Simple Behavior Research Articles

Stereopsis without correspondence.

Stereopsis has traditionally been considered a complex visual ability, restricted to large-brained animals. The discovery in the 1980s that insects, too, have stereopsis, therefore, challenged theories of stereopsis. How can such simple brains see in three dimensions? A likely answer is that insect stereopsis has evolved to produce simple behaviour, such as orienting towards the closer of two objects or triggering a strike when prey comes within range. Scientific thinking about stereopsis has been unduly anthropomorphic, for example assuming that stereopsis must require binocular fusion or a solution of the stereo correspondence problem. In fact, useful behaviour can be produced with very basic stereoscopic algorithms which make no attempt to achieve fusion or correspondence, or to produce even a coarse map of depth across the visual field. This may explain why some aspects of insect stereopsis seem poorly designed from an engineering point of view: for example, paying no attention to whether interocular contrast or velocities match. Such algorithms demonstrably work well enough in practice for their species, and may prove useful in particular autonomous applications. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New approaches to 3D vision'.

Comprehensive Model for the Thermoelectric Properties of Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Networks

Networks of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are interesting thermoelectric materials due to the interplay between CNT and network properties. Here, we present a unified model to explain charge and energy transport in SWCNT networks. We use the steady-state master equation for the random resistor network containing both intra- and intertube resistances, as defined through their one-dimensional density of states that are modulated by static Gaussian disorder. The tube-resistance dependence on the carrier density and disorder is described through the Landauer formalism. Electrical and thermoelectric properties of the network are obtained by solving Kirchhoff's laws through a modified nodal analysis, where we use the Boltzmann-transport formalism to obtain the conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity. The model provides a consistent description of a wide range of previously published experimental data for temperature and charge-carrier-density-dependent conductivities and Seebeck coefficients, with energetic disorder being the main factor to explain the experimentally observed mobility upswing with carrier concentration. Moreover, we show that, for lower disorder energies, the Lorentz factor obtained from the simulation is in accordance with the Wiedemann-Franz law for degenerate-band semiconductors. At higher disorder, deviations from simple band behavior are found. Suppressed disorder energy and lattice thermal conductivity can be the key to higher thermoelectric figures of merit, zT, in SWCNT networks, possibly approaching or even exceeding zT = 1. The general understanding of transport phenomena will help the selection of chirality, composition, and charge-carrier density of SWCNT networks to improve their efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion.

Forecasting Monthly Water Quality Index Using a Seasonal ARIMA Model for Tigris River at Al-Rashediya Water Station in Baghdad City

In this study, the quality of TGRIS River is studied at the intake of Al-Rashediya Water Station using time series analysis. 14 measured parameters of water quality, daily periods for 9 years (2013-2021), monthly mean averaged were studied which are: K+, Na+, T.S.S, T.D.S, SO42-, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, T.H, Alk., E.C, pH, Turb, and Temp., from which WQI was calculated. Investigation of observed WQI time series shows that there is a simple seasonal behavior. The order of model for WQI time series was determined using auto correlation function (ACF) and partial auto correlation function (PACF). ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (autoregressive, integrated, moving average) model was found suitable to generate and forecast the quality of the river water. The fit statistic for, Stationary R-squared, R-squared, RMSE, MAPE, MaxAPE, MAE, MaxAE, and Normalized BIC criteria were used for evaluating the generation and forecasting results. Their MEAN generated for the model fit were 0.250, 0.338, 106.248, 43.119, 217.295, 73.758, 355.509, 9.419, respectively. The model statistics result for Ljung-Box Q (18) (statistics, DF, and Sig.) were 17.156,17, and 0.444 respectively.
 The above results show that time series modeling is quite capable of water quality forecasting.
 In this study of the Forecasted WQI model of the becoming 24 months for the years (2022 and 2023) were predicted, shows an increasing trend, which must be considered and managed.

The effects of temperature and pH on the reproductive ecology of sand dollars and sea urchins: Impacts on sperm swimming and fertilization.

