Simple Chemical Reduction Research Articles

Hierarchical-Structured Pd Nanoclusters Catalysts x-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-T by the Captopril-Capped Pd Cluster Precursor Method for the Highly Efficient 4-Nitrophenol Reduction.

Water-soluble captopril-capped atomically precise Pd nanoclusters (Pd17Capt8 NCs: 1.3 ± 0.5 nm) produced by a simple chemical reduction were supported on preprepared hybrid Co3Al-layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide (Co3Al-LDH/rGO) by a pH-adjusted electrostatic adsorption strategy followed by proper calcinations, giving a series of novel catalysts x-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-T (x (Pd loading) = 0.09, 0.17, 0.43 wt % (ICP), T = 230, 250, 280, 300, 320 °C). The characterization results show that the as-obtained catalysts possess the hierarchical nanosheet array morphology. Pd NCs with a size of ∼1.3 to 1.8 nm are highly distributed at the edge sites of the CoAl(O) nanosheets. All of the x-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-T catalysts show superior catalytic efficiency for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, particularly 0.17-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-300 possesses the highest performance with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 30 042 h-1, which is the highest among the reported Pd-based catalysts so far. The superior activity of 0.17-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-300 can be owing to ultrafine Pd NCs with a clean surface, the strongest PdNCs-Co2+-OH(LDH)-rGO three-phase synergy, and the much improved adsorption of the substrate via π-π stacking upon nanosheet array morphology. Meanwhile, 0.17-PdNCs/CoAl(O)/rGO-300 exhibits excellent catalytic activities for various nitroarenes and anionic azo dyes as well as good reusability with the complete reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) within 90 s after 10 successive runs. The present work provides not only a simple and convenient strategy for the synthesis of clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly supported metal nanocluster catalysts but also a new idea for the efficient catalytic degradation of environmental pollutants.

Integrating trace ruthenium cluster with cobalt boride toward superior overall water splitting in neutral media

Cobalt boride which is an active bifunctional water splitting catalyst in alkaline media shows poor activity in neutral media. We found that trace ruthenium (Ru) cluster deposition (80 μg·cm−2) on cobalt boride by simple wet chemical reduction method can dramatically improve both its hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity in neutral solution. The electron transfer from Co-B to Ru may result in the easier water dissociation step so as to facilitate the catalytic process. The resulting Ru@Co-B/Ni binder-free electrode could supply 10 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of 56 mV for HER and 280 mV for OER in 0.5 M phosphate buffer electrolyte. This work proposed a fruitful approach to advance the water splitting performance of transition metal boride in neutral media.

Free-Standing, Interwoven Tubular Graphene Mesh-Supported Binary AuPt Nanocatalysts: An Innovative and High-Performance Anode Methanol Oxidation Catalyst.

Pt-based alloy or bimetallic anode catalysts have been developed to reduce the carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning effect and the usage of Pt in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), where the second metal plays a role as CO poisoning inhibitor on Pt. Furthermore, better performance in DMFCs can be achieved by improving the catalytic dispersion and using high-performance supporting materials. In this work, we introduced a free-standing, macroscopic, interwoven tubular graphene (TG) mesh as a supporting material because of its high surface area, favorable chemical inertness, and excellent conductivity. Particularly, binary AuPt nanoparticles (NPs) can be easily immobilized on both outer and inner walls of the TG mesh with a highly dispersive distribution by a simple and efficient chemical reduction method. The TG mesh, whose outer and inner walls were decorated with optimized loading of binary AuPt NPs, exhibited a remarkably catalytic performance in DMFCs. Its methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity was 10.09 and 2.20 times higher than those of the TG electrodes with only outer wall immobilized with pure Pt NPs and binary AuPt NPs, respectively. Furthermore, the catalyst also displayed a great stability in methanol oxidation after 200 scanning cycles, implying the excellent tolerance toward the CO poisoning effect.

Improved TEA Sensitivity and Selectivity of In2O3 Porous Nanospheres by Modification with Ag Nanoparticles.

