Simple Households Research Articles

Monetary and Macroprudential Policy and Welfare in an Estimated Four‐Agent New Keynesian Model

Monetary and Macroprudential Policy and Welfare in an Estimated Four‐Agent New Keynesian Model

Pastoral Community Malaria Prevention Practice and Associated Factors Among Households in Three Districts of the Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Malaria infection remains one of the major global and national public health threats, affecting millions of people yearly by causing substantial morbidity and mortality. In developing countries, higher proportions of poor malaria prevention and control measure both regionally and nationally, particularly in pastoral community areas of southern Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess malaria preventive practices and associated factors among households of pastoral communities in Borena zone, Oromia regional state, Southern Ethiopia, 2022. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used from March first to 30, 2022, among 421 selected simple random sampling households in pastoral communities of the Borena zone. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a structured pretested questionnaire and visual observation for household malaria prevention practices. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with malaria preventive practices. Finally, adjusted odd ratio (AOR) together with 95% confidence intervals was used, and a P value of less than 0.05 indicated an overall statistical association. The overall malaria prevention rate among pastoral community households was 31.6%(133) [95%; CI = 27.2-36.4]. The factors significantly associated with malaria prevention practice were malaria prevention knowledge [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.5] and the absence of plasmodium parasites among children [AOR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.8-8.7]. However, households staying outdoors at night [AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-1.0] were negatively associated with household malaria prevention. A total of 200 (47.5%) households had used insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) and 5(1.2%) households had indoor residual sprays (IRS). The study revealed lower malaria prevention practices among households of the pastoral community. The government and other concerned bodies should contribute to malaria prevention measures in pastoral remote areas. Health extension workers should have to create awareness in the communities to avoid incorrect use of the ITN.

The influence of emancipation reforms on the Polish rural family in western provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century

ABSTRACT Eastern Europe in the early modern period is seen as a region where the serfdom system provided the gentry with political and economic power at the expense of the peasant class. The centrally introduced abolition of serfdom was to comprehensively affect all aspects of life of this social group. This article analyzes the effects of serfdom and subsequent peasant emancipation on families and households within agricultural communities of western provinces in the Russian Empire (the Grodno and Volhynia provinces), which were formerly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These communities were not composed of serfs alone, but of petty gentry as well. Special attention is paid to changes in household structures of the two aforementioned population groups and those in their employ. The increasing share of simple family households is presented with the use of registers of parishioners from before and after agrarian reforms. In the parishes under scrutiny, this was not accompanied by any significant decline in the size of peasant households.

Comment

Comment

Household Characteristics That Influence Simple Household Demand on Electricity

This research aims to analyze the characteristics of households that affect the electric energy consumption of simple households. The second objective is to analyze the probability of each of the factors affecting the electricity energy consumption of small household. The research was conducted in Medan City in the period of March 2014 to November 2014 with samples of 143 small households, the customer of PT. PLN (Persero) Medan, which use the power of electricity for TR-1 /450VA. Data were analyzed by using the logistic regression model. The estimation results indicated that (1) the higher the willingnes to pay (WTP) of households, the higher the tendency to consume elec trical energy per month. (2) the closer the households residence to the city center, the higher the tendency to consume electrical energy than of the households residence in the suburbs, (3) increasingly unfavourable response to electrical quality, the higher the opportunity to consume a greater electric power monthly.

Fertility transition and social stratification in the town of Alghero, Sardinia (1866-1935)