In an era of climate change, impacts on the marine environment include warming and ocean acidification. These effects can be amplified in shallow coastal regions where conditions often fluctuate widely. This type of environmental variation is potentially important for many nearshore species that are broadcast spawners, releasing eggs and sperm into the water column for fertilization. We conducted two experiments to investigate: 1) the impact of water temperature on sperm swimming characteristics and fertilization rate in sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus; temperatures 8-38°C) and sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus; temperatures 8-28°C) and; 2) the combined effects of multiple stressors (water temperature and pH) on these traits in sand dollars. We quantify thermal performance curves showing that sand dollar fertilization rates, sperm swimming velocities, and sperm motility display remarkably wide thermal breadths relative to red urchins, perhaps reflecting the wider range of water temperatures experienced by sand dollars at our field sites. For sand dollars, both temperature (8, 16, 24°C) and pH (7.1, 7.5, 7.9) affected fertilization but only temperature influenced sperm swimming velocity and motility. Although sperm velocities and fertilization were positively correlated, our fertilization kinetics model dramatically overestimated measured rates and this discrepancy was most pronounced under extreme temperature and pH conditions. Our results suggest that environmental stressors like temperature and pH likely impair aspects of the reproductive process beyond simple sperm swimming behavior.

Baihui (DU20), Shenmen (HT7) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) target the cAMP/CREB/BDNF and PI3K/Akt pathways to reduce central nervous system apoptosis in rats with insomnia

Insomnia can cause damage to function and other medical and mental illnesses, and it is also a risk factor for increasing medical care costs. Although simple behavior intervention is feasible in primary medical institutions, the lack of corresponding technical training has obviously restricted its use, patients' autonomy dependence is generally poor, and early missions have some difficulties. Relatively speaking, acupuncture in traditional therapy is more likely to be accepted, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a model of insomnia was constructed using chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in 6-week-old male SD rats. Electroacupuncture was used to stimulate Baihui (DU20), Shenmen (HT7), and Sanyinjiao (SP6), and the behavior, histopathology, cAMP/CREB/BDNF, PI3K/Akt pathways and the expression of sleep-related factors were observed. Our study showed that IL-1β, PGD2, MT, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CORT in rats could be regulated after electroacupuncture stimulation. The expression of TrkB, PI3K, Akt, P-TrkB, p-Akt, cAMP, CREB, and BDNF can also be up- or downregulated. Apoptosis-related Bax, Bad and Caspase-3, as well as the monoamine neurotransmitters 5-HT, DA, NE and EPI, were also modulated by electroacupuncture. Taken together, these data illustrate the potential of DU20, HT7 and SP6 as a multitargeted therapy for insomnia in rats. The novelty of the study lies in the description of the Traditional Chinese Medicine stimulation methods different from Chinese Herbs: electroacupuncture stimulates acupoints of sleep factors, cAMP/CREB/BDNF, PI3K/Akt pathways and the multipath and multitarget body response regulation mechanism of apoptosis.

An Empirical Study on the Effects of Mindfulness, Embodied Cognition, Behavioral Intention and Altruism on Job Satisfaction of Employees, Customer Satisfaction and Their Repurchase Intentions

This article aimed to reveal the effects of four different psychological approaches for employees to be satisfied with their jobs and consequently to increase the customers' intentions to prefer them again. These four different approaches are mindfulness, embodied cognition, behavioral intention, and altruism. In the study, one concrete behavior that is thought to represent each of these four different approaches was tested. These behaviors are respectively feeling high energy (mindfulness), listening while with mouth slightly opened (embodied cognition), thinking of the self as eager to show high interest (behavioral intention), and asking questions (altruism). Theatrical applications were carried out with a total of 571 participants from three different profile groups (healthcare employees, automotive service employees and students) in an educational environment, with four different scenarios and eight different versions and the results were statistically compared and analyzed. As a result of the research, it was determined that the four behaviors in question increased employees' job satisfaction, customers' satisfaction, and repurchase intentions, but that there were no significant differences between them in terms of their effects. This research reveals that simple and individual attitude and behavior changes could lead to significant business outcomes such as customer loyalty.

