Simple Bandpass Filter Research Articles

An Event Recognition Method for Φ-OTDR Sensing System Based on Deep Learning.

Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (Φ-OTDR) based distributed optical fiber sensing system has been widely used in many fields such as long range pipeline pre-warning, perimeter security and structure health monitoring. However, the lack of event recognition ability is always being the bottleneck of Φ-OTDR in field application. An event recognition method based on deep learning is proposed in this paper. This method directly uses the temporal-spatial data matrix from Φ-OTDR as the input of a convolutional neural network (CNN). Only a simple bandpass filtering and a gray scale transformation are needed as the pre-processing, which achieves real-time. Besides, an optimized network structure with small size, high training speed and high classification accuracy is built. Experiment results based on 5644 events samples show that this network can achieve 96.67% classification accuracy in recognition of 5 kinds of events and the retraining time is only 7 min for a new sensing setup.

A Preliminary Analysis on Impact of Additive Flicker Noise on Detection Sensitivity of Neural Spikes.

The ultimate objective of this study is to enhance the number of neurons that can be monitored in an extracellular recording captured by a single electrode. This paper focuses on exploring if additive 1/f noise can improve detection sensitivity of spikes captured in an extracellular medium. Detection performance of a simple bandpass filtering stage followed by a threshold-based spike detector is investigated when 1/f noise is added to the filtered signals. The study is performed on both extracellular recorded datasets and synthetic datasets. The preliminary data demonstrated that, threshold-based spike detection of recordings with small amplitude spikes in high background noise can be optimized by a non-zero additive flicker noise. The addition of non-zero additive flicker noise increased the spike detection sensitivity in neurons in regions successively further from the electrode from 0 to as high as 0.8. The results suggest that it may be possible for a single electrode to use multiple spike detection threshold stages to increase sensitivity in a future neural monitoring system.

Leveraging LDV techniques for the investigation of unsteady turbomachinery flows

ABSTRACTSteps required for proper acquisition and processing of laser Doppler velocimetry data for turbomachinery research applications are addressed. Turbomachinery applications are difficult due to the small internal passages, high-frequency fluctuations, large turbulence intensities, and strong secondary flows resulting in low overall signal-to-noise ratios and narrowband noise sources that cannot be removed by simple band-pass filters. Special aspects that must be considered for successful and accurate laser Doppler velocimetry studies to be conducted in turbomachinery are discussed. Specifically, the design of the measurement volume size, reflection mitigation, engineering of seed particle size and injection schema, and alignment of the traverse mechanism are addressed in terms of their importance (from literature sources) and the solutions implemented by the authors. These techniques have been applied to successfully obtain three-component, unsteady velocity data in a high-speed centrifugal compressor for aeroengine application. Processing techniques are also presented including a novel mixture-model-based statistical method for narrowband noise isolation developed by the authors. The method, validation steps, and example results are presented, showing the successful rejection of noise with high accuracy, a low failure rate, and a significant reduction in required manual inspection. This newly developed method elucidated flow features that were not clear prior to the noise removal.

Control Strategy to Compensate for Current and Voltage Measurement Errors in Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers

This paper introduces a compensation strategy to deal with both current and voltage measurement errors in the three-phase pulsewidth modulated rectifier system. The dc offset and scaling errors in the voltage and current measurements cause the injection of undesired dc and unbalanced currents into the three-phase input current and subsequently lead to voltage ripple at the dc output voltage. This paper proposes a compensation scheme for current measurement error where the dc offset and scaling errors in the current measurement are estimated from the characteristic of the dc output voltage ripple combining with simple band-pass and low-pass filters. Meanwhile, an advanced current controller designed with a proportional integral plus two resonant controllers tuned at the fundamental grid frequency $({{\omega _s}})$ and $2{\omega _s}$ in the synchronous ( d–q ) reference frame is suggested to reject the impact of the dc offset and scaling errors in the voltage measurement. The proposed compensation method is developed without the need of extra hardware circuit, sensor, or precise information of system parameters so that it can be considered as more cost-effective and robust solution. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is verified by experimental results.

Employing the Bayesian data fusion to estimate the fundamental frequency of site by means of microtremor data

The fundamental site frequency is one of the most important characteristics of the subsoil. Despite the different methods to calculate fundamental frequency, using microtremors resulted from weak ground motion is one of the fastest and cheapest approaches. Unfortunately, the effects of local transient perturbations on microtremor data increase the uncertainty in the estimation of fundamental frequency. In this paper, to solve this problem, the Bayesian data fusion method has been proposed and used to estimate the fundamental frequency of site. In this method the results of the different data windows have been fused to estimate the fundamental frequency more accurately and with less uncertainty. The advantage of this method is that it does not need any extra filtering to remove the transient perturbations’ effects except a simple band-pass filter to remove the out of range frequency components. The method has been applied to microtremor data recorded in the city of Meybod in central Iran. The comparison between the results of this approach and those obtained from the other methods indicate that the proposed method has a better performance and could be applied easily.

