Simple Formulation Research Articles

Simplified Formulation for Bush, Gibson, and Thomas Model

Abstract The random process model, also known as the multi-asperity contact model or statistical model, is one of the dominant methodologies for analyzing the contact between nominally flat rough surfaces. In 1975, Bush, Gibson, and Thomas developed a complete random process model (known as the BGT model) assuming that solid–solid contacts occur on the summits of the asperities, which are semi-ellipsoids uniquely described by three random variables (the asperity height and two principal peak curvatures). The Hertzian elliptic contact theory states that the contact area and normal load are implicit functions of the random variables, which results in an original BGT model with a complex formulation. In this study, we used an adapted Hertzian elliptic contact theory to simplify the formulation of the BGT model. The relative contact area to normal load relation predicted by the simplified BGT model perfectly agrees with that of the original formulation. It is anticipated that rough surface contact models with complex asperity interactions can be effectively built under the framework of this simplified BGT model.

A computational approach to identify the material parameters of the relaxed micromorphic model

We determine the material parameters in the relaxed micromorphic generalized continuum model for a given periodic microstructure in this work. This is achieved through a least squares fitting of the total energy of the relaxed micromorphic homogeneous continuum to the total energy of the fully-resolved heterogeneous microstructure, governed by classical linear elasticity. We avoid establishing exact micro–macro transition relations, as in classical homogenization theory, because defining a representative volume element is not feasible in the absence of scale separation, as such an element does not exist. The relaxed micromorphic model is a generalized continuum that utilizes the Curl of a micro-distortion field instead of its full gradient as in the classical micromorphic theory, leading to several advantages and differences. The most crucial advantage is that it operates between two well-defined scales. These scales are determined by linear elasticity with microscopic and macroscopic elasticity tensors, which respectively bound the stiffness of the relaxed micromorphic continuum from above and below. While the macroscopic elasticity tensor is established a priori through standard periodic first-order homogenization, the microscopic elasticity tensor remains to be determined. Additionally, the characteristic length parameter, associated with curvature measurement, controls the transition between the micro- and macro-scales. Both the microscopic elasticity tensor and the characteristic length parameter are here determined using a computational approach based on the least squares fitting of energies. This process involves the consideration of an adequate number of quadratic deformation modes and different specimen sizes. We conduct a comparative analysis between the least square fitting results of the relaxed micromorphic model, the fitting of a skew-symmetric micro-distortion field (Cosserat-micropolar model), and the fitting of the classical micromorphic model with two different formulations for the curvature; one simplified formulation involving only one single characteristic length and a simplified isotropic curvature with three parameters. The relaxed micromorphic model demonstrates good agreement with the fully-resolved heterogeneous solution after optimizing only four parameters. The “simplified” full micromorphic model, which includes isotropic curvature and involves the optimization of seven parameters, does not achieve superior results, while the Cosserat model exhibits the poorest fitting.

A new winding homogenization method based on thermal resistance concept

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide a simple yet accurate and efficient geometric method for thermal homogenization of impregnated and non-impregnated coil winding technologies based on the concept of thermal resistance.Design/methodology/approachFor regular windings, the periodic microscopic cell in the winding space is identified. Also, for irregular windings, the average microscopic cell of the winding is determined. An approximation is used to calculate the thermal resistance of the winding cell. Based on this approximation, the winding insulation is considered as a circular ring around the wire. Mathematical equations are obtained to calculate the equivalent thermal resistance of the cell. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the winding is calculated using equivalent thermal resistance of the cell. Winding thermal homogenization is completed by determining the equivalent thermal properties of the cell.FindingsThe thermal pattern of different windings is simulated and compared with the results of different homogenization methods. The results show that the proposed method is applicable for a wide range of windings in terms of winding scheme, packing factor and winding insulation. Also, the results show that the proposed method is more accurate than other winding homogenization methods in calculating the equivalent thermal conductivity of the winding.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper, the change of electrical resistance of the winding with temperature and thermal contact between the sub-components are ignored. Also, liquid insulators, such as oils, and rectangular wires were not investigated. Research in these topics is considered as future work.Originality/valueUnlike other homogenization methods, the proposed method can be applied to non-impregnated and irregular windings. Also, compared to other homogenization methods, the proposed method has a simpler formulation that makes it easier to program and implement. All of these indicate the efficiency of the proposed method in the thermal analysis of the winding.

Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers

In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.

A CRITICAL REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GOKSHUR RASAYANA

Rasayanachikitsa is one among the asthangas of ayurveda (one among the 8 fields). Acharya Vagbhatt has placed it on the 7th rank in the chronology of these eight fields. Further Acharya Arundatt has specified that Rasayanas are not just used for prolonging life and improving quality of life, but they also help in removing the effect of toxins from the individuals body. Thus, considering the same we realize how important and diverse is the effect of Rasayanasin maintaining health of the individual. Further in the chapter dedicated to Rasayanas in Ashtang Hriday, Acharya Vagbhatt has mentioned about GokshurRasayana. It is a simple Rasayana formulation which has not been worked up upon and thus, in this article we will understand the preparation and utility of thisRasayanaand perform preliminary phytochemical examinations on the same.

Development of a simple paste for 3D printing of drug formulations containing a mesoporous material loaded with a poorly water-soluble drug

Poorly soluble drugs represent a substantial portion of emerging drug candidates, posing significant challenges for pharmaceutical formulators. One promising method to enhance the drug’s dissolution rate and, consequently, bioavailability involves transforming them into an amorphous state within mesoporous materials. These materials can then be seamlessly integrated into personalized drug formulations using Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, most commonly via Fused Deposition Modeling. Another innovative approach within the realm of AM for mesoporous material-based formulations is semi-solid extrusion (SSE). This study showcases the feasibility of a straightforward yet groundbreaking hybrid 3D printing system employing SSE to incorporate drug-loaded mesoporous magnesium carbonate (MMC) into two different drug formulations, each designed for distinct administration routes. MMC was loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug ibuprofen via a solvent evaporation method and mixed with PEG 400 as a binder and lubricant, facilitating subsequent SSE. The formulation is non-aqueous, unlike most pastes which are used for SSE, and thus is beneficial for the incorporation of poorly water-soluble drugs. The 3D printing process yielded tablets for oral administration and suppositories for rectal administration, which were then analyzed for their dissolution behavior in biorelevant media. These investigations revealed enhancements in the dissolution kinetics of the amorphous drug-loaded MMC formulations. Furthermore, an impressive drug loading of 15.3 % w/w of the total formulation was achieved, marking the highest reported loading for SSE formulations incorporating mesoporous materials to stabilize drugs in their amorphous state by a wide margin. This simple formulation containing PEG 400 also showed advantages over other aqueous formulations for SSE in that the formulations did not exhibit weight loss or changes in size or form during the curing process post-printing. These results underscore the substantial potential of this innovative hybrid 3D printing system for the development of drug dosage forms, particularly for improving the release profile of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Centres of rigidity in multi-storey asymmetric diaphragm systems for eigenmodal vibrations

In this paper a general methodology is proposed for calculating the centres of rigidity of multi-storey asymmetric buildings subjected to eigenmodal vibrations with possible modal damping. The methodology is applicable to any building with horizontal diaphragms, even to those with complex topology, possible coupling of diaphragms and existence of additional masses out of diaphragms, assuming linearly elastic behaviour. The methodology is presented in a simple formulation, using only the stiffness resisting diaphragm forces during these vibrations. The methodology uses the results of two eigenmodes obtained by eigenmodal analysis, which can be carried out by a variety of standard programs for dynamic analysis of structures, along with a small post-processing effort that can be easily programmed in a worksheet. A numerical example presents the individual steps of the proposed methodology, while two additional numerical examples demonstrate it's simplicity and efficiency. It is shown that the centres of rigidity lie on a fixed position in each diaphragm for each proper pair of eigenmodal vibrations, irrespective of the existence of modal damping, and therefore they can be included in the basic dynamic characteristics of the building.

