Simple Changes Research Articles

Modulation for Redox States of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of Wrapping Conjugated Polymers.

Controlling the redox states of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is important for the optimization of their real performances in various fields. By means of in situ photoluminescence (PL) spectroelectrochemical measurements, we report a successful modulation for the redox parameters (redox potentials and electrochemical band gap) of (6,5) and (7,5)SWNTs with a simple change in conjugated polymers (CPs) non-covalently wrapped on the nanotubes. The large shift in the band gap (187 meV for (6,5)SWNTs and 101 meV for (7,5)SWNTs) was connected to the prominent difference in the interactions between the CPs and SWNTs as suggested by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, while a striking difference in the 𝜋-electrons states of CP/SWNTs enabled the tuning of SWNTs' electronic states. Asymmetrical modulation for the reduction potential (LUMO) and oxidation potential (HOMO) of the SWNTs was observed as well. Our results can be promising for a simple but precise control of the electric states of SWNTs.

Tailored ultrasound propagation in microscale metamaterials via inertia design.

The quasi-static properties of micro-architected (meta)materials have been extensively studied over the past decade, but their dynamic responses, especially in acoustic metamaterials with engineered wave propagation behavior, represent a new frontier. However, challenges in miniaturizing and characterizing acoustic metamaterials in high-frequency (megahertz) regimes have hindered progress toward experimentally implementing ultrasonic-wave control. Here, we present an inertia design framework based on positioning microspheres to tune responses of 3D microscale metamaterials. We demonstrate tunable quasi-static stiffness by up to 75% and dynamic longitudinal-wave velocities by up to 25% while maintaining identical material density. Using noncontact laser-based dynamic experiments of tunable elastodynamic properties and numerical demonstrations of spatio-temporal ultrasound wave propagation, we explore the tunable static and elastodynamic property relation. This design framework expands the quasi-static and dynamic metamaterial property space through simple geometric changes, enabling facile design and fabrication of metamaterials for applications in medical ultrasound and analog computing.

Two approaches to the semantic decomposition of change of state verbs, how they differ, and why it matters

In this paper, I contrast two broad decompositional approaches to verb semantics. One, especially associated with David Dowty, involves translating verbs using a set of precisely interpreted primitive predicates such as CAUSE and BECOME, in order to facilitate semantic generalizations such as patterns of entailment between sentences. Another, with multiple origins in both temporal semantics and theories of the syntax/semantics interface (including, notably, work by Pustejovsky and Piñón), involves developing a theory of the internal part structure of the eventualities that verbs and other expressions describe; I refer to this approach, following Pianesi and Varzi, as mereotopological. These two approaches to decomposition are not, strictly speaking, incompatible, and they have sometimes been combined; however, perhaps surprisingly, comparison of them has been unsystematic. I address this gap by describing more systematically how the approaches differ from each other, illustrating with differences in the insights they offer into specific aspects of the semantics of simple change of state verbs and unselected object resultatives. I especially aim to promote interest in the development of more sophisticated, cross-linguistically applicable theories of so-calledevent structure through appeal to a wider range of notions from mereotopology.

Identifying Damaged Areas Caused by the Noto Peninsula 2024 Earthquake Using Change Detection from Optical Satellite Images

Abstract. Strategic response during disasters requires the swiftness of the flow of data and information. Simple change detections can be used from Optical Satellite Images to achieve fast results that can be used for analysis and planning. In response to the earthquake that devastated the Noto Peninsula of Japan on New Year’s Day, news reports and early optical satellite images were utilized to identify areas that were damaged by the earthquake. The changes in the reflectance values and indicators, such as NDBI and NDVI were analyzed to identify the areas with damages such as collapsed buildings and landslides. From the after-event satellite images of PlanetScope and Sentinel-2, three areas were identified as severely affected based on news reports namely, Wajima City, Niemachi, and Noto Town. To verify the results of the analysis, aerial images provided by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, and Google Earth Street View Images were used. Through change detection methods, the locations of damaged areas were pinpointed using Optical Satellite Images after the earthquake incident.

