Simple Clauses Research Articles

Clause relationships in spoken and written English

There are opposing views on whether speech or writing is more complex syntactically. We investigated the complexity of clause relationships in a range of spoken and written text categories: spontaneous conversations, broadcast discussions, unscripted monologues, personal handwritten letters, academic writing, and non-academic writing. Conversations proved to be the most distinctive category. It had the highest percentage of simple clauses and the lowest percentage of both subordination and coordination. For all the other categories there is not a sharp distinction between speech and writing in any of the measures that were applied.

The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of events

Analytic causative constructions can best be described as extensions of simpler kinds of expressions, rather than as reductions from more complex underlying structures. In particular, causatives of intransitive predicates (e.g. I made Mary cryj are viewed as modelled on simple two-participant clauses (like I ate the cake,), and causatives of transitive predicates (e.g. He had the servant taste the foodj are seen as modelled on simple threeparticipant clauses (like I gave Mary a flower, or She broke it with a hammer—i.e. mainly ditransitive and instrumental clause types). One especially important advantage of this approach is that it offers an explanatory semantic account of the Variation of case markings found in causative constructions (such as the rather general alternation of dative, or other non-oblique, with instrumental), itpredicts that such Variation is related systematically to the semantics ofcase markings in simple clauses, which is in fact the case. It is argued that accounts ofcase marking of causees formulated strictly in terms of a formal hierarchy ofcases cannot be adequate, given the semantic factors affecting the choice of case. The marking of the causee is a consequence of conceived differences in its role in the causal event, which relate to such aspects of event structure as (in)directness of causation and (relatedly) degree of agency and affectedness of participants. Such factors are elements ofcertain general conceptual models of causation. This approach not only has wider empirical coverage than syntactic, hierarchy-based accounts, but is simple, unified, has greater explanatory power both for cross-linguistic Variation andfor intricate intralinguistic distributional facts; finally, it accords with a cognitively-based view oflanguage, in which the knowledge underlying grammar is not qualitatively different from other aspects of human understanding and reasoning.

Paradigm trimming in Basque

Because Basque is a triple agreement language, its system of agreement paradigms is extremely complicated. In the present article, the A. presents a brief overview of Basque. A discussion of the system of paradigms follows, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of paradigm identity. Thus he examines marking-overload combinations in simple clauses and three mechanisms of avoidance used to circumvent such combinations. And finally he explores marking-overload combinations in clauses with the causative verb azari.

English Word Grammar

Part 1 Theory: general introduction propositions and their formal properties default inheritance linguistic and non-linguistic concepts categories in language syntactic structures semantic structures. Part 2 English: word classes morphology dependency types word order simple clauses some lexical entries for verbs the simple noun phrase some lexical entries for nouns passives extraction/topics, interrogatives and relatives co-ordination.

Complexification of the simple clause in the narrative discourse of adult language learners

Complexification of the simple clause in the narrative discourse of adult language learners

Indirect objects and incorporation in Mazatec

An analysis of indirect objects in San Jeronimo Mazatec describes the superf5.cial characteristics of indirect objects and the constructions in which indirect objects occur. It is argued that they occur as prepositional phrases that are obligatorily incorporated into the verb in a specific way. The constructions containing indirect objects are examined in the framework of relational grammar, with the claim that they occur in simple clauses and in clauses with Benefactive-3 Advancement, 2-3 Retreat (personal and impersonal), and (impersonal) Inversion. It is noted that 3-chomeurs, which sometimes occur, are markedly different from final indirect objects. It is also concluded that all of these claims are novel for Mazatec, and that such constructions have never before been posited for any Otomanguean language. (Author/MSE) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **********************************************************************. Indirect Objects and Incorporation in Mazateci Daniel Agee and Stephen Marlett

A semantic analysis of reference to spatial properties

A uniform analysis is offered for the source of the locations specified by all references in English to spatial properties including location and movement. This source is argued to be the location of events and states of affairs. These locations are specified by sets showing spaces momentarily occupied. Descriptions of motion are accounted for through a variety of ways of referencing these sets. Some classes of simple clauses are identified as requiring semantic analysis involving multiple events and states of affairs. This importantly allows spatial references to be associated with different events and states of affairs. Identification of object location is accounted for by use of extra inference rules or meaning postulates. A number of other explanations are suggested for more limited and derivative phenomena. The analysis is developed within a Case-like notation presented in the first-order predicate calculus. It is supported by an extensive analysis of spatial reference phenomena and by identification of ancillary benefits.

Subjunctives, Transformations and Features in Spanish

B Y POSITING TWO FEATURES, [+ optative] and [+ dubitative], we attempt to derive all subjunctives and imperatives in embedded and apparently simple clauses. Since these features are in clear contrast as to their patterning, they must be described separately. Of main interest to us is not that these features carry given semantic characteristics but that they have obvious syntactic consequences, i.e. obligate the subjunctive. Positing [+ optative] as a feature for mando, we can derive subjunctives as follows: Mando eso. Lo haces. => Mando que lo hagas. = Que lo hagas =>Hazlo. 'I order it. You do it. = I order that you do it.. => May you do it. = Do it.' Similarly [+ dubitative] in dudo results in the following: Dudo eso. Lo haces. # Dudo que lo hagas.

Insurance. Conditional Sale. Nonconsenting Conditional Vendor Named in Simple Loss Payable Clause of Insurance Policy Held Bound by Loss Settlement between Vendee and Insurer

Insurance. Conditional Sale. Nonconsenting Conditional Vendor Named in Simple Loss Payable Clause of Insurance Policy Held Bound by Loss Settlement between Vendee and Insurer

THE BROTHERHOOD OF THE LOST

If any man would know the very cause Which makes me to forget my speech in rhyme, All the sweet songs I sang in other time,— I'll tell it in a sonnet's simple clause. I hourly have beheld how good withdraws To nothing, and how evil mounts the while; Until my heart is gnawed as with a file, Nor ought of this world's worth is what it was. GVERZO DI M0NTECANTI—13th Cent. Translation by D. G. ROSSETTI