Methods Of Similarity Theory Research Articles

LEGAL NOOSPHEROLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE: OBJECT, SUBJECT AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

The article is devoted to the definition of the object, subject and research methods of legal noospherology as a scientific and educational discipline.
 It is pointed out that the formation of "legal noospherology" as an interdisciplinary science is a natural result of the process of human cognition of the world around us. The initial accumulation of information and further differentiation of a single system of primary knowledge about the laws of nature and society, the allocation of independent disciplines and the subsequent need to solve intersectoral problems - inevitably lead to the formation of new interdisciplinary sciences. Examples that confirm this pattern are the scientific and educational disciplines "legal anthropology" and "legal sociology". They were created to solve current intersectoral problems based on the sciences of law, anthropology and sociology.
 It is proved that legal noospherology is a new promising scientific and educational discipline, in which on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach it is possible to study a wide range of current intersectoral civilizational problems by complex methods - jurisprudence and noospherology. This interdisciplinary – legal-noosphere approach, developed by the authors of the article – is designed to monitor the process of legal globalization, development of noosphere law and methods of MP-forecasting – based on scientific ideas about the natural unity and continuity of civilizational events. In turn, this gives grounds to apply in legal and noosphere research scientific methods of similarity theory, general topology and game theory, etc., in accordance with the mathematical concepts of "integrity" and "continuity" of the studied global object. Carrying out research on the platform of legal noospherology using the topological information-legal Model of the noosphere developed by the authors allows to study the origin and development of a holistic legal-noosphere natural phenomenon in a single spatial continuum in real time in a scientific experiment. Such opportunities are especially important for understanding the laws of sustainable development of world civilization in their ecological and legal application and global manifestation - that is, in teleologically sound activities of MP- forecasting. This indicates the most important role of legal noospherology as a scientific and educational discipline that it is able to play – and not only in the development of noosphere law, in the development of the entire system of legal and geopolitical sciences, but also the development of various areas of research in globalism.

Влияние кристаллизационной дифференциации на состав остаточного расплава для плагиоклаза при различных p-t условиях

Crystallization differentiation processes in the melt volume for albite-anorthite solid solution series have been studied. For the albite-anorthite system, the change in the melt composition due to crystallization differentiation is calculated for pressure values P = 6,3 kbar and 1 bar and temperature T = 1410 °C, 1350 and 1300 °C. A calculation technique is presented for composition of the melt remaining after settling of plagioclase particles. The residual melt compositions have been calculated for different initial melt compositions and different P-T parameters. The change in composition due to crystallization differentiation of the melt is the difference in the percentage composition for each oxide on the liquidus line and the initial melt composition. The dimensionless ratios (similarity criteria) for the initial melt composition and the change of the oxide content , , , have been obtained. The change of each oxide percentage is calculated in weight percents and in the dimensionless form (as values of above-mentioned similarity criteria). The initial melt is depleted in different components. The depletion is due to settling of plagioclase particles and melt volume reduction. The latter is the sum of the solid particles and the melt volumes in the intercrystalline spaces of the settled particles’ layer. It is shown that the processes of crystallization differentiation are the sum total of hydrodynamic (geodynamic) and petrological processes. These processes can be studied using the methods of similarity theory. The compositional change in the melt due to crystallization differentiation can be represented in the form of an analytical relationship between the petrological similarity criteria

Повышение эффективности бурения скважин. Часть II. Исследование процесса бурения с помощью методов теории подобия

Повышение эффективности бурения скважин. Часть II. Исследование процесса бурения с помощью методов теории подобия

Utilization of dust and ammonia from exhaust gases: new solutions for dryers with different types of fluidized bed.