The Effect of Cooking and Cooling Chickpea Pasta on Resistant Starch Content, Glycemic Response, and Glycemic Index in Healthy Adults

Background/Objectives: Legume seeds, such as chickpeas, are a rich source of resistant starch (RS) and have a low glycemic index (GI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cooking and cooling chickpea pasta on the RS content, glycemic response, and GI in healthy subjects. Methods: Twelve healthy subjects of both sexes, aged 18–65 years, participated in this study. Each person consumed two standardized portions of chickpea pasta: (i) freshly cooked (FCP) and (ii) cooked chickpea pasta which was cooled for 24 h at 4 °C and reheated before consumption (CCP). Glucose solution was provided as a reference food. Participants consumed chickpea pasta in a random order. GI measurements were completed using the standard methodology and calculated according to the ISO 2010 standard. Results: The cooling and reheating process significantly increased the RS content of boiled chickpea pasta (from 1.83 g/100 g to 3.65 g/100 g) and had a beneficial effect on postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. The CCP pasta had a significantly lower GI value than the FCP pasta (33 vs. 39, p = 0.0022). A significant difference in the glucose, as identified by the incremental area under the curve (IAUC), was observed between the CCP and FCP (1327.9 ± 414.8 mg/dL/min vs. 1556.1 ± 456.9 mg/dL/min, p = 0.0022). The cooling–reheating process did not affect the sensory attributes of the chickpea pasta. In general, the overall acceptability of the CCP pasta was similar to that of the FCP pasta. Conclusions: The results of our study support the hypothesis that a reduced glycemic response after simple changes in technological intervention leads to a decrease in postprandial blood glucose and GI. This can be helpful for people who need to control postprandial glycemia.

Górale and Farming – It Goes Hand in Hand. Agricultural Work as Part of Cultural Heritage in Podhale

Contrary to common associations linking Podhale with recreation and tourism, this region still retains its rural character. Rurality, thus, is a category inextricably connected with agriculture and largely shaped by work. That is why progressive changes in agriculture and general de-agrarianisation affect rural areas much more strongly than a simple change in occupational structure would suggest. The article concerns selected narratives and activities of Podhale farmers, showing agriculture as part of the cultural heritage of the countryside. Reffering to the specific agrarian structure, I argue that farmers in this regions use mountain conditions and the presence of the tourist business to undertake activities that go beyond economic aspects of work. The specific nature of agriculture makes it a space for realising individual ambitions that reach beyond earning a living and touch upon aspects of indentity. Even though the agricultural past is common to most inhabitants of Podhale, farmers, consciously referring to it, use techniques available only to them as specific continuators of highland farming methods.

74 Reducing unplanned extubations in a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit - the nuts and bolts of UE bundle implementation

Abstract Background Unplanned extubations (UEs) are preventable adverse events that may lead to short term consequences (e.g. cardiopulmonary collapse) and long term sequelae (e.g. acquired airway injury, brain injury) for patients admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). UE prevention care bundles have been demonstrated to reduce UE rates in NICUs; however, implementation of bundle elements is unit dependent. Objectives To describe the work of a UE Prevention Team in a Level 3 NICU with rising UE rates despite implementation of UE prevention bundle per Children’s Hospital Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS). Design/Methods A neonatologist / respiratory therapist pair was assembled in March 2022 to tackle rising UE rates in a 69 bed NICU. Contributing unit stressors included implementation of a new electronic health record, COVID-19 policies, and nursing shortages. Baseline UE rates were >3x the centerline for SPS network NICUs and likely underreported. Steps undertaken include: 1) daily audit to ensure reporting of all UEs, 2) structured post-event team debriefs, 3) unit education campaign to raise awareness of UE prevention and bundle elements, 4) prominent posting of last UE date and reporting on daily team huddle, 5) rapid UE case reviews and apparent cause analysis with reporting of findings unit-wide, 6) optimize endotracheal tube (ETT) securement methods, 6) enforce T2-T3 ETT tip position, 7) standardize x-ray frequencies and reporting, 8) trial of daily rounds ETT safety checklist. Results From rapid case reviews, apparent causes were determined to be incorrect ETT securement device sizing, taping method prone to loss of tape integrity in high humidity, high ETT positions, and inadequate ETT monitoring during high risk activities other than repositioning (invasive/painful procedures, diaper changes). Post-event structured debriefs and unit-wide vigilance increased reporting of UE events to 100%. UE rates fell from a peak of >4 UEs/month, >2.4/100 ventilation days to 1 UE/month, 0.465/100 ventilation days, a 80% reduction.(Figure 1) Most impactful interventions were standard x-ray reporting template in the electronic health record, reinforcing T2-T3 ETT tip positioning, correcting ETT holder sizing, and change in ETT method (Figure 2). Daily rounds checklist was not effective. UE reductions were achieved without changing patient ratios as nurse staffing shortages continued. Conclusion A nimble systems approach is needed to ensure success in implementation of UE prevention care bundles. Simple changes can be made to decrease UEs, guided by rapid case reviews.

