Simple Cluster Sampling Research Articles

PENGARUH INOVASI TEKNOLOGI, PERANAN PENTADBIR DAN KESEDIAAN GURU TERHADAP PROFESIONALISME KEGURUAN SEKOLAH LUAR BANDAR

This study aims to identify the relationship and influence of Technology Innovation, Role of Administrators, and Teacher Readiness on Rural School Teaching Professionalism in Sabah, Malaysia. The focus of the study is based on the design of technological innovation, the role of administrators, and the readiness of teachers on the professionalism of rural school teaching in Sabah. The study applied survey methods by combining simple stratified, cluster, and random sampling techniques. Based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970), the study sample consisted of 346 teachers working in rural schools in the state of Sabah. Data were collected using a set of adaptation questionnaires. Theories and models used as study guides include Innovation dissemination theory, ICT theory and task solving, Social learning theory, Maslow theory, Bandura theory, Technology Use Model, TAM Model (Technology Acceptance Capital) Professional Brante Model, Organizational Change Model, Model Kounin, Servan Laub Leadership Model and Planned Behavior Theory. The descriptive analysis used is the mean, frequency, and percentage tests while the inference test will use the regression test, Pearson Correlation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA test. Descriptive analysis shows that all variables are practiced at a high level. One-way t-test and ANOVA proved that there was a significant difference in mean scores of all variables based on gender, age, and teaching experience. Pearson Correlation test showed a significant relationship between Technology Innovation (r = 0.495, p <0.01), Role of Administrator (r = 0.536, p <0.01), and Teacher Readiness (r = 0.780, p <0.01) with Rural School Teacher Professionalism. at Sabah. Study questions were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0 program. Pathway analysis (SEM) shows the combination of the contribution of the three independent variables, namely technological innovation, the role of administrators, and the readiness of teachers on the professionalism of rural school teaching in Sabah. Path analysis also showed that there was a significant direct and indirect influence of independent variables with dependent variables. The study contributes to a New Model of Teacher Professionalism in rural schools in Sabah which has been adapted and integrated with previous theories and models.

The Correlation of Clinical Outcomes (Marginal Bone Loss, Probing Depth, and Patient Satisfaction) With Different Prosthetic Aspects of Implant Overdentures: A Five-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.

Implant overdentures increase retention, stability, support, and subsequently comfort and patient satisfaction with removable dentures. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of clinical outcomes (marginal bone loss, probing depth, and patient satisfaction) with different prosthetic aspects of mandibular implant overdentures. Seventy-four implant overdenture wearers who had received their overdentures between 1 to 5 years ago were selected using simple cluster sampling. The data investigated included mucosal health of the mouth, condition of peri-implant tissues, marginal bone loss (MBL), and patient satisfaction. The relationship of MBL and probing depth (PD) with independent variables was assessed by Pearson and Spearman's rho correlation coefficients. The comparisons of MBL, PD, patient satisfaction, and tissue irritation among different states of independent variables were done by analysis of covariance, Tukey and Tamhane post-tests, and chi-square tests (α = 0.05). A total of 186 implants were evaluated. The mean ages of participants and overdentures were 61.62 ± 9.28 (year) and 38.45 ± 16.64 (month), respectively. The survival rate and success rate were calculated to be 100% and 97.8%, respectively. Higher width of attached gingiva was correlated with less PD significantly (P = .006). Gingival index (P < .001) and plaque index (P = .006) were correlated with PD positively. Mean MBL for those who needed matrix/patrix adjustment was significantly higher than that of those who did not need it (P = .025). Taking into account our small sample size, the results of this study suggest that healthy peri-implant mucosa is significantly correlated with the presence of attached gingiva and appropriate oral health care. Furthermore, patients receiving implant overdentures should be informed about the importance of regular recalls.