Bandpass Filter Using Three Pairs of Coupled Lines With Multiple Transmission Zeros

A novel but very simple bandpass filter using just three pairs of coupled lines with multiple transmission zeros (TZs) and transmission poles is proposed in this letter. The filter structure can be seen as the two one-wavelength ring resonators coupled each other with $\lambda _{g}/4$ coupled length and sandwiched between the $3\lambda _{g}/4$ input and output feedlines. Good out-of-band suppression and sharp roll-off skirts can be realized by multiple fixed and tunable TZs without complicated coupling scheme. For further demonstration, a filter example with center frequency at $f_{0}= 2.1$ GHz is implemented with generation of eight TZs at the frequency range from 0 to $2f_{0}$ for theoretically calculated certification. Good agreement between simulation and measured results validates the design method.

Compensation of DC Offset and Scaling Errors in Voltage and Current Measurements of Three-Phase AC/DC Converters

The dc offset and scaling errors in the voltage and current measurements cause the injection of undesired dc and unbalanced currents into the three-phase input currents and subsequently lead to voltage ripple at the dc output voltage of the ac/dc converter. This paper proposes a compensation scheme for current measurement error where the dc offset and scaling errors in the current measurement are estimated from the voltage ripple characteristics of the dc output voltage ripple combining with simple band-pass and low-pass filters. Meanwhile, the dc offset and scaling errors in the voltage measurement can be rejected by using an advanced current controller developed with a proportional resonant plus a repetitive controller designed in the synchronous ( d–q ) reference frame. The proposed control algorithm is able to effectively reject the impact of both voltage and current measurement error so that the three-phase input currents are regulated to be balanced and sinusoidal with ultralow dc current component. Meanwhile, the dc output voltage is also well regulated to be pure dc with a negligibly small voltage ripple. The proposed compensation method is developed without the need of extra hardware circuit, sensor, or precise information of system parameters so that it can be considered as more cost effective and robust solution. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is verified by experimental results.

Tutorial: Spectral bandwidth extension — Invention versus harmonic extrapolation

Various postprocessing methods can be applied to seismic data to extend the spectral bandwidth and potentially increase the seismic resolution. Frequency invention techniques, including phase acceleration and loop reconvolution, produce spectrally broadened seismic sections but arbitrarily create high frequencies without a physical basis. Tests in extending the bandwidth of low-frequency synthetics using these methods indicate that the invented frequencies do not tie high-frequency synthetics generated from the same reflectivity series. Furthermore, synthetic wedge models indicate that the invented high-frequency seismic traces do not improve thin-layer resolution. Frequency invention outputs may serve as useful attributes, but they should not be used for quantitative work and do not improve actual resolution. On the other hand, under appropriate circumstances, layer frequency responses can be extrapolated to frequencies outside the band of the original data using spectral periodicities determined from within the original seismic bandwidth. This can be accomplished by harmonic extrapolation. For blocky earth structures, synthetic tests show that such spectral extrapolation can readily double the bandwidth, even in the presence of noise. Wedge models illustrate the resulting resolution improvement. Synthetic tests suggest that the more complicated the earth structure, the less valid the bandwidth extension that harmonic extrapolation can achieve. Tests of the frequency invention methods and harmonic extrapolation on field seismic data demonstrate that (1) the frequency invention methods modify the original seismic band such that the original data cannot be recovered by simple band-pass filtering, whereas harmonic extrapolation can be filtered back to the original band with good fidelity and (2) harmonic extrapolation exhibits acceptable ties between real and synthetic seismic data outside the original seismic band, whereas frequency invention methods have unfavorable well ties in the cases studied.

모드 연성을 수반하는 분할 모형의 비틀림 감쇠비 추정

The identification of modal damping of a segmented hull model with torsional response is difficult task due to the coupling of modal response. This is because the 1st and 2nd torsional vibration modes are closely spaced in frequency domain leading to the situation that the modal decomposition is difficult to achieve by simple band-pass filter. Present study applied several different modal decomposition methods to derive the damping ratio of different modes. The modal decomposition methods considered in this study are simple band-pass filter, Hilbert vibration decomposition, Wavelet transform and proper orthogonal decomposition. Coupled free decay signal obtained from the torsional hammering test on a segmented hull model was processed with four different methods and the derived damping ratios were compared with each other. Discussions also have been made on the pros and cons of the different methodologies.

