Simple Cross-clamping Research Articles

Surgical repair of aneurysms involving the distal aortic arch

The surgical approach to aneurysms involving the transverse aortic arch usually requires either techniques for perfusion or hypothermic circulatory arrest. A simplified approach may be warranted when the aneurysmal process begins in the distal aortic arch and spares the innominate artery. Between November, 1975, and January, 1984, 32 patients (22 men, 10 women; median age 61 years) underwent repair of aneurysms of the distal aortic arch by simple cross-clamping of the diseased aortic segment. In each, the aneurysm arose distal to the innominate artery and involved the arch at the origin of the left subclavian or left common carotid artery. Proximal control was achieved by cross-clamping the aortic arch between the innominate and left carotid arteries. No shunts or extracorporeal bypass circuits were employed. Proximal hypertension was controlled by sodium nitroprusside infusion. All patients were heparinized. A mean aortic cross-clamp time of 27 +/- 10 minutes was required for Dacron graft replacement in 28 patients and Dacron patch repair in three patients. Surgical repair was accomplished successfully in 32 patients. The 30 day mortality was 3% with an in-hospital mortality of 6%. There were no complications as a result of myocardial infarction or stroke. Paraplegia (three patients) was related to cross-clamp time (less than 30 minutes, 0/18; greater than 30 minutes, 3/13 [p less than 0.001]) and distal extent of the aneurysm (localized, 0/22; extensive, 3/9 [p less than 0.001]). Transient renal failure (two patients) was related to cross-clamp time (less than 30 minutes, 0/18; greater than 30 minutes, 2/13 [p less than 0.001]). This experience supports the use of simple aortic cross-clamping for aneurysms of the distal aortic arch, especially if an expeditious repair can be accomplished.

Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta: Emergency Operation

Fifty-nine patients who had traumatic aortic rupture in the area of the isthmus and were treated less than one week after injury were studied. Most patients (N = 47) underwent repair using pump-oxygenator partial bypass; 7 had simple cross-clamping. Paraplegia developed in 4 during operation. One patient died of a head injury after receiving heparin for bypass. The experience with these patients and a critical review of the literature indicate that the use of extracorporeal circulation and avoidance of hypoxia and hypercapnia may decrease the probability of paraplegia. When laparotomy preceded thoracotomy, there were no clearly deleterious effects of heparinization.