An Investigation into Senior High School Social Studies Teachers&amp;apos; Knowledge of the Problem Section in the Social Studies Syllabus: The Case of North-East Region of Ghana

The current Senior High School Social Studies syllabus has a section on the problem for each topic to be studied presents for the teacher. Knowledge of this problem section of the syllabus has a positive impact on teachers' effectiveness in their lesson delivery; thus, the call on teachers to take this section seriously in their classroom practices. But there is little sign that teachers in the North-East Region of Ghana have taken this call. This study investigated the knowledge of Social Studies teachers of the North-East Region of Ghana of this section of the syllabus and how they used it as a guide for the teaching of the subject. A sample of fifty-four (54) teachers was selected for the study using the simple random, cluster and convenient sampling techniques to select the respondents for the study. As a qualitative study, an open-ended interview guide and observational guide were designed to elicit information from the respondents. Data from the interview was transcribed, grouped, analyzed and discussed on themes that emerged. The study focused on the teachers’ knowledge of the problem section of the Senior High School Social Studies syllabus and how this informed their selection of objectives, content, instructional techniques, materials, and evaluation of the subject. The study revealed among other things that: teachers’ knowledge of the problem section in the syllabus and their reciprocal relationship with other components of the syllabus fall short of the expectation of effective Social Studies teachers, especially trained to teach the subject. Observation of teaching sessions revealed that lessons were taught without teachers explaining the problems of the units to leaners. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that Ministry of Education (MoE) through Ghana Education Service (GES) should organize regular in-service training such as seminars, workshops for Social Studies teachers to update their pedagogical skills in the subject; on-campus and off-campus teaching practices in the Universities should be intensified by allowing in-field lecturers to supervise and train the teacher-trainees to ensure effective teaching of Social Studies.

Investigating the Maternal Factors Associated with Preschool Children’s Food Preferences; A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Dietary patterns of children are determined by their food preferences, and mothers have important implications for these preferences. This study was aimed to investigate the maternal factors associated with children’s food preferences. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 576 healthy children aged 3-6 years participated from nursery schools through simple cluster sampling method and maternal factors associated with children’s food preferences were determined using a researcher designed, validated tool through face-to-face interview with mothers. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using General Linear Model to assess the correlations between different variables. Results: The children with diploma-educated mothers had fewer preferences in consuming nuts, vegetables, and fruits, and children with academic-educated mothers had fewer preferences in consuming nuts, beans, vegetables, fruits, drinks, condiments, and snacks (P&lt;0.05). Children with employed mothers had fewer preferences for beans and drinks (P&lt;0.02). Drinks preferences were lower among children whose mothers had good nutritional knowledge score (P&lt;0.03). Proteins, beans, fruits, condiments, and snacks preferences were higher among children whose mothers had good nutritional attitude score (P&lt;0.05). A positive correlation was found between the food preferences of children and mothers (0.377&lt;B&lt;0.570, P&lt;0.001) in all food groups. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that mothersÌ“ educational level and their high nutritional knowledge and attitude could not guarantee the healthy dietary patterns of children. To promote children’s dietary patterns, it is imperative to improve the food preferences of mothers through specialized training. [GMJ.2019;8:e1652]Â

Investigating the Maternal Factors Associated with Preschool Children's Food Preferences; A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Dietary patterns of children are determined by their food preferences, and mothers have important implications for these preferences. This study was aimed to investigate the maternal factors associated with children’s food preferences. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 576 healthy children aged 3-6 years participated from nursery schools through simple cluster sampling method and maternal factors associated with children’s food preferences were determined using a researcher designed, validated tool through face-to-face interview with mothers. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using General Linear Model to assess the correlations between different variables. Results: The children with diploma-educated mothers had fewer preferences in consuming nuts, vegetables, and fruits, and children with academic-educated mothers had fewer preferences in consuming nuts, beans, vegetables, fruits, drinks, condiments, and snacks (P<0.05). Children with employed mothers had fewer preferences for beans and drinks (P<0.02). Drinks preferences were lower among children whose mothers had good nutritional knowledge score (P<0.03). Proteins, beans, fruits, condiments, and snacks preferences were higher among children whose mothers had good nutritional attitude score (P<0.05). A positive correlation was found between the food preferences of children and mothers (0.377<B<0.570, P<0.001) in all food groups. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that mothers̓ educational level and their high nutritional knowledge and attitude could not guarantee the healthy dietary patterns of children. To promote children’s dietary patterns, it is imperative to improve the food preferences of mothers through specialized training.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Course Review Horay Bermuatan Literasi Sains Pada Materi Sistem Reproduksi Manusia Di SMAN 4 Pariaman