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite the large amount of research on European fertility transition, the mechanisms of this demographic process are still poorly understood. This is particularly true in the Italian demographic experience, especially for some regions.OBJECTIVEWe wish improve the knowledge of the determinants of fertility transition in Sardinia, a region situated in the heart of the Mediterranean but paradoxically one which is the least 'Mediterranean' region of the country. The analysis of SES differentials and their evolution over the transition process is the core purpose of this paper.METHODSWe use a complex individual database deriving from the combination of civil and religious sources of Alghero, a large costal town in Sardinia. Our analysis is focussed on the reproductive history of Alghero marriage cohorts (1866-1905), followed through the mid-1930s. A micro-level statistical analysis is performed on legitimate births of parity 2+.RESULTSWe find that, in the period under examination, the process of fertility decline already underway in the northern and central regions, was almost absent in Alghero. However we did prove significant socio-economic differentials in marital fertility. The group shows the first clear signs of deliberate marital fertility control.CONCLUSIONSThe results testify a new and more conscious attitude towards birth control adopted by the elite minority, while no significant change is detectable for the rest of the population until the 1930s. This is the first research carried out at the individual level related an urban population in Southern Italy.51. The unusual path of Sardinian fertility transitionFindings from the Princeton Project (Coale and Watkins 1986) show that fertility decline in Italy, as in other European countries, followed its own specific path (Livi Bacci 1977). This project acknowledges the possibility of a multitude of transition paths, each determined by their specific historical and geographical context, and attempts overcome the problems encountered with macro-analytical approaches or short-term temporal scales. More recent studies (Breschi, Pozzi and Rettaroli 1994; Del Panta et al. 1996; 2002; Dalla Zuanna, Rosina and Rossi 2004; Breschi, Fornasin and Gonano 2008; Santini 2008) confirm that the path and pace of transition in Italy differed quite dramatically from one region another, and at times from one area another within the same region.At the aggregate level, the process of fertility transition in Sardinia stands out from national trends. This island region experienced the slowest and most gradual fertility transition in the whole of Italy (Livi Bacci 1977). Despite its initially low levels compared other Southern regions, fertility levels in Sardinia went on become the highest in Italy during the 1950s. While the national average was around 2.3 and that of the south was 3.2, the TFR of Sardinia was approaching 4 children per woman (Sorvillo and Terra Abrami 1993; Istat 1997). In stark contrast, Sardinia presently has the lowest fertility levels of all the Italian regions (Santini 2008).Even in the pre-transitional period, Sardinia proves be a demographical oddity. Although it is situated in the heart of the Mediterranean, it is paradoxically the least Mediterranean' of all Italian regions. Its system of family formation and reproductive behaviour does not fit any of the theories put forward in the literature. The Mediterranean model par excellence - joint patrilocal household, according which a newly married couple resides with the husband's parents, with low female marriage age and high fertility - was far removed from the practices prevailing in Sardinia (Da Re 1990; Oppo 1990a; Meloni 1997; Perra and Cois 2012), which closely followed the north-western European' model, with simple neolocal households and late marriage for both sexes (Viazzo 2003), a living arrangement pattern that obliged spouses to arrive at the wedding with the means necessary for creating a self-sufficient household'' (Oppo 1990b: 486). …

Immigration and the Family Circumstances of Mexican-Origin Children: A Binational Longitudinal Analysis.

Using data from the birth cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n = 1,200) and the Mexican Family Life Survey (n = 1,013), this study investigated the living arrangements of Mexican-origin preschool children. The analysis examined children's family circumstances in both sending and receiving countries, used longitudinal data to capture family transitions, and considered the intersection between nuclear and extended family structures. Between ages 0-1 and 4-5, Mexican children of immigrants experienced significantly more family instability than children in Mexico. They were more likely to transition from 2-parent to single-parent families and from extended family households to simple households. There were fewer differences between U.S. children with immigrant versus native parents, but the higher level of single parenthood among children of natives at ages 0-1 and the greater share making transitions from a 2-parent to a single-parent family suggest ongoing erosion of children's family support across generations in the United States.

Neolocality and household structure in Early America

This article examines household organization and living arrangements in Early America using a unique population enumeration collected in 1776 in the British North American colony of Maryland. Confounding expectations, Early American populations did not demonstrate key demographic or economic pre-conditions of the ‘northwest European’ model. High sex ratios in New England, the Chesapeake, and New Spain led to extremely low ages at marriage. Likewise, evidence of ‘life-cycle’ service in British North America was almost non-existent as dependence on indentured servitude and chattel slavery translated into diminished economic opportunities for single adult males. Despite the differences, British North American populations still adhered to the rule of ‘neolocality’ when it came to household organization. Inheritance practices in British North America seem to have reinforced the practice of neolocality for older sons and the simultaneous formation of both simple and extended households. Parental bequest patterns reinforced the independence of the older retired generation and the first-born children at the expense of the younger children. First-born children who left the parental estate never returned to take over the home plantation or to care for their parents. This obligation was fulfilled by the younger, unmarried sons, who deferred their own marriages as a result.