BackgroundThe article is devoted to the development of new utilization methods of exhaust gases by cleaning them from fine particles, dust and harmful gas components. The basic design solutions, which allow to increase the degree of exhaust gases cleaning, were presented. The effectiveness of design solutions was supported by the results of experimental studies. Analysis of the research results allowed developing of new designs of equipment for dehydration in fluidized bed. The article also presents the calculation algorithm of eco-friendly dryers with fluidized bed.MethodsPhysical modeling was based on methods of similarity theory. In studies in dryers experimental models the installation scale was changed (compared with industrial conditions). Geometric similarity was maintained by equity of constants and invariants of geometric similarity. Always similarity of respective particles movement and their trajectories in industrial design and in experimental models was also maintained. The creation of graphical dependences was carried out by differential methods of mathematical analysis and integral calculus. The reliability of obtained experiment results was caused by the application of time-tested in practice methods.Results and discussionControl of product fractional composition allowed to make a selection of required fractions (including the fine granules) in a certain place of device. This allowed to increase the degree of purification of exhaust gas even before it output from the dryer working space. The process of separating the granules into fractions and the selection of fine fraction can be performed due to structural changes in dryer units and selection of optimal hydrodynamic conditions of fluidizing agent motion. Installation of special units in the dryers allowed to extract other contaminants from the exhaust gases.ConclusionsProposed constructive solutions for fluidized bed dryers allowed to:- provided of granules classification to the desired number of fractions with a simultaneous release and discharged of fine fraction from the working volume of dryer without the exhaust gases;- increased the degree of monodispersity of commodity granules on 25–35%;- reduced the amount of dust in the exhaust gases on 35–65%;- reduced the ammonia content in the exhaust gas on 90–95%.

Static Electromagnetic Characteristics of Direct-Current Single-Winding Plunger Shell–Core Magnetic Systems with a Flat Cylindrical Pole

The static magnetization curves and load characteristics of dc single-winding plunger shell–core magnet system with a flat cylindrical pole have been determined using the FEMM software environment. The methods of similarity theory and experiment planning have been used to represent these characteristics as the generalized polynomial nondimensional models in the form that is convenient for solving the synthesis problems. The limit of linearity of the magnet system has been defined.

Elastic, Frictional, Strength and Dynamic Characteristics of the Bell Shape Shock Absorbers Made of MR Wire Material

The results of the mechanical characteristic experimental studies are presented for the shock absorbers of DKU type with the elastic elements of the bell shape made of MR material and obtained by the cold pressing of mutually crossing wire spirals with their inclusion in the array of reinforcing wire harnesses. The design analysis and the technology of MR production based on the methods of similarity theory and dimensional analysis revealed the dimensionless determined and determining parameters of elastic frictional, dynamic and strength characteristics under the static and dynamic loading of vibration isolators. The main similarity criteria of mechanical characteristics for vibration isolators and their graphical and analytical representation are determined, taking into account the coefficients of these (affine) transformations of the hysteresis loop family field.

Application of the Methods of the Theory Similarity and Dimensional Analysis for Research the Local Stress-strain State in the Neighborhood of an Irregular Point of the Boundary

In this paper, the methods of similarity theory and dimensional analysis analyzes the features of solving the problem of elasticity, caused by a form of boundary or “geometric factor” and the finite break of specified internally strains emerging in an irregular point of the boundary. Given the similarity criteria for the self-similar solution of the elasticity problem in a neighborhood of irregular points on a singular line of the elastic body of the border.Due to self-solve the elastic problem, stress, strain, displacement in a neighborhood of an irregular point of the boundary admit of the group similarity and functions possess the property of homogeneity, characterized by the fact that these functions can be represented in the form of power complexes. The properties of similarity and homogeneity must have an experimental solution, resulting in the model as the fringe pattern by photoelasticity. Therefore, sequence stripes in some neighborhood of irregular point of the boundary should have the property of similarity, homogeneity as well as stress and be represented in the form of power complexes, m ∼ Cλr, which is confirmed by research of experimental data.

Welding titanium with a constricted arc

The methods of similarity theory were used to study the conditions of the stable process of welding with a constricted arc of titanium and its alloys in the form of rolled sheets of different thicknesses. Taking into account the properties of titanium influencing the welding process, experiments were carried out to determine the main relationships for the selection of the optimum conditions of welding titanium and its alloys with a constricted arc.