Research on the problems that exist in Pariaman 4 Senior High School, student learning competencies are still low. The effort that can be done is to apply the cooperative learning model course review horay type with literacy content of SMAN 4 Pariaman. The purpose of this study was to study student learning through a cooperative model of course review horay type with literacy at SMAN 4 Pariaman. This type of research is experimental research with randomized posttest control group design. The population in this study were all students of class XI IPA SMAN 4 Pariaman registered in 2018/2019. Sampling was done using the Simple cluster Sampling technique, which was chosen as the research sample was class XI IPA.1 as the experimental class and XI IPA.3 as the control class. The instrument used consisted of posttest questions for knowledge competencies, observation sheets for competencies and skills. The assessment hypothesis using the t-test, can prove the knowledge competency tcount 4.13&gt; ttable 1.67, competency assessment value 80% with good categories and competency skills value tcount 3.21&gt; ttable 1.67. This is an accepted hypothesis. It was concluded that the cooperative model of course review horay type with literacy opposed the competence of knowledge, attitudes, and skills of class XI IPA students of SMAN 4 Pariaman.

SMOKING AMONG ADMINISTRATIVE UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES: PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF NICOTINE DEPENDENCE

AbstractIntroduction: The World Health Organization considers smoking as the top preventable reason of morbidity and early mortality. Tobacco smoking accounts for more than half of all deaths that can be easily avoided worldwide. Aim of work: To estimate the prevalence of smoking habit among Menoufia University administrative employees, and determine the degree of nicotine dependence among smokers. Materials and methods: A cross sectional survey has been conducted on an estimated simple cluster sample of 334 administrative employees in Menoufia University, Egypt, during the period from 1st of May to the end of August 2018. Level of addiction among smoking participants was assessed based on the validated Arabic version of Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participant was 39.03±9.05 years with a range of 21- 58 years. More than half of participants (62.9%) were males and 37.1% were females, cigarette and goza smoking have been reported in 68 participants (20.4%) and 17 (5.1%) of participants; respectively. All smokers were males, out of them 44.1% have low to moderate nicotine dependence, 16.2% have low dependence, 14.8% have moderate to high dependence, and 10.3% have no dependence. There is significant positive correlation between nicotine dependence and time for the first cigarette, the number of cigarettes, smoking index and the age (r=0.88,0.77 and 0.27 respectively) (P value <0.001, <0.001, <0.001 and <0.026 respectively). Conclusion: Cigarette and goza smoking have been reported among 20.4% and 5.1% of participants; respectively. Out of them, 44.1% have low to moderate dependence. This study showed that 63.2% of the smokers start to smoke their first cigarette within 30 minutes after waking up .There is significant positive correlation between nicotine dependence and time for the first cigarette, the number of cigarettes, smoking index and the age.

Effects of Parenting Style on Students' Achievement Goal Orientation: A Study on High School Students

This study intends to determine the effects of parenting styles, as perceived by parents, on high school students’ achievement goal orientations. The study was conducted on 497 students and their parents selected via simple cluster sampling from public high schools of the Ministry of Education in Amasya, a city in Turkey. Data were collected by means of a personal information form prepared by the researcher, the Parents Attitude Scale (PAS) and the 2x2 Achievement Goal Orientation Scale. Data analysis includes multiple regression analysis, as well as descriptive statistics. Based on research findings, parenting styles perceived by parents can be listed as democratic, overprotective, permissive and authoritarian. Students’ achievement goal orientation follows the order of learning-approach, learning-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance. Another finding obtained in the study shows a positive and medium level relationship between parenting style and learning approach orientation and a positive and low level relationship between parenting style and learning avoidance orientation. Democratic and overprotective parenting styles were found to have the strongest and most significant impact on learning approach orientation whereas overprotective and permissive parenting styles had the most significant impact on learning avoidance orientation. Parenting style was found to have a low level positive relationship with performance approach and performance avoidance orientation. Analyses show that authoritarian and overprotective parenting styles had the most significant impact on both orientations.

Food environment: validation of a method for measurement and characterization in the territory with the Health Academy Program

The study aimed to verify the validity of secondary data in the investigation of the food environment and to analyze the characteristics of the community environment and consumers in territories covered by a health promotion service. This was an ecological study in 18 units of the Health Academy Program in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, selected by simple cluster sampling. Validation of the establishments marketing fruits and vegetables, obtained from public databases, was done via telephone contact, Google Street View, and on-site audit. The following variables were investigated in the community food environment: type and location of the establishment; consumer's environment: availability, variety, price, and advertising of fruits and vegetables; availability and variety of ultra-processed foods; and hygienic and sanitary conditions. The access to healthy foods index was used to measure access to these foods. The on-site audit revealed weak concordance (45.7%) with the secondary databases. Of the 298 establishments, the majority were bulk grocery stores and open-air markets (61.3%), which showed the highest availability of healthy foods, but also marketed large amounts of ultra-processed foods (60.7%). One-third of the establishments showed substandard hygienic and sanitary conditions. The secondary databases showed low validity, emphasizing the need to audit the establishments. The establishments also showed a striking presence of ultra-processed foods and poor hygiene and sanitation.

