized BiOCl loaded food wastes biochar

Environmental dissemination caused by widespread use of antibiotics has been regarded as a possible hazard to aquatic ecosystem and human health. The increasing misgivings make it imperative to develop a novel catalyst with remarkable visible-light-driven activity to remove antibiotics, especially for their simultaneous decontamination. Herein, C/BiOCl composites were successfully prepared by decorating BiOCl nanosheets on food wastes biochar (C) by a simple hydrolysis strategy. Not only the binary system of tetracycline antibiotics, but also the ternary mixture could be simultaneously photodegraded over 25% C/BiOCl within 15 min irradiation. The improved photocatalytic activities could be ascribed to the introduction of biochar, endowing increased surface area, enhanced separation of photo-generated charge carriers, and better light absorption. The as-prepared 25% C/BiOCl also demonstrated satisfactory stability and positive removal effect in actual water samples. The present work provides new insights into the development of biochar-based photocatalysts for simultaneous degradation of multiple antibiotics.

Synthesis of symmetric diaryl disulfides using odorless and easily available phenyl dimethylcarbamodithioates as organosulfur sources

A new synthetic protocol to give a variety of symmetric diaryl disulfides from odorless and easily available phenyl dimethylcarbamodithioates was developed. By using phenyl dimethylcarbamodithioates as organosulfur source, the target products were furnished smoothly through simple hydrolysis, giving a series of symmetric diaryl disulfides. The protocol features simple operation, odorless and easily available organosulfur source and high yield.

Determination of Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine Using Automated Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

A fast methodology for the determination of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine using a fully automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer is reported. Sample preparation requires simple hydrolysis, centrifugation, filtration, and dilution. The method does not require a derivatization step prior to analysis with gas chromatography and allows the measurement of up to three samples per hour after hydrolysis. Quantitation is carried out by a one-point standard addition allowing the determination of 6 analytes with good limits of detection (10.1–39.6 ng L−1 in water and 0.5–19.4 µg L−1 in urine), accuracy (88–110%) and precision (2.1–23.4% in water and 5.1–19.0% in urine) values. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six urine samples (three from smoker and three from non-smoker subjects), finding significant differences between both types of samples. Results were similar to those found in the literature for similar samples, which proves the applicability of the methodology.

Extraction and Hydrolysis of Naringin from Citrus fruit peels

Naringenin, a flavonoid belonging to the flavanones subclass has been reported to have several promising biological activities like antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory & estrogenic activities. Naringin is found in the glycosidic form in citrus fruits like grapefruit, orange, and lemons. Naringenin is obtained by the hydrolysis of the glycoside naringin. In the present study, environmentally benign extraction methods have been reported for the extraction of naringin from the peels of grapefruit (Citrus X paradisi), an agricultural waste of the fruit juice industry. Successful isolation of naringin from both fresh and dry albedo of grapefruit has been carried out under three different conditions to yield pure white crystalline naringin. Further, simple acidic hydrolysis under three different conditions has been standardized to yield naringenin in a relatively good yield. Characterization of both naringin and naringenin has been done using NMR and thin layer chromatography.