Memory Effects Explain the Fractional Viscosity Dependence of Rates Associated with Internal Friction: Simple Models and Applications to Butane Dihedral Rotation.

Barrier-crossing rates of biophysical processes, ranging from simple conformational changes to protein folding, often deviate from the Kramers prediction of an inverse viscosity dependence. In many recent studies, this has been attributed to the presence of internal friction within the system. Previously, we showed that memory-dependent friction arising from the nonequilibrium solvation of a single particle crossing a smooth one-dimensional barrier can also cause such a deviation and be misinterpreted as internal friction. Here we introduce a simple diatom model and show that even in the absence of explicit solvent, internal memory effects arise due to coupling of the reaction coordinate motion with frictionally orthogonal degrees of freedom. This results in a fractional viscosity dependence and a deviation from Kramers' theory, typically attributed to the presence of internal friction. This model therefore mimics several biological processes where a local conformational change of a biomolecule is often influenced by its surroundings. This gives rise to an apparent "internal friction" commonly measured in terms of empirical fitting parameters α and σ. We propose a microscopic measure of this internal friction using Grote-Hynes theory which employs memory-dependent friction. We use butane to demonstrate the effect of coupling strength on the internal friction in realistic systems. This model therefore can serve the purpose of understanding internal friction in biological systems in terms of such coupling.

Entropy‐Driven Self‐Assembly of DNA Origami Isomers

Entropy can be an important factor to direct the self‐assembly of biomolecules into specific configurations, which requires repeatable and predictable design principles. Herein, a DNA origami system is presented, which folds into isomers with similar enthalpy but different conformational entropy due to loop formation of the scaffold, which is described quantitatively by an entropy model. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium distribution of a basic system consisting of two isomers can be tuned by changing the length, position, and number of scaffold loops, which is in good agreement with the model predictions. It is also shown that the folding pathway can be controlled kinetically through simple changes in the assembly protocol. Finally, a demonstration is done on how the equilibrium distribution of a more complicated system with six isomers can also be tuned in good agreement with model predictions. Overall, a new system and model for synthesizing nanoscale structures through predictable entropy‐driven self‐assembly of DNA origami is demonstrated. Given that the model is based on first principles, it is anticipated that the framework can be extended to the self‐assembly of other macromolecules such as proteins and RNA.

Immune-reactive tumor organoids system to determine the effects of microbial metabolites on cancer immunity and immunotherapies

Immunotherapies are a revolutionary approach to treating cancer by utilizing the body’s immune system to target and combat cancer cells. This approach offers promising alternatives to traditional chemotherapies. Its potential to induce long-lasting remissions and specificity for cancer cells, which minimizes side effects, makes it a cutting-edge treatment with tremendous potential. With the increase of the clinical usage of immunotherapy, evidence emerges of the microbiome’s impact on both tumor growth and response to immunotherapy. The proposed involvement of the microbiome can change treatment efficacy by altering drug metabolism and reshaping the immune system response. Understanding the specific interactions between tumor cells, immune cells, and the microbiome is a critical step in the advancement of immunotherapy. To study the complex interaction between cancer immunity and the microbiome, various preclinical in vivo and in vitro models have been developed. We have recently described the use of an ex vivo preclinical model for anti-cancer treatment outcome prediction –tumor tissue equivalents (organoids). Specifically, immune-reactive tumor organoids are proposed as a novel tool for understanding how the microbiome influences cancer immunity and immunotherapy. More importantly, this platform can utilize patient samples to dissect patient-specific elements regulating cancer immune response and microbiome influence. This review presents the rationale for using the immune-reactive tumor organoids model to study the interactions between the microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. It will discuss available components of the model and analyze their interplay, summarize relevant experimental data, and assess their validity. Additionally, it explores the potential of immune-reactive organoids for personalized treatment approaches. Understanding the microbiome’s role in immunotherapy outcomes will lead to transformative cancer treatment via a simple change of diet or other microbiome manipulations. Ongoing research on microbiome-cancer interactions utilizing the described model systems will lead to innovative treatment strategies and improved patient outcomes.