Detecting small seamounts in AltiKa repeat cycle data

We present a technique of stacking repeat cycles of satellite altimeter sea surface height profiles that lowers the noise and improves the resolution of small seamounts. Our approach differs from other studies because it uses the median (not the mean) of the stacks, which suppresses outliers. Seamounts as small as 720 m tall are easily detected in stacked 40 Hz AltiKa data profiles, and a 500 m tall seamount is perceptible. Noise variance decreases with an increase in the number of cycles stacked, and RMS noise dips below 2 cm when 11 or more cycles are stacked. Coherence analyses between geoid height and bathymetry show that full wavelengths down to about 10 km can be resolved. Comparisons of study areas with and without seamounts find that signal from small seamounts lies in the ~10–28 km waveband. A simple Gaussian band-pass filter based on the seamount waveband passes signals that can be used in seamount detection studies. Such studies may find seamounts <2 km tall that are predicted to be abundant on the ocean floor.

Flat-top bandpass filters enabled by cascaded resonant gratings.

Narrow bandpass filters are applied in laser systems, imaging, telecommunications, and astronomy. Traditionally implemented with thin-film stacks, there is recent interest in alternative means incorporating photonic resonance effects. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to bandpass filters that engages the guided-mode resonance effect working with a cavity-based Fabry-Perot resonance to flatten and steepen the pass band. Both of these resonance mechanisms are native to simple resonant bandpass filters placed in a cascade. Numerical examples provide quantitative spectral properties including pass-band shape and sideband levels. Thus, we compare the spectra of single-layer 1D and 2D resonant gratings with the dual-cascade design incorporating identical gratings. Two- and three-cavity designs are measured against a classic multi-cavity thin-film filter with 151 layers. Whereas these initial results show comparable and improved results achieved with sparse structures, the challenge remains of developing a suitable fabrication technology to capitalize on this promise.

Design & analysis of a microstrip line multi band UWB filter

In this article, a simple and compact multi band Ultra Wide Band Pass Filter is implemented and electrical analysis of this filter is presented. The proposed filter consists of five short circuited stubs of quarter wave length and three embedded U-shaped open circuited stubs, each of length λ/4, in the ground plane. The notches provide good rejection at 4.6GHz, 5.6GHz and 8.5GHz which removes the interference in UWB band for INSAT C-band, WLAN and X-band applications. The proposed structure is simulated on the commercially available CST MWS software and fabricated using GML1000 substrate with a dielectric constant of 3.2 and a height of 30mil. The frequency responses of this filter are obtained for the circuit model on SERENIDE, for structure simulated on CST MWS and the response measured on VNA. All three responses are showing close resemblance. This filter gives a better performance and is easily fabricated having dimension of about (0.99λg×0.279λg) where λg=0.030m.

Blood pressure and heart rates in neonates and preschool children: an analysis from 10 years of electronic recording.

An acceptable systolic or mean arterial blood pressure for children 0-6 years during anesthesia is unknown. Accepted blood pressures reported in standard charts for healthy awake children may not apply to those undergoing anesthesia. Our goal was to define observed blood pressures (BP) and heart rate (HR) in children 0-5 years during anesthesia. Data from the electronic health record database were available for a 10-year period from June 29, 2005 to July 22, 2015. A simple band-pass filter was applied to remove artifact in the physiologic time-series data for heart rate and blood pressure, with heart rate values 40 or above 250, mean or diastolic blood pressures below 20 or above 200, and systolic blood pressures below 30 or above 200 all excluded. For each anesthetic, the centiles of physiological variables (BP, HR) were calculated. Data were available for 54 896 anesthetics in children 6 years and younger. There were 898 anesthesia reports available that included blood pressure measures immediately before induction. A larger number of anesthesia records (n = 30 008) were available for intraoperative blood pressure recording. The BP decrease after anesthesia induction was most pronounced in infants 0-10 weeks of age where there was a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decrease of 16.6-34.5% (mean 28.6%). Systolic blood pressure decreased by 16.3-32.6% (mean 25.5%). Values above a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg were only noted in half the neonates during anesthesia. Heart rates, both before and after anesthesia induction, were similar. Heart rate while under anesthesia appears a poor indicator for blood pressure changes. Recorded blood pressures in this current study, measured immediately before induction, were consistent with those in the literature. A mean MAP decrease of 28.6% was typical in those infants 0-10 weeks of age.