Intelligent Relay Protection System for Overhead Lines in Electrical Networks with Low Earth Fault Currents

Nuclear power plants (NPP) are one of the main sources of electricity. The distribution of electricity generated by nuclear power plants, or backup power supply to individual consumers of the power plant's own needs, can be carried out via a 6-35 kV network. These networks operate with an isolated or compensated neutral. This causes the fact that the currents of single-phase ground faults (SPGF) in case of accidents on overhead power lines (OL) are quite small and SPGF are difficult to identify. The article deals with the issues of identifying the SPGF and the corresponding selective response of the overhead line protection system. The limitation of the functioning of relay protection against SPGF, built on the classical principle of operation "if-then", is proved. The error of the traditional protection system is explained by the lack of a mechanism for updating the setpoints in accordance with changes in environmental conditions that affect the capacitive component of the conductivity of overhead lines. As an example of similar an influence, the effect of icing of wires, as well as the triboelectric effect in the form of accumulation of a space charge in the air gap around the line, is described. In this regard, a method is described for correcting the protection setpoints due to periodic measurements of the capacitance of the lines by means of their location probing. Thus, it is proposed to improve the traditional current protection against SPGF by giving the system the ability to adapt, but within the framework of its response as an agent with a simple behavior. The construction of a more advanced system of protection against SPGF in the form of an intelligent agent of the electrical network is also considered. The essence of this system is to use an artificial neural network as a subagent processing information. The advantage of a neurocomputer system for protection against SPGF is proved, which forms an integral assessment of the state of power transmission lines and learns to detect SPGF on a digital shadow following the electrical network. It indicates the possibility of classifying the proposed system of protection against SPGF as an intelligent agent due to the ability to adapt, learn and develop.

Bio-inspired methods for planning the path of mobile robots

Problem. The issue of path planning for a mobile robot is one of the most important ones of mobile robotics. Proper path planning ensures the safety of the robot and its environment, the efficiency of the tasks carried out by a robot, saves time and energy consumption for these tasks, etc. Therefore, research is constantly conducted on the implementation of new and improving existing optimization methods for the path planning for a mobile robot. The utilization of classical optimization methods is limited by their significant drawbacks, such as computational complexity and long time for searching the optimal path. To eliminate these issues, heuristic and then metaheuristic methods have been developed. Among metaheuristic methods, bio-inspired optimization methods, which are based on evolutionary processes in nature, as well as the behaviour of living organisms, are becoming increasingly popular. Goal. This paper aims to analyse the most popular bio-inspired algorithms used for mobile robot path planning. Methodology. The paper briefly reviews the bio-inspired optimization methods that are applicable to the path planning of a mobile robot. Particular emphasis is given to swarm intelligence algorithms, in which the relatively simple behaviour of individual agents interacting with each other and with the environment allows a swarm of these agents to achieve a given goal. Results. A classification of bio-inspired optimization methods used for mobile robot path planning is proposed. Pseudocodes for swarm optimization algorithms that are most frequently applied in mobile robotics are presented. Originality. This paper is one of the first in Ukraine to offer a comprehensive overview of bio-inspired methods of optimization used for mobile robot path planning. Practical value. The implementation of the considered algorithms in mobile robot control systems will improve the efficiency of robots in performing their assigned tasks. The given pseudocodes will simplify the development of software to implement the mentioned algorithms.

Unconventional short-range structural fluctuations in cuprate superconductors

The interplay between structural and electronic degrees of freedom in complex materials is the subject of extensive debate in physics and materials science. Particularly interesting questions pertain to the nature and extent of pre-transitional short-range order in diverse systems ranging from shape-memory alloys to unconventional superconductors, and how this microstructure affects macroscopic properties. Here we use neutron and X-ray diffuse scattering to uncover universal structural fluctuations in La2-xSrxCuO4 and Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ, two cuprate superconductors with distinct point disorder effects and with optimal superconducting transition temperatures that differ by more than a factor of two. The fluctuations are present in wide doping and temperature ranges, including compositions that maintain high average structural symmetry, and they exhibit unusual, yet simple scaling behaviour. The scaling regime is robust and universal, similar to the well-known critical fluctuations close to second-order phase transitions, but with a distinctly different physical origin. We relate this behaviour to pre-transitional phenomena in a broad class of systems with structural and magnetic transitions, and propose an explanation based on rare structural fluctuations caused by intrinsic nanoscale inhomogeneity. We also uncover parallels with superconducting fluctuations, which indicates that the underlying inhomogeneity plays an important role in cuprate physics.