A highly sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by using gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) has attracted increasing interest, but still remains a challenge in gas sensitivity and selectivity. In order to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of In2O3 to triethylamine (TEA), herein, a silver (Ag)-modification strategy is proposed. Ag nanoparticles with a size around 25–30 nm were modified on pre-synthesized In2O3 PNSs via a simple room-temperature chemical reduction method by using NaBH4 as a reductant. The results of gas sensing tests indicate that after functionalization with Ag, the gas sensing performance of In2O3 PNSs for VOCs, especially for TEA, was remarkably improved. At a lower optimal working temperature (OWT) of 300 °C (bare In2O3 sensor: 320 °C), the best Ag/In2O3-2 sensor (Ag/In2O3 PNSs with an optimized Ag content of 2.90 wt%) shows a sensitivity of 116.86/ppm to 1–50 ppm TEA, about 170 times higher than that of bare In2O3 sensor (0.69/ppm). Significantly, the Ag/In2O3-2 sensor can provide a response (Ra/Rg) as high as 5697 to 50 ppm TEA, which is superior to most previous TEA sensors. Besides lower OWT and higher sensitivity, the Ag/In2O3-2 sensor also shows a remarkably improved selectivity to TEA, whose selectivity coefficient (STEA/Sethanol) is as high as 5.30, about 3.3 times higher than that of bare In2O3 (1.59). The sensitization mechanism of Ag on In2O3 is discussed in detail.

Fabrication of Fe/Bi bimetallic magnetic nano-oxides (IBBMNOs) as efficient remediator for hexavalent chromium from aqueous environment.

In this study, highly efficient Fe/Bi bimetallic magnetic nanooxides (IBBMNOs) were used as adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous environment. The IBBMNOs were synthesized by a simple and facile chemical reduction method. After that, different analytical techniques were used to characterize the resultant nanomaterial. According to characterization results, the IBBMNOs are highly porous look like cotton beads with an average size of 60-69nm. BET results show that IBBMNOs are highly porous with a high surface area. After optimizing different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, and time study, an excellent adsorption capacity was achieved up to 185mg/g in 10min. The calculated data of the adsorption process was well fitted with Langmuir and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The prepared materials have good usability as compared to reported adsorbent materials can be used for five different cycles with good removal efficiency of chromium ion from aqueous samples. Schematic illustration of adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by IBBMNOs.

Dual nanocatalysts co-decorated three-dimensional, laser-induced graphene hybrid nanomaterials integrated with a smartphone portable electrochemical system for point-of-care non-enzymatic glucose diagnosis

Non-enzymatic biosensors based on various nanomaterials with large surface-volume ratios and high catalytic efficiencies have been proposed to compensate for the non-stability and high cost of enzymatic biosensors. However, the construction of a stable, highly sensitive, flexible, three-dimensional (3D), microstructured, non-enzymatic biosensor integrated with a smartphone-based portable system has been challenging. Herein, highly conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) array with a honeycomb-like 3D microstructure co-decorated with copper(I) oxide and gold nanocatalysts was developed via simple and green electro-deposition and chemical reduction approaches for a miniaturized electrochemical flexible non-enzymatic biosensor. SEM, XRD, Raman and XPS analyzations indicated that the Cu2O and Au nanocatalysts co-decorated three-dimensional, laser-induced graphene hybrid nanomaterials were developed successfully. The signal of the biosensor was improved by more than 10 fold compared to the LIG alone due to the co-decorated with copper(I) oxide and gold nanocatalysts. The fabricated electrochemical biochip was integrated with a smartphone-based microstation for glucose monitoring, presenting a larger linear interval of 1–20 mM with an excellent sensitivity of 236 μA/mM/cm2 and a relatively low detection limit of 0.31 μM. Noticeably, the biochip could measure blood sugar on curved surfaces and still deliver stable sensing signals after being bent back-and-forth 25 times. The novel biosensor is a potentially valuable flexible electronic device. The hybrid nanomaterials developed in this work may be applicable to other biosensing, catalytic, and energy devices (supercapacitors and batteries).