Theory and Practice of Functioning Machines for Vibratory Agitation

The article tackles a mechanism of vibration effect on the construction mixes in two representations: corpuscular and phenomenological. It is known that the construction mixes belong to heterogeneous systems, where processes take place in case of vibration effect that are characterized by tixotropy property, i.е. inversability of interaction forces between the particles in case of imposition and removal of mechanical effects. It has been stated that it is more reasonable to find the qualitative and quantitative relations of various processes (phenomena) in the form of generalized relationships obtained by the methods of similarity theory and dimensions of quantity. Presented are the criterial dependencies of changing efficient viscosity of mixes under effect of vibration from the process working parameters. Proposed are the modified Reynolds and Froude criteria for the mixes vibrating processes. It is reasonable to use the method of object internal vibratory protection when designing the vibratory agitation equipment helping reduce the level of vibration influence on the environment on the one hand, and use the vibratory effects on the material being processed to a maximum extent, on the other hand. In order to implement this method it is proposed to use the equalized eccentric vibration exciters. A number of industrial samples of vibration mixers have been presented.

On the simulation of a corona discharge by the similarity theory methods

A general system of equations for a corona discharge has been derived and reduced to a dimensionless form using the methods of the similarity and dimension theory. Criteria and conditions for the similarity of the processes occurring during a corona discharge have been determined. Formulas for free space-charge density have been derived; the classical structure of the current-voltage characteristic for an arbitrary system of electrodes has been confirmed by different methods: using the theory of similarity, analyzing self-similar solutions, approximating the field distribution, and averaging the equation for the current density with respect to the volume of the interelectrode gap. It has been shown that the quadratic pattern of the current-voltage characteristics of the corona discharge results from the linear dependence of the electric field intensity and the linear threshold dependence of the density of free space carriers on the voltage.

The Impacts of Atmospheric Stability on the Accuracy of Wind Speed Extrapolation Methods

The building of utility-scale wind farms requires knowledge of the wind speed climatology at hub height (typically 80–100 m). As most wind speed measurements are taken at 10 m above ground level, efforts are being made to relate 10-m measurements to approximate hub-height wind speeds. One common extrapolation method is the power law, which uses a shear parameter to estimate the wind shear between a reference height and hub height. The shear parameter is dependent on atmospheric stability and should ideally be determined independently for different atmospheric stability regimes. In this paper, data from the Oklahoma Mesonet are used to classify atmospheric stability and to develop stability-dependent power law fits for a nearby tall tower. Shear exponents developed from one month of data are applied to data from different seasons to determine the robustness of the power law method. In addition, similarity theory-based methods are investigated as possible alternatives to the power law. Results indicate that the power law method performs better than similarity theory methods, particularly under stable conditions, and can easily be applied to wind speed data from different seasons. In addition, the importance of using co-located near-surface and hub-height wind speed measurements to develop extrapolation fits is highlighted.

THERMAL STATE AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF EVAPORATING LIQUID HYDROCARBON DROPLETS. 1. A POSSIBILITY OF NATURAL CIRCULATION OF THE LIQUID IN THE DROPLET

The paper presents the simulation results of a high molecular weight hydrocarbon n-decane droplet evaporation in still air. Evaporation of symmetrically heated droplets of different diameters was investigated. Droplets are heated in two ways - only by conduction from high-temperature air or by conduction and by a symmetrical absolutely black air temperature heat radiation source. The internal thermal state and evaporation was modelled together with the external heating of the droplet. Although in the “external” liquid droplet heat and mass transfer task heat flow was seen as independent, the hydrodynamic Stefan flow effects on heating and evaporation intensity were taken into account. While in the „internal" task, the gradient of temperature inside of the droplet was assessed based on the interaction between conduction and radiation. The results of calculation are summarized by the similarity theory methods using Ra and Fo criteria and specific dimensionless coordinates. Universal (independent from conductively heated droplet diameter) evaporation and warming curves are presented. The thermal radiation influence on droplet evaporation intensity, thermal and hydrodynamic state is shown by the deviation from the aforementioned universal curves. The possibility of spontaneous circulation inside of the hydrocarbon droplet in given heat and mass transfer cases was evaluated based on the experimental data of natural circulation in spherical water volume.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.18.2.1573

Vortex electromagnetic flowmeter-counter for liquids with ionic conductivity

The design of a device and the operating principle are given for vortex electromagnetic transducers for the flow rate of water and other ion-conductive liquids. Based on similarity theory methods, factors are established that govern the behavior of the instrument weight transformation coefficient in linear and nonlinear areas of measurement. A procedure is proposed for considering the effect of water temperature on the weight coefficient. Experimental data are provided.