The influence of health literacy on self-care in women aged between 69-17 years, who visited municipality cultural centers

Background and objective: The purpose of this paper is studying the relation between health literacy, as an independent variable, and self-care, as a dependent variable among women; because women health is basis of health of family and community and it poses a special importance in securing and health continuity Methods: Sample populations in this study were women aged between 17 and 69 years, visited district 2 Municipality Cultural Centers in 1395 and the health literacy questionnaire (HELIA) has been distributed haphazardly between 242 ones of these visitors. The simple cluster sampling was carried out in these cultural centers thus, the areas were divided into regions, regions into neighborhood and finally cultural centers were chosen by chance. The sample populations volume was chosen based on Cochran formula. Results: The highest age prevalence refers to 20 and 29 years old person and age average was 36 years old. Based on Pearson realize, relation intensity between two variables is strong and Positive correlation values demonstrate a direct relationship between them which means the higher level of decision making and behavior dimension of health literacy cause their higher self-care, vice versa the lower level of their decision making and behavior dimension of health literacy cause the worse their self-care . Conclusion: Regarding the importance of self-care education in reducing burden of disease and sequent disability, we should improve self-care by planning on promoting the health literacy in target groups. This issue can be achieved with training health dimension through an integrated plan for the provision of educational content and tools and presenting them through communication channels such as mass media, training sessions, cultural-artistic and educational centers. Paper Type: Research Article.

Assessment of knowledge and attitude of school teachers regarding emergency management of dental trauma in Udaipur city, India: A cross-sectional study

Background: Dental trauma is common in childhood. The home, school, and playground are the most common places where one can find a noticeable risk of traumatic injuries. Teachers are usually in proximity to children and are often called upon to provide initial care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the school teacher’s knowledge and attitude toward emergency management of dental trauma (EMDT). Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 school teachers from 24 selected schools in a city by simple cluster sampling. A closed-ended, structured, modified questionnaire was used for the survey. Data obtained from 400 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study achieved around 88% response rate. Majority of school teachers accepted that their knowledge of EMDT was not enough. Maximum of teachers wanted future education in EMDT. Very few teachers reported that they were unable to provide proper action when needed in case of dental trauma. Conclusion: The present study revealed considerably low knowledge and attitude of school teachers regarding EMDT.

How Does Patient Safety Culture in the Surgical Departments Compare to the Rest of the County Hospitals in Xiaogan City of China?

Objectives: Patient safety culture affects patient safety and the performance of hospitals. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) is generally used to assess the safety culture in hospitals and unit levels. However, only a few studies in China have measured surgical settings compared with other units in county hospitals using the HSOPSC. This study aims to assess the strengths and weaknesses of surgical departments compared with all other departments in county hospitals in China with HSOPSC. Design: This research is a cross-sectional study. Methods: In 2015, a Chinese translation of HSOPSC was administered to 1379 staff from sampled departments from 19 county hospitals in Xiaogan City (Hubei Province, China) using a simple random and cluster sampling method. Outcome Measures: The HSOPSC was completed by 1379 participants. The percent positive ratings (PPRs) of 12 dimensions (i.e., teamwork within units, organizational learning and continuous improvement, staffing, non-punitive response to errors, supervisor/ manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety, feedback and communication about errors, communication openness, hospital handoffs and transitions, teamwork across hospital units, hospital management support for patient safety, overall perception of safety, as well as frequency of events reported) and the positive proportion of outcome variables (patient safety grade and number of events reported) between surgical departments and other departments were compared with t-tests and X2 tests, respectively. A multiple regression analysis was conducted, with the outcome dimensions serving as dependent variables and basic characteristics and other dimensions serving as independent variables. Similarly, ordinal logistic regression was used to explore the influencing factors of two categorical outcomes. Results: A total of 56.49% of respondents were from surgical departments. The PPRs for “teamwork within units” and “organizational learning and continuous improvement” were ≥75%, which denoted strengths, and the PPRs for “staffing” and “non-punitive response to errors” were ≤50%, which denoted weaknesses in surgical units and other units. Three dimensions for surgical departments were weaker than those for other departments (p < 0.05). The staff from surgical units reported more events compared with the other units, but only a few respondents in surgical settings evaluated patient safety grade as good/excellent. Four dimensions influenced patient safety grade, and three dimensions influenced event reporting in surgical units. Conclusions: Strategies including recruiting workers, using the reporting system, and building a non-punitive culture should be adopted in the surgical units of county hospitals in China to improve safety culture. Supervisors should also prioritise patient safety.