Central European household and family systems, and the ‘Hajnal–Mitterauer’ line: The parish of Bujakow (18th–19th centuries)

The article examines marriage behaviours, household patterns and household formation rules prevailing among the population of the Upper Silesian parish of Bujakow during the late 18th and the first part of the 19th century. Their character, it is argued, is crucial not only for the proper understanding of European family systems in the past, but also for accurate comparisons of family systems in Europe and Asia. The family pattern prevailing in this part of central Europe exhibited a ‘hybrid’ nature in many respects. The pattern's chief characteristics were a moderate age at marriage, the dominance of simple family households and the high incidence of lifecycle servants. Serial household lists revealed, however, the significant diversity in proportions of household types between censuses and between villages. Despite the strong indication of a stem family pattern in the parish, the analysis of headship transmission revealed the concurrent co-existence of various modes of household formation among families. Some of these formation processes did not vary much from neo-local principles or followed exactly this type of pattern. This study also made it possible to reconsider the supposed relationship between the seigneurial authority and family behaviours in the parish pointing out the considerable degree of autonomy of the peasant subjects.

Development and Validation of an Experience-Based Measure of Household Food Insecurity within and across Seasons in Northern Burkina Faso

Organizations measure household food insecurity for program design, planning, targeting, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, but existing measures often are inadequate. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to develop and validate an experienced-based measure of the access component of food insecurity in northern Burkina Faso. In-depth interviews on food insecurity were done with 10 household heads and 26 women using interview guides. We identified themes, classified households, created a table of food insecurity categories, identified items to add to or delete from an initial questionnaire, and developed and revised answer choices. A longitudinal study provided quantitative data on changes over time in household food insecurity, economic situation, and related factors. Data were collected on 126 simple and complex households from 9 villages each July and January from 2001 to 2003 (5 waves). These data allowed examination of changes in household food insecurity twice annually across the best and worst seasons for food, and evaluation of the ability of the experience-based measure to differentiate changes in household food insecurity. Validity was assessed by examining reliability and by comparing the experienced-based food insecurity measure with economic status, dietary, and anthropometric measures and with a measure created by an observer who rated the households' food insecurity. The results provide strong evidence that the food insecurity score, calculated from experience-based questionnaire items, was valid for determining seasonal differences in household food insecurity, differences among households in food insecurity at a given time, and changes in household food insecurity over time in northern rural Burkina Faso.

Demographic aspects of the Greek household: The case of Preveza (18th century)

The demography of the Greek household is investigated within the context of the town of Preveza. The size, age, and sex composition and structure of the household are also considered. Two detailed censuses of the town are used: the first carried out in 1719, and the second, around 1780. The mean household size has been calculated: 4.24 for 1719 and 4.36 for c. 1780. Analysis of the data shows a clear predominance of males, particularly among the young, and of simple family households. Results presented here need to be seen in the light of other regions of Greece, since few studies yet exist.

Family Structure and School Attendance Among Children 13-16 in Argentina and Panama

This paper examines the relative likelihood of an adolescent 13-16 being in school by his or her family situation in two Latin American countries, Argentina and Panama. Both countries had moderate levels of school attendance but rather different socioeconomic conditions and marital patterns. Family situations included parents who were unmarried, consensually married or formally married, and family households that were singleparent, simple two-headed or complex. Children’s living arrangements were diverse and differed between countries, but despite this, the study finds that children living in formally-married two- parent simple family households in both countries were most likely to still be in school after controlling for a number of factors thought to affect school attendance. The finding could inform debates about the nature of social reproduction under different family regimes.