Structure of the bubble layer in an asphalt oxidation tower

Based on published data on the air bubble rise velocity in water and using methods of similarity theory and mathematical tools for calculating precipitation processes and surfacing of solid particles in a liquid, the structure of the bubble layer in a tower for production of oxidized asphalts was analyzed. A conclusion was drawn concerning the existence of an ascending gas ”liquid stream in the central part of the bubble towers and a descending liquid stream near the walls.

Sensible heat flux estimation by flux variance and half‐order time derivative methods

This study is the first to contrast two similarity theory methods, the flux variance and the half‐order time derivative, over a wide range of atmospheric stability and surface roughness conditions. These two methods were selected because they require only single‐level temperature measurement to estimate sensible heat flux. The data used were collected over bare soil, a grass‐covered forest clearing, and an even‐aged pine forest. For all three sites the flux variance method estimated the sensible heat flux relatively well for unstable atmospheric conditions. The half‐order time derivative method was found to be sensitive to the parameterization of the eddy diffusivity, especially for the grass and bare soil field sites. Overall, the flux variance method was able to reproduce the measured sensible heat flux with greater accuracy than the half‐order time derivative methods for the three experiment sites.

Regularities of unsteady radiative–conductive heat transfer in evaporating semitransparent liquid droplets

The numerical investigation method of unsteady transfer processes in evaporating droplets in radiating media is introduced, evaluating the dependence of optical spectral properties of material upon temperature. The distribution of temperature and heat fluxes regularities in heating and simultaneously evaporating water droplets has been investigated. It is shown that as a cause of interaction of radiation and conduction processes, the profile of the temperature field inside the droplet is distorted, and the magnitude and direction of heat conductivity flux vector changes. According to the maximum place in the instant temperature field of the droplet, it is suggested to distinguish three periods of state change for an evaporating droplet: initial, transient and final. The results of the unsteady radiative–conductive heat transfer are generalized by using similarity theory methods.

Thermal, Mechanical, and Diffusion Processes in Conducting Solids Placed in External Magnetic Fields Periodic in Time

We propose a procedure of quantitative description of the correlated processes of deformation and heat, mass, and electric-charge transfer in conducting solids under the action of external magnetic fields periodic in time. By the methods of similarity theory and dimensional analysis, the set of equations of magnetothermomechanical diffusion is reduced to the dimensionless form. We perform the quantitative analysis of the characteristics of dimensionless criteria for the diffusion of carbon into iron. In our model, we neglect the effects for which typical dimensionless parameters are much smaller than one and deduce a simplified set of equations for the electromagnetic field, temperature, and mechanical stresses in conducting ferromagnetic solids.

Thermal, Mechanical, and Diffusion Processes in Nonconducting Bodies in Periodic External Magnetic Fields

By the methods of similarity theory and dimensional analysis, the set of equations of magnetothermomechanical diffusion for nonconducting ferrite bodies is reduced to the dimensionless form. We perform the quantitative analysis of typical dimensionless criteria for the diffusion of carbon in nickel–zinc spinel. The phenomena for which typical dimensionless parameters are much smaller than one are neglected. The well-known quasistatic approximation of the equations of electrodynamics is justified.

Thermohydraulic vapor generation processes in vertical tubes of low-pressure natural convection systems

Self-substained oscillations and limiting heat fluxes have been found in heat removal systems employing heat transfer fluid boiling inside tubes with vapor and liquid heating of vapor-generating tubes. The aim of the study was to investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the limiting fluxes and self-sustaining oscillation modes. The experiments were carried out on three experimental units manufactured as closed natural convection loops. Water, ammonia, and freons were used as a boiling agent. The experimental results were processed by using similarity theory methods. Recommendations are made for the design of low-pressure heat release systems with boiling intercycle heat transfer liquid.

Generalization of experimental data on heat and mass transfer during the evaporation and sublimation of different substances in a forced stream

Experimental data on heat and mass transfer during evaporation (sublimation) are generalized on the basis of the usual methods of similarity theory. The results of an analysis of the author's experimental data are presented.