MENTAL HEALTH IN RELATION TO SEXOF SPECIAL EDUCATION SCHOOL TEACHERS

This investigation was aimed to study the mental health levels among special education school teachers and its relation to their sex.Here, a sample of 120 special education school teachers (60 males and 60 females) was selected from 15 special schools of Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan states through simple random, purposive, convenience and cluster sampling methods. The survey questionnaire ‘Mental Health Inventory’by Dr. A.K. Shrivastava and Dr. Jagdish (1981) was used for measuring levels of mental health among special education school teachers. Percentage analysis, t-test were employed for data analysis. Mental health levels of most of special school teachers (i.e. 82.50%) were found either average or near average. A little percentage was found to at either very good (7.50%) or very poor (10.00%) levels of mental health. Besides, a significance of difference between mean MHI scores of male and female special education school teachers (t= 3.72, which is significant at 0.01 level of significance) was found. Higher mean MHI score (138.20) for female special education school teachers than their male counterparts (129.15) indicated that the female special education school teachers were enjoying better mental health than the male teachers.

A STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG SPECIAL EDUCATION SCHOOL TEACHERS

The present investigation was aimed to study the level of occupational stress among special education school teachers in relation to their gender. Here, a sample of 120 special education school teachers (60 males and 60 females) was selected from 15 special schools of Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan states through simple random, purposive, convenience and cluster sampling methods. The survey questionnaire Occupational Stress Index developed and standardised by Dr. A.K. Shrivastava and Dr. A. P. Singh (1981) was used for measuring levels of occupational stress among special education school teachers. Percentage analysis, t-test were employed for data analysis. A higher percentage of special education school teachers were found to be experiencing moderate to high level of occupational stress. The dimensions which causes occupational stress are role conflict and ambiguity, powerlessness, low autonomy, low participation in decision making, little colleague social support, high professional expectations, less security, facilities, nature of job, prestige, intellectual stimulation, advancement and emolument and contingent punishment by the administrator. Besides, perceived level of occupational was also found to be related to gender of special education school teachers. A significant difference in mean OSI scores of male and female special education school teachers (t=2.45 which is significant at 0.05 level of significance) was found. The higher value of mean OSI scores (i.e. 126.54) of male special education school teachers than the value of mean OSI scores (i.e. 116.72) of female special education school teachers indicated that the male special education school teachers perceives high level of occupational stress at their workplace in comparison with the female special education school teachers.Thus, authority of the institutions, state managing body and personnel engaged with the administration of the special education institutions are advised to give due consideration to the above factors while planning about educational management. If the national desire for higher quality of education is to be brought in reality, there must emerge, a national concern for and commitment to a higher quality of the educational environment of the special education school teachers.

Association between duration of residence with gingival pigmentation in Nuha District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Objective : Gingival pigmentation (changes of the gingival color) from brown to black discoloration may occur due to exogenous and endogenous factor. Increased concentration of heavy metal in the blood has been known to be one of the exogenous factors that could lead to gingival pigmentation. Nuha is a sub-district in South Sulawesi which soil contains high concentration of nickel and other heavy metals. Heavy metal contaminations in the water, soil, or air have detrimental effects on human health, particularly the oral cavity.Material and Methods : This study proposed to determine the association between duration of residence with gingival pigmentation to the community of Nuha District of East Luwu society. This study was a descriptive observational with cross-sectional study design.Results : The population in this study was all of the Nuha residents. The sampling technique used was simple two-stage cluster sampling. Gingival pigmentation in this study was measured using Dummet Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI).Conclusion : The data obtained showed significant association between duration of residence with maxillar and mandibular gingival pigmentation in the residents of Nuha District of Luwu Timur. p-value for maxillar DOPI was 0.003 and for mandibular DOPI was 0.000.