Efficient and stable titania-based nanocatalytic materials for the reductive amination of furfural

Highly active, selective and stable titania-based catalytic materials have been designed through a simple and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted approach. Further modification of the prepared titania with metal nanoparticles was carried out by a simple chemical reduction method. The synthesized materials displayed excellent catalytic behaviour in the reductive amination of furfural towards furfuryl amine. More importantly, the materials showed remarkable recyclability, retaining high conversion and selectivity values after six reaction cycles.

Bright red luminescence from Eu3+-activated noncytotoxic SnO2 quantum dots for latent fingerprint detection

Ravishing red luminescent Eu3+-activated SnO2 quantum dot (QD) phosphors were successfully synthesized by employing a simple chemical reduction method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the Eu3+:SnO2 QDs have a tetragonal structure. The particle size, interplanar distances, and elements existing in the sample were examined by performing transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and elemental mapping studies, respectively. Under UV illumination, photoluminescence analyses were performed on pristine SnO2 QDs and Eu3+:SnO2 QDs. Under 294 nm of excitation, a broad emission band was observed for the undoped SnO2 QDs centered at 454 nm. A robust red emission emitted from the Eu3+-activated SnO2 QDs by excitation at 394 nm. The red emission intensity was significantly enhanced by increasing the Eu3+ ion concentration up to 0.3 mol%, and it was decreased drastically by increasing at above 0.3 mol% of Eu3+ ions due to concentration quenching. Furthermore, an energy migration was observed from SnO2 QDs host to Eu3+ ions. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color coordinates, correlated color temperature, and color purity values were evaluated for all the Eu3+:SnO2 QDs based on the emission profiles. The obtained CIE coordinates were compared with the standard National Television System Committee coordinates. Additionally, the applicability of the Eu3+:SnO2 QDs was evaluated to visualize the latent fingerprints on smooth surfaces using the powder dusting method. The obtained latent fingerprint images exhibited good sensitivity, high contrast, and appreciable ridge details. The noncytotoxicity of the Eu3+:SnO2 QDs was confirmed by conducting a toxicity test on normal fibroblast cell lines (L929). The results revealed that the noncytotoxic and ravishing luminescent Eu3+:SnO2 QDs can garner significant interest for use in latent fingerprint, biological labeling, imaging, and security encoding. We believe that such a method of producing lanthanide-doped QDs can accelerate the development of QD phosphor-based research.

Ir Single Atoms Doped Cuboctahedral Pd for Boosted Methanol Oxidation Reaction

AbstractThe construction of binary metal Pd‐based catalysts is an effective strategy to enhance the activity of methanol oxidation reaction. Herein, atomically dispersed Ir single atoms doped to cuboctahedral Pd nanoparticles (Ir‐SAs/Pd) as efficient catalysts for alkaline methanol oxidation are prepared via a simple chemical reduction method. The synthetic Ir‐SAs/Pd catalysts exhibit the outstanding mass activity of about 1717.3 mA mgPd−1 compared with pure Pd and commercial Pd/C in electrooxidation for methanol. Meanwhile, the introduction of Ir single atoms enhances the CO tolerance of Pd nanoparticles to a large extent. On the basis of density functional theory results, the enhanced catalytic performance and CO tolerance rely on the effective improvement of the electron dominance near Fermi level and the negative shift of the d‐band center for Pd as a result of the electron redistribution between Pd and Ir atoms. This article will provide new insight into the design of high‐performance binary metal catalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media.