Abstract 6745: Crafting hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles for enhanced LN targeting as a potent priming tool in immunotherapy

Abstract Background: Cholesterol-conjugated hyaluronic acid, synthesized by grafting cholesterol moieties onto hyaluronic acid, spontaneously formed nano-sized hydrogel of approximately 30-100nm in water. This hyaluronic acid derivative (HA nanogel) has demonstrated the ability to encapsulate various modalities, including low- and medium-sized molecules, peptides, and proteins. Previous reports have highlighted its efficacy in solubilizing poorly water-soluble drugs and serving as a sustained-release matrix. In this study, we explore the potential of HA nanogels encapsulating antigen peptides with adjuvant as a cancer vaccine and a priming tool for combinational immunotherapy. Method: We prepared HA nanogels as a novel peptide carrier for cancer vaccines and attempted to encapsulate various peptides, including neoantigen (mERK2) peptides expressed in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy-resistant fibrosarcoma cell line CMS5a, gp-100 peptides expressed in metastatic melanoma cell line B16F10, and MAGEA4. Our experiments covered APC uptake, antigen-specific CTL induction, and anti-tumor studies to demonstrate the utility of HA nanogels in these applications. Results: HA nanogel efficiently formed stable complexes with mERK2, gp-100 and MAGEA4 long peptides, each with diameters of 30-100nm. The facile and simple vaccine formulation processes with HA nanogel achieved high drug content and high encapsulation efficiency of 90% or higher. Fluorescently labeled mERK2 long peptide encapsulated in HA nanogel vaccines were subcutaneously administered to BALB/c mice, and uptake analysis of mERK2 long peptides in draining lymph nodes (dLN) was performed using flow cytometry. In comparison to the group receiving mERK2 long peptide without nanogel encapsulation, the HA nanogel group exhibited higher uptake by macrophages and dendritic cells in the dLN. Administering HA nanogel vaccines containing mERK2 long peptides with CpG oligoDNA resulted in higher antigen-specific CD8+ T cells compared to the group receiving mERK2 long peptides without encapsulation. Strong anti-tumor effects were demonstrated in mice models with subcutaneously transplanted CMS5a and B16F10 cell lines. The enhanced efficacy through co-administration with ICI was also confirmed. Conclusion: HA nanogel vaccines efficiently deliver antigen peptides to macrophages and dendritic cells, inducing antigen-specific CTL responses, thereby demonstrating anti-tumor effects against cold tumors such as CMS5a and B16F10. HA nanogels have the potential not only as carriers for cancer vaccines but also as priming tools for combinational immunotherapy. Citation Format: Takashi Nakai, Fumiyasu Momose, Kohei Yabuuchi, Makiko Yamane, Tae Hayashi, Linan Wang, Yoshiyuki Nakagawa, Shogo Aso, Toru Katsumata, Tsuyoshi Shimoboji, Yoshihiro Miyahara. Crafting hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles for enhanced LN targeting as a potent priming tool in immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6745.

Light- and Solvent-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogel Actuators with Reversible Bending Behaviors.

Light-responsive hydrogel systems have gained significant attention due to their unique ability to undergo controlled and reversible swelling behavior in response to light stimuli. Combining light-responsive hydrogels with nonresponsive polymers offers a unique self-folding feature that can be used in soft robotic actuator designs. However, simple formulation of such systems with rapid response time is still a challenging task. Herein, we demonstrate a simple but versatile bilayer polymeric design combining light-responsive spiropyran-polyacrylamide (SP-PAAm) with polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels. The photochromic spiropyran in our polymer design is a closed-ring, hydrophobic compound and turns into an open-ring, hydrophilic merocyanine isomer under light irradiation. The swelling degree of SP-PAAm and PAAm hydrogels was evaluated using LED lights with different wavelengths and solvent media (e.g., water, ethanol, DMF, and DMSO). We observed that SP-PAAm hydrogels reached a swelling ratio of ∼370% with the illumination of the blue LED in the DMF medium. By combining light-responsive SP-PAAm hydrogels with nonresponsive PAAm, a proof-of-concept demonstration was performed to demonstrate the applicability of our fabricated platforms. Although fabricated one-armed bilayer hydrogels possessed self-folding ability with a folding angle of ∼40° in 30 min, the four-armed bilayer platforms demonstrated more efficient and rapid folding behavior and reached a folding angle of ∼75° in ∼15 min. Given their simplicity and efficiency, we believe that such polymeric designs may offer new avenues for the fields of polymeric actuators and soft robotic systems.