노인시설의 물리적 환경에 대한 거주노인 의견 조사방법의 분석 : 1990년 이후 해외 학술논문자료를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to provide information for research about residents` opinion toward the physical environments of elderly facilities, through the analysis and investigation on the research methodology of foreign academic journal articles from 1990 to 2014. The study results were as follows: Firstly, purposive sampling was a large majority of both facilities and elderly residents. In quantitative studies, many researchers have conducted simple random, cluster, or stratified sampling. Diverse facilities in area, size, location, and etc. should be considered for participation. The qualifications for residents` participation should be considered as well, so that they all could have autonomy for study participation. Secondly, questionnaire and semi-structured guide were likely to be used in independent and resident care facilities. On the other hand in assisted living and long-term care facilities, open questions and visual material were used as well. A compatible scale should be developed so that elderly having variable functional level could participate independently in the study. Thirdly, in data collection process, compliance with research ethics and well trained interviewer`s skill were important for residents` active responses and minimization of response errors. Enough research period of time and mixed study in data collection will decrease the response error.

Analysis of the Social Wellbeing Status in the Rural Settlements Based on Keyes Model, Miringof and Quality of Life (Case Study: Zanjan County)

1. INTRODUCTION One of the basic needs in the field of rural development is providing social health for villagers to to create appropriate basis to use social, economic and environmental possibilities of the village. So, rural development does not just include economic and agricultural aspects, but includes other aspects of life such as environmental, social, wellbeing and health aspects. Henceforth, dealing with the concept of health and specifically in social dimension, is one of the necessities in rural planning and development in our country, so that -through pathology of rural settlements in this sector, the solutions for social well-being promotion and subsequent development of rural economic, scientific, social, cultural and environmental aspects are provided in these settlements. Thus, the present study aimed to analyse and evaluate the state of social well-being in rural settlements in the county of Zanjan and identify strategies for its development and strengthening in these settlements. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Health, including Full Welfare of physical, mental and social. One of the most important aspects health, social well-being. To analyze the social well-being in society, health -Pivot and patient-Pivot approaches are studied. In most studies and social researches, the health-Pivot approach is used. There are also different models in this field, that social well-being model of Keyes, model and Miringof model and quality of life model of the most important models in this regard. Social well-being studies done in rural areas in the form of healthy village approach. Based on this approach, healthy rural is village in which they continually be prepared the optimum conditions, the possibility expanding of cooperation Intersectoral of environmental engender. Hence, in the rural with high social well-being, participation and environmental preservation is a priority than other factors. 3. METHODOLOGY This research using descriptive-analytical method, social well-being in rural settlements of Zanjan County is reviewed. In the context, for collecting data from field studies methods and the library is used. The Statistical Society is 258 rural point. And using method of simple cluster sampling, and with the help of province political boundaries from each district were selected randomly 1 village. Thus, 12 rural point were selected as the samples. In the next phase given that the households number of simple rural 12 of about 4213 households is. Using Morgan table, 352 households were selected as samples for the questionnaire distributed. To analyze the data, with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the amount of normal Frequency distribution of experimental and theoretical Frequency was evaluated. Then by using exploratory factor analysis, the main factors to determine the appropriate Pattern of variables were identified. The statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software and Lisrel. Indicators of research based on models and theories indicator Keyes social well-being, social well-being indicators of Miringof and the indicators of quality of life of Malcolm Shukner is set. And for each of the three models separate questionnaire was designed. 4. DISCUSSION The study shows that the social well-being status of rural, based on Keyes model, the amount of social well-being in this rurals is at an average level with an average of 3.32. Also, Based on calculations Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the significant level (P-Value) participation in indicators, prosperity and social cohesion less than P 0.05. And the null hypothesis is confirmed. Quality of life model is not in Desirable condition, with a mean of 2.6. Weakness in the index, has a direct refers to the weakness of social and economic infrastructure. In this context, Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test indicates that Economic and health indicators with a significant level of 0.000 (P<0.05), the distribution is not normal and K-S amount in this indicator indicates weakness in this part of rural life. However, environmental and social indicators of has acceptable status. Finally, for determine the relative contribution of each of the models and factor in explaining social well-being status of rural settlements from exploratory factor analysis using the rotation method is used. In this context, the Keyes Model of with 6.465 have most share in explaining social well-being status rural settlements. 5– CONCLUSION According to the results obtained and based on theories and previous studies, for reinforce social well-being in rural settlement, it seems essential consider some strategies: Attention to rural education; Pathology of the social problems of youth; Creating self-esteem among rural youth in order to solidarity, maintain and strengthen of indigenous values; Strengthening the role of the local media and the production of audio-visual programs in the field of social well-being; Strengthening economic infrastructure; Plans Preparation of macro and micro economic and social fields in order to solve concerns of young people in rural households in the field employment, marriage, housing, income, insurance, education, sports and leisure.