Physical Movement Habit Formation in Sedentary Office Workers: Protocol Paper.

Engaging in physical movement has a number of mental and physical health benefits, and yet 45% of Australia's population do not meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. The current study aims to develop an online habit-based intervention designed to reduce sedentary behavior within the workplace, using environmental cues to instigate simple behavioral changes. Participants in this study will include full time office workers who self-report as having a highly sedentary job and work from either a commercial office, home office, or a mixture of both. Participants will complete a habit-based intervention over a four-week period designed to reduce sedentary behavior by increasing habitual responses to simple physical movement behaviors cued by their environment. Analysis will involve mixed methods ANOVAs to test the efficacy of the intervention. A successful intervention will show a reduction in sedentary behavior as a response to habitual simple physical movement behaviors.

A semantic blocks model for human activity prediction in smart environments using time-windowed contextual data

Complex human activity prediction is a difficult problem for computer science. Simple behaviours can be mapped to sequence prediction algorithms with good results; however, real-world examples of activity are generally stochastic and much more computationally difficult to infer. One method for solving this problem is to utilise contextual data—clues surrounding the actual activity—to decipher what is about to happen next; in much the same way humans do. In this paper, we present the semantic blocks model (SBM), a method for using contextual data to infer the next activity in a smart home environment by augmenting the inference with contextual data, but also segmenting it into time-windowed sections of activity—or semantic blocks. Our proof-of-concept produces 74.55% accuracy on the CASAS smart home dataset, an increase on the comparable CRAFFT algorithm which produces 66.91% on the same dataset. We detail how our experimental prototype works using intersecting contextual data, and explore opportunities for further work by the research community.

Numerical Modeling of Particle Dynamics Inside a Dry Powder Inhaler

The development of novel dry powders for dry powder inhalers (DPIs) requires the in vitro assessment of DPI aerodynamic performance. As a potential complementary method, in silico numerical simulations can provide additional information about the mechanisms that guide the particles and their behavior inside DPIs. The aim of this study was to apply computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) coupled with a discrete phase model (DPM) to describe the forces and particle trajectories inside the RS01® as a model DPI device. The methodology included standard fluid flow equations but also additional equations for the particle sticking mechanism, as well as particle behavior after contacting the DPI wall surface, including the particle detachment process. The results show that the coefficient of restitution between the particle and the impact surface does not have a high impact on the results, meaning that all tested combinations gave similar output efficiencies and particle behaviors. No sliding or rolling mechanisms were observed for the particle detachment process, meaning that simple bouncing off or deposition particle behavior is present inside DPIs. The developed methodology can serve as a basis for the additional understanding of the particles' behavior inside DPIs, which is not possible using only in vitro experiments; this implies the possibility of increasing the efficiency of DPIs.

Superconductivity in the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33

Structural and physical properties of the high-entropy alloy ${(\mathrm{NbTa})}_{0.67}{(\mathrm{MoHfW})}_{0.33}$ were studied by x-ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, magnetization, electrical resistivity, and specific heat measurements. The experimental results were supported by theoretical calculations using two complementary approaches for electronic structure calculations: the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) and projector augmented wave (PAW) within the density functional theory. It was found that the alloy forms with a cubic, body-centered structure (space group $Im\overline{3}m$, W-type structure) with a lattice parameter $a=3.287(1)$ \AA{} and a random (but microscopically homogeneous) distribution of the constituent elements. At high temperature the alloy exhibits simple metallic behavior, while at low temperature it becomes a type-II superconductor with the critical temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{\approx}4.3$ K and the upper critical field ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}{H}_{\mathrm{c}2}\ensuremath{\approx}1.45$ T. The electron-phonon coupling constant calculated from the PAW data, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{el}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ph}}^{\mathrm{th}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{PAW}}=0.63$, is in perfect agreement with the experimental results.

