Simple Average Method Research Articles

Problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

The object of this study is to find out different problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. 30 questionnaires were distributed among respondents through simple random sampling method to collect information about female entrepreneurs working in different fields. Results are presented in pie chart form and interpreted through simple average method. Like most of the developing countries, women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and Kohat in particularly face gender base discrimination and suffer from the shortage and little access to resources. Lack of product market information, education and training, assistant from governmental agencies etc. having no encouragement from male family members, and improper networking mechanisms are further problems faced by women entrepreneurs. Key Words: Women, entrepreneur, female entrepreneurship, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, business problems.

A non-linear combination of the forecasts of rainfall-runoff models by the first-order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system

With a plethora of watershed rainfall-runoff models available for flood forecasting and more than adequate computing power to operate a number of such models simultaneously, we can now combine the simulation results from the different models to produce the combination forecasts. In this paper, the first-order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system is introduced and explained as the fourth combination method (besides other three combination methods tested earlier, i.e. the simple average method (SAM), the weighted average method (WAM), and the neural network method (NNM)) to combine together the simulation results of five different conceptual rainfall-runoff models in a flood forecasting study on eleven catchments. The comparison of the forecast simulation efficiency of the first-order Takagi–Sugeno combination method with the other three combination methods demonstrates that the first-order Takagi–Sugeno method is just as efficient as both the WAM and the NNM in enhancing the flood forecasting accuracy. Considering its simplicity and efficiency, the first-order Takagi–Sugeno method is recommended for use as the combination system for flood forecasting.

Rate constants for chemical exchange between water and hydroxyl protons in natural compounds evaluated with NMR two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy and geometric average method

Nuclear magnetic resonance two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy has been applied to measure the chemical exchange rate constants between water and hydroxyl protons in three natural organic compounds which contain four to eight hydroxyl groups. In data treatment, the simple geometric average method has been used. Application of the geometric average method to assumed exchange systems has indicated that the method is reliable.

Daylighting and energy analysis for air-conditioned office buildings

We propose a simple method for estimating the likely energy savings in electric lighting due to daylighting and the possible cooling penalty. Fractions of the working year and cooling season when daylighting alone is adequate to provide the indoor design illuminance are presented for on-off and top-up controls. Based on the simple average daylight factor method, energy savings in electric lighting have been estimated for a generic office building using measured outdoor illuminance data in Hong Kong. The daylight-induced cooling penalty is estimated using average solar heat gain factors. Our case study suggests that daylighting schemes can result in substantial energy savings in air-conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong.

Methods for combining the outputs of different rainfall–runoff models

The present paper promotes the concept of combining the estimated output of different rainfall–runoff models to produce an overall combined estimated output to be used as an alternative to that obtained from a single individual rainfall–runoff model. Three methods of combining model outputs are considered, namely the simple average method (SAM), the weighted average method (WAM) and the neural network method (NNM). The estimated discharges of five rainfall–runoff models for 11 catchments are used to test the performance of these three combination methods. The results confirm that better discharge estimates can be obtained by combining the model outputs of different models.

Electrostatic discharge thermal failure in semiconductor devices

The problem of calculating for electrostatic discharge (ESD) thermal failure is considered by the thermal convolution integral technique. It is shown that the common assumption that threshold failure occurs after five time constants is unjustified and that the simple average power method for assessing threshold parameters is, consequently, invalid. New expressions for the threshold parameters are presented which retain the simplicity of the average power method, yet represent only a small sacrifice of the accuracy (typically 5%) of more complex methods. In addition, the relaxation of the constraints of a pure Wunsch-Bell damage profile and of an exponentially decaying current pulse is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>