Postural Change Assists Surgical Maneuverability During Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenoma

In endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension, the prolapse of the stretched floppy diaphragma sellae can obstruct the surgical corridor, posing challenges during pituitary surgery. We have introduced a simple postural change technique to mitigate this issue and are sharing our clinical experience. Pituitary surgery is performed on an operating bed where the patient's position can be adjusted. During transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, raising the patient's head to a Fowler's position causes the diaphragma sellae to move upward, while lowering the head to a supine position causes it to descend. This simple adjustment minimizes hindrance from the floppy diaphragm sellae during surgery. We illustrate this technique in pituitary surgery, where diaphragm sellae relocation is necessary. A simple postural change technique effectively manages prolapsed floppy diaphragma sellae, enhancing visualization and surgical accessibility during endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

Kinetic theory of tilted Dirac cone materials

We formulate the Boltzmann kinetic equations for interacting electrons with tilted Dirac cones in two space dimensions characterized by a tilt parameter 0≤ζ<1. By solving the linearized Boltzmann equation, we find that the broadening of the Drude pole is enhanced by κ(ζ)×(1−ζ2)−1/2, where the κ is interaction-induced enhancement factor. The intensity of the Drude pole is also anisotropically enhanced by (1−ζ2)−1. The ubiquitous “redshift” factors (1−ζ2)1/2 can be regarded as a manifestation of an underlying spacetime structure in such solids. The additional broadening κ that arises from the interactions cannot be obtained from a simple coordinate change and are more pronounced for electrons in a ζ-deformed Minkowski spacetime of tilted Dirac fermions.

The main aspects of militia reorganisation in the early 1960s

The article highlights the main directions of militia transformation after the 1962 reorganisation of the republican Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR into the republican Ministry of Public Order Protection of the USSR. This transformation was not a simple change of name of this institution and its local bodies. This transformation was in line with the political and ideological views of the then leadership of the state. In fact, it was a change in the concept of law enforcement. According to the leaders of the state, in the context of the “widespread construction of communism”, the main task of the militia was to protect public order with the support of the active part of the population. It was unreasonably believed that crime in the country would steadily decrease, so the scope of militia activities in this area would be less than before. It also envisaged a weakening of the punitive function of the state, less use of violence, and an emphasis on raising the cultural level of militia officers and the population. At the same time, the role of the militia in conducting preliminary investigations was increased, which indicated that the functions of the militia in combating crime were somewhat expanded. The main tasks of the Ministry of Public Order of the Ukrainian SSR are revealed: ensuring public order, preventing and solving crimes. The article shows how the following main methods of improving the work of the militia were implemented: strengthening control over the lives of militia officers outside of working hours; holding cultural and sports events, political agitation and propaganda; and individual training activities. The sphere of activity of the State Automobile Inspection was clarified and specified, which had a generally positive impact on improving road safety. Certain steps towards democratisation of the militia taken at this time did not mean that the Communist Party’s control over this body was weakened. The legal regulation of law enforcement activities remained, as before, entirely within the purview of the Communist Party and its local representatives.