On the Capacity of Optical Backbone Networks

Optical backbone networks, characterized by using optical fibers as a transmission medium, constitute the fundamental infrastructure employed today by network operators to deliver services to users. As network capacity is one of the key factors influencing optical network performance, it is important to comprehend its limitations and have the capability to estimate its value. In this context, we revisit the concept of capacity from various perspectives, including channel capacity, link capacity, and network capacity, thus providing an integrated view of the problem within the framework of the backbone tier. Hence, we review the fundamental concepts behind optical networks, along with the basic physical phenomena present in optical fiber transmission, and provide methodologies for estimating the different types of capacities, mainly using simple formulations. In particular, we propose a method to evaluate the network capacity that relies on the optical reach to account for physical layer aspects, in conjunction with capacitated routing techniques for traffic routing. We apply this method to three reference networks and obtain capacities ranging from tens to hundreds of terabits/s. Whenever possible, we also compare our results with published experimental data to understand how they relate.

Linearising anhysteretic magnetisation curves: A novel algorithm for finding simulation parameters and magnetic moments

This paper proposes a new method for determining the simulation parameters of the Jiles–Atherton Model used to simulate the first magnetisation curve and hysteresis loop in ferromagnetic materials. The Jiles–Atherton Model is an important tool in engineering applications due to its relatively simple differential formulation. However, determining the simulation parameters for the anhysteretic curve is challenging. Several methods have been proposed, primarily based on mathematical aspects of the anhysteretic and first magnetisation curves and hysteresis loops. This paper focuses on finding the magnetic moments of the material, which are used to define the simulation parameters for its anhysteretic curve. The proposed method involves using the susceptibility of the material and a linear approximation of a paramagnet to find the magnetic moments. The simulation parameters can then be found based on the magnetic moments. The method is validated theoretically and experimentally and offers a more physical approach to finding simulation parameters for the anhysteretic curve and a simplified way of determining the magnetic moments of the material.

AC Losses Analysis and Design Guidelines for Hairpin Windings With Segmented Conductors

In the last years, hairpin windings are amongst the most studied and implemented winding topologies to increase torque and power densities of electrical machines, especially in the traction field. However, their main drawback remains the elevated ohmic losses generated at high frequency operations. Recently, hairpin windings with segmented conductors have been proposed to overcome this challenge, but an analytical model to predict the losses in such unconventional winding is missing, as well as a critical analysis on the extra manufacturing complexities needed. In this paper, first a simple analytical formulation for the estimation of AC losses in segmented hairpin conductors is proposed, developed and validated at various operating frequencies, both through finite element analyses and experimental measurements. Then, an in-depth analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of this winding topology is proposed with the aim at providing guidelines and recommendations for their practical realization, adopting standard methodologies for their connection and transposition.

Evaluation of modulus of elasticity of concrete containing both natural and recycled concrete aggregates

There is growing requirement to use recycled aggregate in concrete to demote industrial wastes produced by construction sectors. Thus, to develop simple but meaningful formulations to assess the mechanical properties of concrete, when it is mixed with both natural and recycled aggregates, becomes essential. In the present study an analytical approach to calculate the elastic modulus of concrete containing both natural and recycled concrete aggregates is proposed. The approach is developed on the concept of effective medium approximation but considering the effect of Poisson's ratio. Two analytical formulas are derived. One is for the two-phase concrete (mortar and aggregate) that is mixed with 100% natural aggregate or 100% recycled concrete aggregate. The other is for the three-phase concrete (mortar, natural aggregate, and recycled concrete aggregate) that is mixed with both natural and recycled aggregates. The analytical formulations are validated using the results obtained from both the numerical simulations and experimental tests. The present analytical model not only provides the simple and meaningful formulations to calculate the effective elastic modulus but also can be used to directly examine the influence of mortar, natural aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate and its replacement ratio to natural aggregate on the elastic modulus of the mixed concrete.