Nonlinear dynamics of yaw motion of surface vehicles

The dynamics of surface vehicles such as boats and ships, when modeled as a rigid body, is complex as it is strongly nonlinear and involves six degrees of freedom. We are particularly interested in the steering dynamics decoupled from pitching and rolling as the basis of our research on unmanned boats and autonomy. Steering dynamics has been traditionally modeled using a linear Nomoto’s model, which however does a poor job of capturing real nonlinear phenomena. On the other hand, there exists a somewhat simplified three-degree-of-freedom nonlinear model derived by Abkowitz, which, although better than the Nomoto’s model, is still too intractable for analytical methods. In this paper, we derive a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom model with a cubic nonlinearity that is conditionally equivalent to the Abkowitz model. Using this model, we analyze the yaw motion of an autopilot ship with a PD controller under the influence of an external wave force. Analytical and numerical investigations of the nonlinear dynamics are performed using parameters of an example container ship for various sea states. We employ the harmonic balance method to investigate the nonlinear frequency response of the ship under the influence of different parameters and demonstrate that the external wave force is balanced by stiffer ships. We also numerically investigate the nonlinear dynamic behavior to understand the different mechanisms involved in transitions from periodic to chaotic behavior under the influence of various parameters and different sea state conditions. The analysis reveals periodic response of the ship for a calm sea state. It is noteworthy that for lower values of linear stiffness, higher values of nonlinear stiffness, and higher values of external wave force corresponding to higher sea states, the bifurcation structure reveals mixed dynamic response in which periodic solutions evolve into period doubled, period tripled, and chaotic-like solutions even with high levels of damping. This work aims to demonstrate the utility of a simple nonlinear model and nonlinear behavior of steering motion of the ships to gain better insight into the nonlinear dynamics of autonomous surface vehicles. Further, the model stands out as an accessible nonlinear model for steering motion of the ship adequately representing the dynamics of real ships. It hence provides a basis for much improved controller design to implement smarter autopilots on manned ships but also aids in the development of robust autonomy in surface vehicles.

Exploiting deterministic features in apparently stochastic data

Many processes in nature are the result of many coupled individual subsystems (like population dynamics or neurosystems). Not always such systems exhibit simple stable behaviors that in the past science has mostly focused on. Often, these systems are characterized by bursts of seemingly stochastic activity, interrupted by quieter periods. The hypothesis is that the presence of a strong deterministic ingredient is often obscured by the stochastic features. We test this by modeling classically stochastic considered real-world data from both, the stochastic as well as the deterministic approaches to find that the deterministic approach’s results level with those from the stochastic side. Moreover, the deterministic approach is shown to reveal the full dynamical systems landscape, which can be exploited for steering the dynamics into a desired regime.

Cyclic simple shear behavior of a tropical alluvial soil

Tropical alluvial soil has distinctive physical characteristics when compared to common sedimentary soils. Ignoring such distinctive characteristics might lead to geotechnical problems that require a thorough re-investigation. Foundation failures have been identified along some river banks of tropical alluvial soil deposits in Sarawak, Malaysia, which were speculated to be due to cyclic loading effects. This paper presents preliminary results on tropical alluvial soil engineering behaviors from simple shear cyclic loading tests. Specimens measuring 50 mm in diameter and 16 mm in height were obtained from three undisturbed samples. They were sheared using an Electro-Mechanical Dynamic Cyclic Simple Shear (EMDCSS) for thirty cycles at three different target displacements. The results showed hysteresis loops, where the shear stress decreases as the cycle increases. Excess pore water pressures develop during shearing, which correspond to the target displacement levels. The damping ratio increases as the shear strain increases but decreases as the cycle increases. The normalized shear modulus decreases as both the shear strain and loading cycle increase. A comparison with previous literature on cohesive soils shows that the tropical alluvial soil has a lower damping ratio and normalized shear modulus, which range from 3.3% to 9% and 0.0004 to 0.01, respectively. The findings indicate that the tropical alluvial soil has a potential reduction in strength when subjected to continuous cyclic loading. The paper provides a better understanding for academics and engineering professionals before conducting design or remedial work in the tropical alluvial soil environment.

Prediction of peptides retention behavior in reversed-phase liquid chromatography based on their hydrophobicity.