Improving hydrolysis and acidification by regulating the oxygen status and solid content of lignocellulosic waste: Emphasis on the unsealed environment and harnessing the potential of microbial communities

The recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic raw materials poses a challenge for current biogas plant operations, where hydrolysis and acidification (HA) are the rate-determining steps. To explore the HA balance and microbial mechanisms according to oxygen status and in conditions with relatively high solid content, we made a simple change to build an unsealed reactor. We found that the hemicellulose degradation rate increased by 149.3 % under unsealed conditions. Under microaerobic conditions (Mi), HA with more than 10 % total solid (TS) content exhibited a carbon loss rate of < 10 % in the first 7 days. In the 15 % TS Mi treatment, the organic acid conversion coefficient was 0.04, and the concentration increased to 7.4 g/L within 2 days. A high solid content was the key factor for ensuring efficient organic acid production in the early stage, whereas Mi affected the middle stage. Multiple methods revealed that abundant Prevotella and Clostridium, as well as rare Bifidobacterium, Sporacetigenium, and specific bacteria, had substantial effects on efficient organic acid production and HA balance. The correlation with Mi was 0.57–0.83. The abundance of hemicellulase genes increased by 18.41 %, and the abundance of pyruvate kinase in Mi increased by 15.55 % compared with the sealed condition, demonstrating that Mi can provide complementary advantages in the HA process. The findings in this study improved the operational quality of conventional HA and anaerobic digestion.

Improving environmental and economic sustainability of cutlery manufacturing in adeveloping nation through energy reduction and energy transition initiatives.

Manufacturing industries are vital for economic development, but they cause significant environmental damages. As there are scarce research studies for this industrial sector from developing countries, this article reports a comprehensive environmental and economic analyses for cutlery manufacturing in Pakistan. SimaPro 9.5 was used as a modelling software tool, while ReCiPe 2016 methods were used to evaluate various midpoint and endpoint environmental impacts. Various economic indicators were used to evaluate the economic performance of different alternative scenarios. The results revealed that injection molding process, due to its energy-intensive nature caused the most environmental impacts as compared to other manufacturing processes. Global warming and terrestrial ecotoxicity were the most affected impact categories with values of 11.8 kg CO2 eq and 12.0 kg 1,4-DCB, respectively. Meanwhile, at endpoint level, human health category was most damaged as compared to others. Based on technical process intervention and energy transition, four different alternative scenarios were developed. In comparison with baseline scenario, the alternative scenario with double-cavity mold resulted in a reduction of more than 30% for various impact categories. The other three alternatives were grounded on the use of solar energy (50% or 100%) and injection mold with double or single cavity. Overall, the alternative scenario with 50% solar energy and double-cavity mold was the best solution that showed more than 50% reduction in most of the impact categories, less than 3-year payback time, 2.12 million (Pakistani Rupees) net present value, and 36.3% of return on investment. This study clearly shows the importance of renewable energy resources and simple changes in process technology for improving sustainability performance. The relevant stakeholders can effectively use the results and methodology of this study as a reference and guide for future research and practical interventions, especially in developing countries.

Flavonoid-Rich Foods, Dementia Risk, and Interactions With Genetic Risk, Hypertension, and Depression.

A composite score of flavonoid-rich foods (flavodiet) may provide a clear public health message regarding the range of foods with the potential to lower dementia risk. To examine associations of flavodiet score and intakes of flavonoid subclasses with dementia risk according to genetic risk and presence of depression and hypertension. This prospective, population-based cohort study included dietary data from adults aged 40 to 70 years in the UK Biobank, recruited between 2006 and 2010, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 9.2 (1.5) years. The data analyses were conducted from September 1 to 30, 2023. Flavodiet score adherence and intake of flavonoid subclasses derived from 24-hour computerized dietary assessments. The main outcome was incident all-cause dementia and interactions with genetic risk, hypertension, and depressive symptoms using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. The sample included 121 986 participants (mean [SD] age, 56.1 [7.8] years; 55.6% female; 882 with incident dementia). Comparing the highest with lowest quintile of flavodiet score, consuming 6 additional servings per day of flavonoid-rich foods was associated with a lower risk of dementia among all participants (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.89), those at high genetic risk (AHR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.78), and those with depressive symptoms (AHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33-0.81) after multivariable adjustment. The greatest risk reduction was observed in participants consuming at least 2 of the following per day: 5 servings of tea, 1 serving of red wine, and 0.5 servings of berries, compared with those who did not achieve any of these intakes (AHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.84). Higher intakes of flavonoid subclasses, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and flavones, of which tea, red wine, and berries are the main contributors, supported these findings, showing inverse associations with dementia risk. In this cohort study, high adherence to a flavonoid-rich diet score was associated with a lower risk of dementia, with reductions more pronounced in individuals with a high genetic risk, hypertension, and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that simple dietary changes of increasing intakes of commonly consumed flavonoid-rich foods and drinks may lower dementia risk.