A switchable bandstop-to-bandpass reconfigurable filter for cognitive radio applications

This paper presents a simple reconfigurable bandpass filter switching from 2.4 to 5 GHz based on PIN diodes. The proposed filter is intended to add frequency-tunability to antenna systems used in cognitive radio applications. It consists of a bent connecting stub with two open-circuited quarter-wave stubs grounded via PIN diodes. By controlling the didoes states, the electrical length of the stubs can be switched from quarter-wave to half-wave and vice versa, so as to tune the filter center frequency. The proposed design approach consists of ensuring communication at 2.4 GHz while blocking the 5 GHz band in the ON state, whereas in the OFF state, the filter is intended to reject the 2.4 GHz band and passing the 5 GHz band. A prototype of the proposed filter is fabricated and measured to validate the proposed concept. Both simulated and measured results show a two-state filter with a wide tuning range from 2.4 to 5 GHz and a good stopband rejection level better than 40 dB. Moreover, a flat group delay of about 0.55–0.7 ns is achieved within the operating bandwidth in both states. The proposed filter is able to achieve simultaneous bandwidth and frequency control, showing an important tool to meet modern system requirements.

A Fully Canonical Bandpass Filter Design Using Microstrip Transversal Resonator Array Configuration

This paper proposes a new and simple microstrip bandpass filter structure for the design of a fully canonical transversal array filter. The filter is constructed by the parallel arrangement of microstrip even-and odd-mode half-wavelength resonators. In this filter, transmission zeros (TZs) are not produced by cross couplings used in conventional filter designs, but by an intrinsic negative coupling of the odd-mode resonators having open ends with respect to the even-mode resonators with shorted ends. Thus, the control of the resonant frequency and the external Q factor of each resonator makes it possible to form both a specified passband and TZs. As an example, a fully canonical bandpass filter with 2-GHz center frequency, 6% bandwidth, and four TZs is synthesized with a coupling-matrix optimization, and its structural parameters are designed. The designed filter achieves a rapid roll-off and low-loss passband response, which can be confirmed numerically and experimentally.

Compact four-way wavelength demultiplexers based on conformal surface plasmon waveguides

We propose a compact planar four-way wavelength demultiplexer (WDM) with double gratings that support conformal surface plasmons (CSPs) in the microwave frequency range. The transversal size of the entire structure is less than one wavelength. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) is employed to feed electromagnetic waves to excite the CSPs on the four output waveguides. Simple band-pass filters are introduced in front of the output branches to improve the isolation between ports at lower frequencies. The simulation and measurement results in the microwave frequency range agree very well. A conformal flexible four-way WDM is also designed. These compact multiway WDMs can integrate conventional microwave devices with surface plasmonic devices very well.

Common‐mode suppression for balanced bandpass filters in multilayer liquid crystal polymer technology

A new multilayer differential transmission line for common-mode suppression fabricated using an organic liquid crystal polymer multilayer substrate is proposed and analysed. The structure consists of a pair of parallel strip lines printed on the top layer of the substrate that are capacitively coupled to conductor patches periodically etched in an intermediate interface. These patches are symmetrically connected to a solid ground plane by means of short-circuited high-impedance microstrip line sections and metalised via holes. The differential signal supported by the coupled strips is not significantly affected by the presence of the middle layer layout, whereas the common-mode signal propagation is strongly suppressed within a certain frequency band. When this structure is cascaded with a simple differential bandpass filter exhibiting poor common mode rejection, a good common mode response is achieved within the unperturbed differential passband. The measurements confirm a significant enhancement of common-mode rejection thanks to the use of the proposed differential lines.

UWB bandpass filter with sharp rejection and narrow notched band

A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with sharp rejection and a narrow notched band is presented. This filter is designed using a multiple-mode resonator (MMR) which consists of a ring resonator and a stepped-impedance stub. The MMR has six resonance frequencies and three transmission zeros (TZs). All three TZs are close to the resonance frequencies, thus creating sharp roll-off and narrow notched bands. Different passband bandwidths and notched bands can be obtained by tuning the stepped-impedance admittance ratios. The simulated and measured results demonstrate that this simple bandpass filter has 97.3 and 30.6 dB/GHz attenuation slope at the lower and upper transition bands, respectively. The 3 dB notched band is from 5.6 to 5.8 GHz with 10.3 dB insertion loss at 5.7 GHz.

All-optical OFDM demultiplexing by spectral magnification and band-pass filtering

We propose a simple OFDM receiver allowing for the use of standard WDM receivers to receive spectrally advanced OFDM signals. We propose to spectrally magnify the optical-OFDM super-channels using a spectral telescope consisting of two time-lenses, which enables reduced inter-carrier-interference in subcarrier detection by simple band-pass filtering. A demonstration on an emulated 100 Gbit/s DPSK optical-OFDM channel shows improved sensitivities after 4-times spectral magnification.

Graphene-based tunable terahertz and infrared band-pass filter

This paper presents a sheet of graphene as a simple band-pass filter in terahertz and infrared frequencies. The central frequency and quality factor of this band-pass filter can be tuned by changing the physical parameters, such as the substrate thickness, gate voltage, temperature, and conductivity of the graphene. The effects of these parameters on surface plasmon polariton waves and filter specifications are numerically depicted.