Transient thermal stress analysis of a thin rotating FGM blade based on the exact shear correction factor: a comparison of ROM and LRVE homogenization models

This work is an attempt to develop a simple and accurate finite element formulation based on first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for the transient thermal stress analysis of a pre-twisted and tapered thin rotating functionally graded material (FGM) blade, induced due to the thermal shock. The neutral surface of the FGM blade is taken as the reference plane and the exact shear correction factor is obtained from the equivalent energy principle. The temperature-dependent material property at a point in the thickness direction is estimated according to the rule of mixture (ROM) and the Local representative volume elements (LRVE) homogenization model. A finite element formulation using FSDT in conjunction with the eight-noded isoparametric element, taking five degrees of freedom is developed. The top layer of the thin FGM blade is subjected to a thermal shock and the bottom layer is kept at the ambient temperature. The governing equation for the present formulation is obtained using Hamilton’s principle. The accuracy of the present finite element formulation is established by comparing the results with the benchmark results. The parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the angle of twist, variable chord and span, rotational speed, and accurate shear correction factor on the transient thermal stresses due to the thermal shock. Notably, there can be significant differences in the transient thermal stresses calculated by the two homogenization models viz., ROM and LRVE. Also, it is important to consider the exact shear correction factor in the formulation.

Trends in the synthetic polymer delivery of RNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has emerged as one of the most promising therapeutic payloads in the field of gene therapy. There are many unique types of RNA that allow for a range of applications including vaccination, protein replacement therapy, autoimmune disease treatment, gene knockdown and gene editing. However, RNA triggers the host immune system, is vulnerable to degradation and has a low proclivity to enter cells spontaneously. Therefore, a delivery vehicle is required to facilitate the protection and uptake of RNA therapeutics into the desired host cells. Lipid nanoparticles have emerged as one of the only clinically approved vehicles for genetic payloads, including in the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines. While lipid nanoparticles have distinct advantages, they also have drawbacks, including strong immune stimulation, complex manufacturing and formulation heterogeneity. In contrast, synthetic polymers are a widely studied group of gene delivery vehicles and boast distinct advantages, including biocompatibility, tunability, inexpensiveness, simple formulation and ease of modification. Some classes of polymers enhance efficient transfection efficiency, and lead to lower stimulation of the host immune system, making them more viable candidates for non-vaccine-related applications of RNA medicines. This review aims to identify the most promising classes of synthetic polymers, summarize recent research aimed at moving them into the clinic and postulate the future steps required for unlocking their full potential.

Application of a Simple Diffusivity Formulation to Examine Regime Transition and Jet–Eddy Energy Partitioning in Quasi-Geostrophic Turbulence

Abstract This study uses a simple diffusivity formulation to examine flow regime transition and jet–eddy energy partitioning in two-layer quasigeostrophic turbulence. Guided by simulations, the formulation is empirically constructed so that the diffusivity is bounded by a f-plane asymptote (Df) in the limit of vanishing β (termed drag-controlled) while reduced to a drag-independent scaling (Dβ) of Lapeyre and Held toward large β (termed β-controlled). Good agreement is found for diffusivities diagnosed from simulations with both quadratic and linear drag and in 2D turbulence. From the formulation, a regime diagram is readily constructed, with Df/Dβ = 1 separating the drag-controlled and β-controlled regimes. The diagram also sets the parameter range where an eddy velocity scaling is applicable. The quantitative representations of eddy variables then enable a reasonably skillful theory for zonal jet speed to be developed from energy balance. It is shown that, using Df/Dβ ≥ 10, a state where eddy statistics are approximately drag insensitive could be identified and interpreted using wave-damping competitions in slowing an inverse cascade. However, contrary to an existing hypothesis, the energy dissipation in such a state is not dominated by zonal jets. A modest revision for a way to maintain balance while keeping eddies drag insensitive is proposed. In the regime diagram, a subspace of zonostrophic condition, defined as jet dissipation surpassing eddy, is further quantified. It is demonstrated that a rough scaling could help interpret how the relative importance of jet and eddy dissipation varies across the parameter space.