Trading courtrooms for boardrooms: lawyers as CEOs

PurposePrior research suggests a chief executive officer’s (CEO) background is highly predictive of the strategic predisposition. This paper aims to focus on the need for accuracy in the categorization of CEO background and the impact that modest, nuanced changes in coding definitions yield.Design/methodology/approachThis study evaluates the use of biographic and demographic information of CEOs to provide a more nuanced and expansive approach to understanding the influence of legal education and experience on business strategy. Propositions as to more nuanced coding definitions are developed. Building upon Fligstein (1987), a proof-of-concept example is developed using CEO information available for 2010. That data is then reexamined using an altered method (Modified Fligstein) to discern changes in the number of CEOs contained within the background categories.FindingsThe two categorizations performed reveal that substantial differences in the number of CEOs coded into a category can come from relatively small changes in categorical definitions. In comparing the first categorization to the second, each of the vocational categories experienced a change, ranging from a decrease of 11.1% to an increase of 142.9%.Originality/valueThis study informs both theory and practice by increasing the efficacy of the use of biographic and demographic information to assess the strategic orientation of executives. It postulates and demonstrates that simple changes in the categorical definition produce significant changes and can skew empirical results that reduce the utility of prior studies.

Reach Chess: An accidental chess variant

Reach Chess is a chess variant discovered by accident while testing the Ludii general game system, in which a simple rule change fundamentally subverts the nature of the standard game. This paper describes Reach Chess, how it came to exist, and reveals its character through a brief analysis and puzzle with annotated solution.

FP8.10 - Sustainability in Hand Surgery

Abstract Aims Carpal tunnel release surgery (CTR) is a widely performed procedure in the NHS with significant contributions to waste and carbon emissions within surgery. 36,704 CTRs were preformed from 2022-2023 with an average carbon footprint of 12.0 kg CO2e. The aim of this quality improvement project is to reduce the carbon footprint of CTR through a lean and green model, and examine the rates of infection with this model compared to standard practice. Methods Retrospective data was collected for CTRs performed at the Royal Cornwall Hospital between 31/05/2022 and 01/02/2023 for the first audit cycle using standard set up and equipment. The primary outcome was rates of infection post-CTR. The lean and green model included reducing the number of instruments in the handset (36 items to 14 items), use of a smaller drape, and no gown for the procedure. The second cycle will be examining rates of infection following this intervention. Results Out of 100 patients in the first cycle, 1 patient was treated with antibiotics via a General Practitioner telephone consultation. These eco-changes were well received by staff members, with significant waste reduction this far (over 50 gowns and 25 aperture drapes). Data collection for the second cycle is currently underway. Conclusions CTR surgery is a commonly performed procedure with significant contributions to waste and carbon footprint within surgery. Through simple and low-cost changes to current practice we can promote sustainability in surgery and have a lasting positive impact on the environment.

Ultra-Low On-Resistance W/β-Ga2O3 Junction Barrier Schottky Rectifiers

The on-resistance of Ga2O3 rectifiers with different metal anodes was measured from the forward current-voltage characteristics. The use of W anode metal produces low on-resistance of 0.34 mΩ.cm2 for W/Au/ β-Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) rectifiers and 0.22 mΩ.cm2 for heterojunction Diode (HJD) NiO/β-Ga2O3 rectifiers, overcoming the generally much larger values obtained using Ni or Pt metal. These are the lowest on-resistances reported for Ga2O3 rectifiers. The turn-on voltage was 0.22 V for SBD and 1.69 V for HJDs. By changing the anode metal, we varied the effective barrier height, which also affects reverse breakdown voltage. The switching characteristics were measured for the different device types, with reverse recovery times of 30.6 ns for SBDs and 33.0 ns for HJDs and slew rates of 2 A.μs−1 for both types of devices. Using a simple change of anode metal allows the achievement of a broad range of breakdown voltage and on-resistance, which allows for tailoring the rectifier performance depending on the application.