Bio-Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Waste Agricultural Biomass and Its Antimicrobial Activity

The problem of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces has become extremely important in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. However, it should be considered that, in everyday life, we come into contact with many other viruses, as well as pathogenic bacteria and fungi, that may cause infections and diseases. Hence, there is a continuous need to search for new and more effective methods of fighting pathogens. Due to their documented antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles may be an interesting alternative to the commonly used surface cleaners and disinfectants. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles obtained with the use of nontoxic plant waste biomass against bacteria isolated from the environment. Silver nanoparticles with the desired physicochemical characteristics were obtained by a simple and rapid chemical reduction method using plant waste such as unused parsley stems and potato peels (the biogenic method). A nanosilver colloid was also prepared by the chemical reduction method, but with reducing and stabilizing chemical substances (the chemical method) used as a control. The bacterial susceptibility to nanosilver synthesized using both methods was evaluated using the disk-diffusion method. The sensitivity of particular Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates to nanosilver varied considerably, and the strongest antimicrobial effect was found in the case of nanoparticles synthesized by the chemical method using a strong chemical reducing agent and a polymeric stabilizing substance, while nanosilver obtained using the biogenic method, using phytochemicals, also had a strong antimicrobial effect, which was found to be extremely satisfactory. Thus, it can be strongly concluded that the biogenic, pro-ecological method of synthesis with the use of plant waste biomass presented in this work allows the application of biogenic nanosilver as a component of agents for washing and disinfection of public utility surfaces.

SERS activity of carbon nanotubes modified by silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes

A two-dimensional (2D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate is fabricated by decorating carbon nanotube (CNT) films with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) in different sizes, via simple and low-cost chemical reduction method and self-assembling method. The change of Raman and SERS activity of carbon nanotubes/Ag nanoparticles (CNTs/AgNPs) composites with varying size of AgNPs are investigated by using rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a probe molecule. Meanwhile, the scattering cross section of AgNPs and the distribution of electric field of CNTs/AgNPs composite are simulated through finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength is redshifted as the size of AgNPs increases, and the intensity of SERS and electric field increase with AgNPs size increasing. The experiment and simulation results show a Raman scattering enhancement factor (EF) of 108 for the hybrid substrate.

Synthesis of novel muscovite loaded nano Ag/Cu2-xFexO composites with excellent visible-light responsive photocatalysis

Muscovite loaded Cu2O nanosphere composites with Fe3+ doping and Ag deposition were successfully synthetized by a simple chemical reduction method. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique, transmission electron microscope (TEM), photoluminescence spectra (PL) and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). Meanwhile, the photocatalytic performance and photocatalytic mechanism of the samples were investigated by photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) dye under visible light irradiation. The Cu2O nanosphere composites co-modified by Ag, Fe3+ and muscovite showed the best photocatalytic activity, which may originate from both the enhancement of utilization of Cu2O photocatalyst and the reduction of recombination of electrons and holes in the natural environment.

Biocompatible BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 nanosheets with oxidase-like activity: Colorimetric biosensing and antitumor activity

In this paper, we developed a novel nanocomposite sensor toward detection of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) via convenient colorimetric analysis. The ZnCo2O4 sheets were synthesized by a deep eutectic solvent, and decorated with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as well as bovine serum albumin (BSA) by a simple chemical reduction technique. The prepared BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 composites was attested to have remarkable oxidase like activity, which capable of oxidizing colorless TMB to blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB). Then, the reaction mechanism was investigated in detail by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. It was proved that the oxidation of TMB stemmed from the production of abundant active oxygen species (•OH, O2•− and 1O2) by the interaction between BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 and dissolved oxygen. The catalytic activity of BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 was inhibited by GSH, which lead to the fading of blue oxTMB. Thus, a sensitive and specific analysis method was established for GSH detection with a detection limit of 0.0885 μM and a linear detection range between 0.50 and 15.00 μM. Furthermore, GST reduced the GSH reducibility by promoting the reaction of GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The GSH detection method could be extended to the colorimetric determination of GST with a 0.137 U·L−1 detection limit and a working range from 0.25 to 17.50 U·L−1. And it was further successfully extended toward GSH and GST detection in human serum samples with satisfactory results. At last, the cytotoxicity of BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 was researched against U87, HEB and HCT-116 cells, which stated its non-cytotoxic effect for normal cells and antitumor activity for cancer cells. In conclusion, the proposed method based on BSA-AuNP@ZnCo2O4 nanomaterials is sensitive, economical and highly efficient that might result in a great influence on the following enzyme research.