INTRARETINAL HEMORRHAGES IN NEWBORNS AT THE HOSPITAL DE SAN JOSÉ: INCIDENCE AND ASSOCIATED

Objetive: To determine the incidence of intraretinal hemorrhage in newborns of the Hospital de San Jose from September 2009 to September 2010. Design: Cohort study Methodology: Live newborns were examined at the Hospital de San Jose for a year (September 2009 to 2010), analizyng neonatal and maternal factors associated with the presence of intraretinal hemorrhage. A simple ramdon cluster sampling was used, excluding neborns with a compromised general status, as well as those whose parents or legal guardians did not sign the informed consent form. Patients with the presence of intraretinal hemorrhages were examined every 2 weeks until resolution was observed. Results: A total of 190 newborns were examined, finding an incidence of intraretinal hemorrahages of 22.6% (95% CI 16.6 to 28.6). Most of the mothers werw nulliparous (55.8%) and deliveries were eutocic (65.1%). From newborns with hemorrhages, 81.3% were born al term, and hemorrhages in most patients (93.0%) were resolved by the second week of monitoring. Asociations between hemorrhages and cesarean section (RR 0.42, CI 0.22 to 0.79) and episiotomy (RR 1.73, CI 1.02 to 2.94) were observed. Conclusions: Newborns who presented intraretinal hemorrhages werw childen of nulliparous mothers on whom episiotomy was performed, and some with eutocic and instrumented deliveries. The first two variables had statistical significance for the development of intraretinal hemorrhages.

Validating the Scale of University's Power of Response to Environment

The purpose of this study was to validate university's power of response to environment scale. This scale was formulated and presented in a research by Torkzadeh and Taghizadeh (2012) looking at response to environment as a behavioral system including three dimensions; Conceptual, Structural, Functional and through a systemic approach and a strategic view. Study population consisted of entire lecturers and staff of Shiraz Applied Science University centers that among them 260 lecturers and 90 staff were selected using simple cluster sampling method. Correlation between items and total numbers of each dimension was estimated using item analysis method to determine the validity of scale and results showed a high validity. Confirmatory factor analysis test also showed that each of tripartite dimensions (Conceptual, Structural, and Functional) held a high validity to explain the power of response to environment at university. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha results showed a high reliability of the scale, too. Aforementioned scale is offered at the end of this research.

Investigation and analysis of the status quo of core competence of community backbone nurses

Objective To understand the core competence of the community backbone nurses,to provide effective and reliable basis for training and enhancing core competence of the community backbone nurses.Methods By simple cluster sampling method and the use of Core Competence of Chinese Registered Nurse Scale,a questionnaire survey was conducted on 165 backbone nurses with community nurse practicing qualification.By analysis of ANOVA and LSD,the difference of general score of CIRN and score of every dimension among different age,different working years,different positions and different education degrees were compared.Results The average score of the core competence of community backbone nurses was (165.97±20.89).All dimensions from high to low order:ethical/legal practice,interpersonal relationship,professional development,education/counseling,critical thinking/scientific research,leadership ability,clinical nursing; Age group:31 to 40 years old group earned the highest score (168.09±20.90);Working years group:group with above 20 working years earned the highest score (167.78±19.72),which compared with other age groups was of statistical difference.Professional title group:co-chief nurse group earned the highest scores (172.67±13.20),which compared with other professional title groups was of statistical difference; Education degree group:associate degree group earned the highest score (166.63±20.81).Of which,bachelor degree group compared with other education degree groups in critical thinking/scientific research dimensions was of statistical difference.The other dimension of the comparison among groups was not significantly different.Conclusions Community nursing managers should carry out post arrangement and the professional development training according to individual situation of community nurses,to improve commumty backbone nurses' core competencies,thus promote the development of community nursing career. Key words: Community backbone nurses; Core competence; Investigation and analysis