Modelos familiares y vejez en España. Siglos XVIII a XX

En primer lugar, el artículo pretende comprobar si existía alguna relación entre la pluralidad de los modelos familiares en España y una mayor o menor longevidad. Relacionando entre si indicadores de complejidad de hogares y de longevidad de la población, elaborados a partir del censo de 1860, comprobamos que la diversidad de modelos familiares no pueden constituir un factor explicativo de la longevidad.En segundo lugar abordamos un mosaico de situaciones históricas en las que analizamos cómo se afrontaba la vejez en España en relación con los diferentes modelos familiares. En las zonas rurales se afrontaba la vejez de manera muy diferente según el modelo familiar predominante. Así en la provincia de Cuenca a lo largo de los siglos XVIII a XIX la vejez significaba soledad mientras que en Navarra en el XVIII, los ancianos vivían preferentemente en hogares complejos.Los espacios urbanos nos presentan una variedad de situaciones en las que el modelo familiar dominante pierde capacidad explicativa para dar paso a otros factores como las inmigraciones, las dinámicas de los mercados de trabajo, las pautas de nupcialidad y especialmente los niveles de celibato definitivo y los roles de género. En el siglo XVIII, en Pamplona, ciudad donde predominaba el modelo de familia troncal, los ancianos vivían en hogares complejos, aunque en menor proporción que en las zonas rurales colindantes. El caso de Bilbao, centro económico del norte de España y con notable predominio de los hogares simples, nos muestra cómo la solidaridad con los mayores también puede ser compatible con este modelo familiar. La imagen de que en las ciudades industriales los ancianos vivían en hogares solitarios, contrasta con el elevado número de mayores que vivían en hogares complejos o incluso nucleares. Por último, San Salvador del Valle nos muestra los efectos que tuvo sobre la vejez la industrialización acelerada acompañada de fuertes inmigraciones masculinas, pero también la posterior capacidad de adaptación de la familia nuclear para integrar a los mayores en hogares complejos.Pese a los diferentes modelos familiares que existían en España a lo largo de los siglos XVIII a XX podemos concluir que éstos no afectaban a la longevidad de las personas ni a las pautas de solidaridad con los mayores y que por el contrario, la solidaridad constituye uno de los rasgos de la cultura familiar a lo largo de toda su geografía.

The Cycle of Household Structure in Early Modern Peasant Society

This paper analyses the household structure in peasant society during the late Tokugawa Era. The major objective is to observe the cycle of the household structure.The ninbetsu-aratame-cho of two villages in the domain of Nihonmatsu was used as historical documents for the study. The Hammel-Laslette model was modified and adopted for the classification of household structure to determine accurately the number of stem family households. The result of the observation proved that the household structure depended on social class. The landowning class had a high ratio of permanent residents and stem family households in both villages. Also, about thirty percent of this class was found to have a cycle that formed a stem family household. On the other hand, the ratio of permanent residents among the non-landowning class was low. Half of the people belonging to this class moved to other villages within five years. Further, the ratio of stem family households was low, while the ratio of simple family households and solitaries was high. But the most characteristic of all was that the cycle of the household structure itself could not be observed in the non-landowning class.As a result of this observation, it can be said that stem family households were the typical household structure in peasant society of the Tohoku region during the late Tokugawa Era. However, this assumption is true only for peasant households belonging to the landowning class, and it does not apply to non-landowning peasant households. Therefore, we should be cautious when discussing peasant societies of the Tokugawa Era on the premise that they had a stem family system. Even though peasants lived in the same village and had the same social status as peasants, they established totally different social and economic structures depending on their class.

Approches démographiques et sociales des ménages toulousains en 1695

The 1695 Toulouse capitation census reveals that repartition of households structures is similar to northern model, with high proportions of simple family households and households of solitary. Thus, although customs are those of southern areas, extended family households and multiple family households are very few. In fact, urban environment seems to differ from north-south cleavage, because of many specific criteria which don't allow the cohabitation of several generations under the same roof. Size and structure of households vary according to social belonging of its head. In fact, each social rank goes with specific conditions of living. They entail differential mortality and fertility which have an influence upon the composition and the size of families. The frequence of remarriage and the presence of domestics can modulate ponctuai observations given by the census. As for domestics, very numerous in Toulouse, they are an integral part of households. They don't only have an ostentatious function. They generally have a real utility next to family members. Thus, it appears that the presence of domestics is often bound to households composition and size.

New evidence and old theories: multiple family households in northern Croatia

Cet article est une contribution au débat concernant la nature de lazadrugatelle qu'on l'observe dans l'Europe du Sud-est. Nous discutons d'abord les différentes définitions que l'on a pu en donner pour établir en définitive que leszadrugadoivent être considérées comme des entités de caractère juridique possédant une propriété de caractère collectif. Elles ne sont done pas seulement le synonyme de menage contenant plus d'un noyau conjugal. Nous poursuivons en analysant la forme des ménages à caractère familial en Slavonic Nous examinons en particulier le rôle des facteurs démographiques, économiques et culturels dans la formation des types de famille. Les données slavoniennes nous ont indiqué que les formes de la famille sont très hétérogènes, même dans une aire géographique restreinte. Nous n'avons pas pu expliquer ce caractere hétérogène par les cycles de la formation des mènages; nous soutenons que le facteur décisif est à chercher dans les différentes normes culturelles valables pour les populations urbaines et rurales. Les différences de développement économique entre les deux secteurs ont renforcé ultérieurement l'action de ces normes culturelles.