Non‐Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensing of Glucose Using Nanocomposites of Polyaniline Nanofibers and Silver

AbstractIn this study silver nanoparticles were dispersed over polyaniline nanofibers (nPANI) by simple chemical reduction of silver nitrate in the presence of nPANI, and the prepared nPANI/Ag nanocomposite was employed for sensitive and cost‐effective non‐enzymatic detection of glucose using a modified carbon paste electrode. Detailed structural, crystallographic and morphological characterization of nPANI/Ag was carried out by means of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The enhancement of charge transfer of nPANI upon incorporation of Ag nanoparticles was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the electrocatalytic efficacy of the nPANI/Ag nanocomposite towards oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium was proven by cyclic voltammetry. Crucially, chronoamperometry demonstrated a linear response of the nPANI/Ag‐based glucose sensor over a wide range of glucose concentrations from 100 μM to 10 mM with a lowest detection limit of 1,3 μM. The sensor had a good selectivity for glucose in the presence of common interfering biomolecules. The sensor also had a shelf‐life of several days and the response was repeatable for up to nine individual measurements.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia via amorphous cobalt boride.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NitRR) is an energy-saving and environmentally benign approach to synthesizing ammonia under ambient conditions. However, the development of noble metal-free catalysts with high activity and selectivity is still a significant challenge. In this study, uniformly dispersed amorphous CoBx nanoparticles supported on carbon paper were synthesized VIA a simple wet chemical reduction method. As an efficient nitrate reduction electrocatalyst, CoBx exhibited a maximum faradaic efficiency of 94.00 ± 1.67% and a yield rate of up to 0.787 ± 0.028 mmol h-1 cm-2 for ammonia production. The enhanced NitRR performance could be attributed to a partial electron transfer from B to Co, which is necessary for optimizing the adsorption energies of the reaction intermediates and facilitating electron transport. Thus, selective and cost-effective electroreduction of nitrates to ammonia can be achieved using CoBx nanoparticles.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of H2O2 using Ni (OH)2 nanoparticles

In this study, we have reported the synthesis of Ni (OH)2 nanoparticles by simple chemical reduction method for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of H2O2. The as prepared Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques as a means of the structural, morphological, and elemental analyses. The electrocatalytic activity of Ni (OH)2 towards reduction of H2O2 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PBS) solution was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. From the CV responses, it has been realized that the as fabricated Ni (OH)2 based sensor electrode can effectively reduce H2O2 into water and oxygen at an applied dc bias voltage of −1.0 V. Moreover, the electroactive area (A) and rate constant (ks) of the redox process were determined to be 3.36 cm2 and 0.404 s−1; respectively. Our sensor exhibits a low detection limit of 26.4 µM and with a good sensitivity value of 1660 µA.mM−1.cm−2 under a wide linear range of 30–320 µM of analyte concentration. The proposed sensor electrode exhibits excellent redox activity towards sensing H2O2 and offering high stability.

H2S sensing material Pt-WO3 nanorods with excellent comprehensive performance

The Pt-loaded WO3 materials have been synthesized via simple hydrothermal and chemical reduction methods. The microstructure of prepared Pt-WO3 exhibits as nanorods consisting of bundles of finer nanorods and the Pt nanoparticles with a size of ca. 5 nm loaded on the surface of WO3. The gas sensing measurements of Pt-WO3 material show excellent gas sensing selectivity to H2S compared with many other pollution gases (e.g. NO2, SO2, NH3, CO and CO2). In particular, 0.2 at% Pt-WO3 exhibits extremely high response (1638–10 ppm H2S), short response/recovery time (42 s/37 s) and low detection limit (1.27–5 ppb H2S) at 200 °C. The superior performance of 0.2 at% Pt-WO3 compared with pure WO3 mainly originate from its modulating action to conductive band electrons of WO3 and its catalysis to the chemisorption reaction on the surface.