The effectiveness of the offender personality disorder pathway: a propensity score-matched analysis

ABSTRACT Offenders with severe personality pathology are at significantly increased risk of serious and violent offending. In England and Wales, offenders who are likely to meet criteria for a diagnosis of personality disorder are managed within a network of ‘Offender Personality Disorder Pathway’ services. We conducted a retrospective cohort study over 6 years, using linked routine datasets, to examine the effectiveness of these services on male offenders (n = 28,321). We compared the outcomes of those who received a simple case formulation and had not been referred to Pathway services (the ‘Comparison group’), with a group of offenders who had received a complex case formulation and been referred to Pathway services (the ‘Treatment group’). Over time, significant improvements occurred in re-offending risk scores, and lower rates of behavioural disturbance among both Treatment and Comparison groups of offenders. However, no statistically significant differences were detected in the rates of improvement between Treatment and Comparison groups. Offending rates in both groups significantly increased over time, although there was no significant difference in the increase in offending rates between the Treatment and Comparison groups. Currently, there is no statistical evidence that the Pathway is associated with changes in offender behaviour.

An automotive steel wheel digital twin for failure identification under accelerated fatigue tests

In this paper, a digital twin to predict failure in automotive steel wheels during experimental fatigue tests is proposed. The methodology involves a wheel finite element model that incorporates assembling and mounting processes, and CDTire/3D simulation package, employed to calculate tyre to rim generalised internal forces in several loading conditions. The two models are decoupled under small deformation assumption, which allows to reduce computational effort for batch simulations. The Digital Twin (DT) is designed to meet the standard requirements and the working principles of test benches for dynamic cornering, radial, and biaxial fatigue tests. The overall DT architecture is described with emphasis on different test bench logic and the introduction of simplifications to efficiently estimate failure under mean stress variation. Then, a simplified formulation of the critical plane McDiarmid multi-axial failure criterion is presented to face the non-proportionality of stress path under loading conditions. Finally, the methodology is validated against an industrial case study: the predicted failures are compared to experimental test result database for wheel topologies, material properties, test benches and loading conditions.

Minimalist Nanovaccine with Optimized Amphiphilic Copolymers for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cancer vaccines with the ability to elicit tumor-specific immune responses have attracted significant interest in cancer immunotherapy. A key challenge for effective cancer vaccines is the spatiotemporal codelivery of antigens and adjuvants. Herein, we synthesized a copolymer library containing nine poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate-co-2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl methacrylate (PEGMA-co-BMA-co-C7AMA) graft copolymers with designed proportions of different components to regulate their properties. Among these polymers, C-25, with a C7AMA:BMA ratio at 1.5:1 and PEG wt % of 25%, was screened as the most effective nanovaccine carrier with enhanced ability to induce mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation. Additionally, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that C-25 could activate dendritic cells (DCs) through multisignaling pathways to trigger potent immune effects. Then, the screened C-25 was used to encapsulate the model peptide antigen, OVA257-280, to form nanovaccine C-25/OVA257-280. It was found that the C-25/OVA257-280 nanovaccine could effectively facilitate DC maturation and antigen cross-presentation without any other additional adjuvant and exhibited excellent prophylactic efficacy in the B16F10-OVA tumor model. Moreover, in combination with antiprogrammed cell death protein-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), the C-25/OVA257-280 nanovaccine could significantly delay the growth of pre-existing tumors. Therefore, this work developed a minimalist nanovaccine with a simple formulation and high efficiency in activating tumor-specific immune responses, showing great potential for further application in cancer immunotherapy.

Damage Spectra of SDOF Structures Under Tsunami Actions Considering the Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Method

This paper studies the damage spectra of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems for tsunami loading. The 2011 Tohoku tsunami wave traces are computed and obtained by adopting the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) model and are further verified by the Tohoku Tsunami Joint Survey (TTJS) data. The tsunami response analyses of SDOF systems are conducted taking into account the dynamic analysis method. The classical ductility damage is considered as the damage performance. The damage spectra are computed for five force reduction factors and 791 tsunami loadings. The effects of inundation depths, hysteretic model, post-yield stiffness ratio, [Formula: see text], viscous damping ratio, [Formula: see text], are explored and interpreted scientifically and statistically. The results demonstrate that the effect of the hysteretic model, force reduction factor, R, post-yield stiffness ratio, [Formula: see text], viscous damping ratio, [Formula: see text], on the damage of the structure is evident. Comparison with the static method and influence analysis of structural damping indicate the necessity for the application of the dynamic method. A simplified predictive formulation is developed for the evaluation of structural damage for tsunami loadings.