Two Decades of Family Change: Secondary Analysis of Continuous Government Surveys

"Secondary analysis of General Household Survey and Labour Force Survey data shows how the structure of families in Great Britain has changed over the last 20 years. Dependent children are now less likely to be living in a couple family and more likely to be living with a lone mother who is either single or divorced. Families in simple households with just two generations have become more common over time. Lone mothers are now more likely to be living in simple households. The paper also considers how the number and ages of dependent children are associated with family and household type. Log-linear models are used both to smooth the data and to predict family structure in the year 2000. Gaps in our knowledge about current family structures are discussed together with implications of the findings for social policy."

Historic European Household Structures and the Capitalist World-Economy

This study approaches the history of household patterns in early modern Europe from the perspective of Wallersteinian world-system theory. It is shown that the European core during this time was characterized predominantly by simple nuclear households. By contrast, the European periphery and semiperiphery were far more likely to be characterized by complex households. We explain these relationships in terms of the mode of labor control predominating in each zone of the world-economy. Simple nuclear households become the norm where labor is being freed from traditional feudal bonds and where capitalist labor markets exist. Complex households are most likely to persist under traditional feudal relationships because they constitute adaptations to the labor needs that arise under such circumstances. Complex households are also common, although somewhat less so, where sharecropping is a predominant mode of labor control.

From Complex to Simple Family Households: Peasant Households in Northern Coastal Sweden 1700-1900

The long-term development of the households of landed peasants was investigated longitudinally in one village, and cross-sectionally in several parishes in northern coastal Sweden. The results showed a dominance of complex family households in a stem family system during the 1700s and development toward simpler family households in the 1800s. Demographic, economic, ecological, geographic, and, to some degree, cultural factors and their changes over time were taken into consideration in an explanation of this transition.

Parish Registers and Revisions: Research Strategies in Estonian Historical Demography and Agrarian History

Even when historians disagree profoundly over causation, periodization, and perhaps the ultimate purpose of historical inquiry, they may still be able to find common ground in the discussion of primary sources and of the appropriate methods of extracting from them accurate information about a vitally important but heretofore neglected dimension of past social life. Such an impression emerges when Heldur Palli‘s account of the historical demographic research at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR is placed in the context of Western inquiries into the history of European populations. The methodological adjustments required in the application of well-known demographic techniques to unusual data sources should be better understood when the Estonian researchers conclude their work of family reconstitution from multi-lingual evidence about a peasantry with highly unstable naming practices. Also, Coale and Anderson (1979) described how the demographic characteristics of the Baltic area (including Estonia) in the late nineteenth century distinguished it from Russia proper, thus raising the question of when, in the distant past, these characteristics first appeared and how they can be described quantitatively before the first modern Baltic census of 1881. The sources being used by Palli and his colleagues no doubt will contain at least the beginnings of a concrete answer to these questions. Furthermore, the research by Peter Laslett and others on a regionalized model of premodern European household structure has suggested that the Baltic area stands somewhere between the West—with its high proportion of simple family households—and Russia—with its impressively high incidence of multiple family structures, a proposition which the cadastral revisions and fiscal censuses of Estonia should help to refine. There are also the questions of population turnover and social mobility, to which the frequent enumerations of the Estonian population ought to bring considerable quantitative evidence illustrating Eastern European patterns. Finally, Estonian peasants, like many other peasantries in the centuries discussed by Palli, were serfs; but, unlike all but a very few peasantries elsewhere, the Estonian population continued to be precisely enumerated by state authorities even after the abolition of serfdom in 1816-1819. The availability of detailed household-level data before and after legal emancipation will be of interest to Western scholars who have had to deal with the social structural consequences of emancipatory measures among servile agricultural populations in their own societies.