Hydrophobicity is an important physicochemical property of peptides and proteins. It is responsible for their conformational changes, stability, as well as various chemical intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Enormous efforts have been invested to study the extent of hydrophobicity and how it could influence various biological processes, in addition to its crucial role in the separation and purification endeavor as well. Here, we have reviewed various studies that were carried out to determine the hydrophobicity starting from (i) simple amino acids solubility behavior, (ii) experimental approach that was undertaken in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography mode, and ending with (iii) some examples of more advanced computational and machine learning models.

Reversible Ratiometric Mechanochromic Fluorescence Switching in Highly Stretchable Polyurethane Elastomers with Ultratoughness Enhanced by Polyrotaxane

Multistimuli-responsive polymers containing mechanophoric motifs are highlighted as promising mechano-luminescent materials upon stretching via optical fluorescence signals. Herein, we report a distinct ratiometric force-induced fluorescence changes from green-emissive napthalimide stopper (donor) embedded in polyrotaxane (PR) cross-linkers to red-emissive rhodamine mechanophore (acceptor) incorporated in polyurethane (PU) backbones. The utilization of PR (1 wt %) can significantly enhance both toughness and stretchability in our targeted PU elastomers, where the mechanical work is largely dissipated by the ring-sliding motion and pulley effects of PR cross-linkers during stretching. Therefore, the simple soft robotic behavior with ultrafast shape memory and reversible ratiometric mechanochromic fluorescence switching by heating (60 °C) in PR-based PU films provide a distinctive strategy for the construction of molecular machines in the high-performance elastomers, which also offer pathways for practical applications of stimuli-responsive polymers in highly stretchable artificial muscles featuring both outstanding pulley effects on enhanced mechanical properties and novel signal variations of mechanochromic fluorescence simultaneously.

The effects of ritual and self-control resources depletion on deceptive behavior: Evidence from behavioral and ERPs studies.

Although researchers have indicated that individuals with depleted self-control resources have lower self-control behavior and exhibit more deceptive behaviors, recent psychological studies have shown that ritual can improve self-control and increase the likelihood that the individual makes prosocial decisions. However, little is known about whether ritual can regulate an individual's engagement in deceptive behavior when their self-control resources are depleted. This study adopted the spot-the-difference task to investigate the influences of ritual and self-control resources depletion on simple self-control behavior and deceptive behavior (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2); furthermore, relevant neural processes were explored using event-related potentials (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 showed that individuals with depleted self-control resources had lower self-control behavior and individuals performing a ritual had higher self-control behavior. Experiment 2 showed that individuals with depleted self-control resources exhibited more deceptive behaviors and individuals performing a ritual exhibited fewer deceptive behaviors; furthermore, ritual reduced deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. Experiment 3 found that individuals with depleted self-control resources had larger P2 amplitudes after performing a ritual. Moreover, individuals with depleted self-control resources had larger LPP amplitudes over parietal sites after performing a ritual. These findings suggested that performing ritual may be an effective measure of inhibiting individuals with depleted self-control resources from engaging in deceptive behavior. Our findings verify the ego-depletion model and provide a new perspective for reducing deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. We provide evidence that rituals could modulate deceptive behaviors in individuals with depleted self-control resources. This reveals that performing rituals may be an effective measure for inhibiting individuals with depleted self-control resources from engaging in deceptive behavior.

Morphological, Dielectric, and Impedance Study of Ag-Coated Lead Oxide–Lignocellulose Composite Sheets for Energy Storage and Tunable Electric Permittivity Applications

Functional materials, in the combination of lignocelluloses, known as natural fibers, with oxide materials, can result in cultivating functional properties such as flexibility, relativity good electrical conduction, good electrical charge storage capacity, and tunable electric permittivity. This study presents the morphological, dielectric, and impedance properties of lignocellulose–lead oxide (LC/PbO2) composite sheets electrodeposited with silver metallic nanoparticles for various time spans. The uncoated samples show a rather simple behavior where the impedance data fit well to the two-system model with different relaxation times. On the other side, the impedance spectra of the electrodeposited sample have varying features, which mainly depend upon the deposition thickness of the Ag particles. The common feature is the drift of conductive species, as seen from the straight-line behavior in the Nyquist plots, which were fitted using a Warburg element in the equivalent circuit model.