Silver nanoparticles decorated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocages as an effective nanoadditive for improved structural and biological properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanofiltration membrane

Incorporation of a well-defined functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) into a polymer matrix represents a new chemical advancement for applied membrane technology. Herein, POSS nanocages densely decorated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as effective hydrophilic and antibacterial additive. In this work, first, a facile and simple chemical reduction strategy is employed to prepare the organic–inorganic hybrid nanocages of Ag@POSS by in situ reduction of the Ag NPs with octa-ammonium molecules of POSS. These Ag@POSS nanocages were added as nanofiller for the fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanohybrid membrane. Ag@POSS nanocages added PVDF-HFP membrane exhibited formation of homogeneous and stable films compared to the unmodified polymeric membranes due to van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions of Ag@POSS with –CH2 groups and F atoms of polymer matrix. Pure water flux measurement of nanohybrid membrane showed that Ag@POSS PVDF membrane displays dramatic increase in the permeability (1,554.6 L/m2/h) and hydrophilicity (67°) properties. Furthermore, antibacterial activity and protein adsorption capacity of Ag@POSS PVDF membrane were evaluated by quantitative analysis of living bacterial cells and protein mass adsorption using Escherichia coli and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein, respectively. The E. coli colonies (108 CFU/mL) on the Ag@POSS PVDF membrane samples tended to decline with 0.5 × 106 CFU/mL compared to neat PVDF-HFP membrane sample (1.3 × 108 CFU/mL). The improvement in biological properties of Ag@POSS PVDF membrane is due to the formation of Ag-octamine on the surface of POSS which lead to the formation of a boundary protection film. The surface–modified POSS with Ag NPs can be used as a nanofiller in polymeric membrane for developing high-performance permeable nanofiltration and antibacterial/antifouling polymeric membranes.

Construction of Moisture‐Stable Lithium Diffusion‐Controlling Layer toward High Performance Dendrite‐Free Lithium Anode

AbstractSpatially random lithium nucleation and sluggish lithium diffusion across the electrode/electrolyte interface lead to uncontrollable lithium deposition and the growth of lithium dendrite on metallic lithium surface, causing severe safety problems. Herein, a functional rapid‐ion‐diffusion alloy layer on the metallic lithium surface (RIDAL‐Li) is designed through a simple chemical reduction reaction. Such a layer efficiently reduces energy barriers for lithium transport and thus significantly homogenizes the lithium atom flux for lateral deposition, which are confirmed by electrochemical tests, theoretical simulations, and spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, the as‐prepared RIDAL layer also displays a much higher corrosion resistance to moisture and oxygen. As a result, in ether‐based and carbonate‐based electrolytes, the pretreated RIDAL‐Li anode can achieve a long stripping/plating lifespan of 900 h and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99% without dendrite growth. Even after being exposed to the ambient environment with relative humidity of 51% for 60 min, the RIDAL‐Li can survive for stripping/plating 400 h and exhibit a low overpotential of 18 mV, displaying the superiority for ambient atmosphere battery assembly. Matched with LiFePO4 or sulfur cathode, the full cells exhibit remarkably improved stability and capacity retention, showing its suitability for applications in lithium metal batteries.

Synthesis of the platinum particle with the pH variation for the particle size control

Platinum is a precious metal widely used in the jewelry industry due to its property and intrinsic value. The different particle sizes of platinum can be applied in various applications, especially for jewelry production. In the present article, submicron, and nano-sized platinum particle sizes were synthesized through simple chemical reduction methods and the effect of pH variation was revealed. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the pH variations give rise to significant changes of the obtained particle size. The size of platinum particle was decreased from submicron to nanoscale while the pH was increased. The UV-Vis spectra indicated the maximum absorption at 220 nm confirming the spherical shape of the platinum particle. The FT-IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the residuals from the synthesis. The result showed that there is no indication of residual in the synthesized particle. Additionally, this synthesis can provide stability in terms of size and shape, as well as high production yield.