Similarity Form Research Articles

Bothered More by Acquaintances’ Appearance than Celebrities’ on Social Networks: An Investigation of Comparison Targets’ Effect under Social Comparison Theory with a Chinese Student Sample

In times of the rise of the “A4 waist” trend on social networks (SNs), concerns have been raised over appearance-related content’s adverse effects on body image and well-being in parasocial relationships. We conducted a survey on Chinese college students ( N = 333) to examine the effects of comparison targets (same-gender acquaintances, celebrities, and online strangers) based on social comparison theory. The results indicate that, in line with construal-level theory, students paid more attention to the appearance-related content of same-gender acquaintances than that of the other two target groups. Surprisingly, small gaps in physical attraction between the students and acquaintances generated more appearance concern than the huge gaps between the students and celebrities, which could be explained by the “narcissism of small differences” theory. We developed existing comparison target studies by including the impact of online strangers to adapt to the current SN environment. Although the students paid the least attention to strangers’ SN appearance-related content, exposure to such content had a positive correlation with appearance concern. Regarding gender differences, females devoted more to SN appearance-related content than males across all three target groups, but the concern generated from viewing such content differed only when the targets were celebrities (females > males). The present study expands social comparison theory by introducing a two-dimensional (similarity and interaction forms) concept of “social distance.” Our findings suggest that socially close targets received more attention and comparisons and generated more concern about appearance.

Reynolds number asymptotics of wall-turbulence fluctuations

In continuation of our earlier work (Chen & Sreenivasan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, R3; Chen & Sreenivasan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 933, 2022a, A20 – together referred to as CS hereafter), we present a self-consistent Reynolds number asymptotics for wall-normal profiles of variances of streamwise and spanwise velocity fluctuations as well as root-mean-square pressure, across the entire flow region of channel and pipe flows and flat-plate boundary layers. It is first shown that, when normalized by peak values, the Reynolds number dependence and wall-normal variation of all three profiles can be decoupled, in excellent agreement with available data, sharing the common inner expansion of the type $\phi (y^+)=f_0(y^+)+f_1(y^+)/Re^{1/4}_\tau$ , where $\phi$ is one of the quantities just mentioned, the functions $f_0$ and $f_1$ depend only on $y^+$ , and $Re_\tau$ is the friction Reynolds number. Here, the superscript $+$ indicates normalization by wall variables. We show that this result is completely consistent with CS. Secondly, by matching the above inner expansion and the outer flow similarity form, a bounded variation $\phi (y^\ast )=\alpha _\phi -\beta _{\phi }y^{{\ast {1}/{4}}}$ is derived for the outer region where, for each $\phi$ , the constants $\alpha _\phi$ and $\beta _{\phi }$ are independent of $Re_\tau$ and $y^\ast$ $\equiv y^+/Re_\tau$ – also in excellent agreement with simulations and experimental data. One of the predictions of the analysis is that, for asymptotically high Reynolds numbers, a finite plateau $\phi \approx \alpha _\phi$ appears in the outer region. This result sheds light on the intriguing issue of the outer shoulder of the variance of the streamwise velocity fluctuation, which should be bounded by the asymptotic plateau of approximately 10.

On vortex-sheet evolution beyond singularity formation

We consider the evolution of a spatially periodic, perturbed vortex sheet for small times after the formation of a curvature singularity at time $t=t_c$ as demonstrated by Moore (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 365, issue 1720, 1979, pp. 105–119). The Moore analysis is extended to provide the small-amplitude, full-sheet structure at $t=t_c$ for a general single-mode initial condition in terms of polylogarithmic functions, from which its asymptotic form near the singular point is determined. This defines an intermediate evolution problem for which the leading-order, and most singular, approximation is solved as a Taylor-series expansion in $\tau = t-t_c$ , where coefficients are calculated by repeated differentiation of the defining Birkhoff–Rott (BR) equation. The first few terms are in good agreement with numerical calculation based on the full-sheet solution. The series is summed, providing an analytic continuation which shows sheet rupture at circulation $\varGamma =0^+$ , $\tau >0^+$ , but with non-physical features owing to the absence of end-tip sheet roll up. This is corrected by constructing an inner solution with $\varGamma < \tau$ , as a perturbed similarity form with small parameter $\tau ^{1/2}$ . Numerical solutions of both the inner, nonlinear zeroth-order and first-order linear BR equations are obtained whose outer limits match the intermediate solution. The composite solution shows sheet tearing at $\tau =0^+$ into two separate, rolled up algebraic spirals near the central singular point. Branch separation distance scales as $\tau$ with a non-local, $\tau ^{3/2}$ correction. Properties of the intermediate and inner solutions are discussed.

RESEARCH INTO QUADRATIC SIMILARITY OF METAPHOR TRANSLATION

Metaphor translation is an important aspect of translation ontology research. Metaphor translation is not only the process of understanding the superficial intralingual similarity, but also the process of transforming the deep interlingual similarity, which is essentially a complex thinking process of “quadratic similarity”. The study of metaphor translation involves both intralingual and interlingual similarities and has the characteristics of quadratic similarity. The intralingual similarity of metaphor translation is formed by point, line and plane similarity forms; and the interlingual similarity of metaphor translation is based on the intralingual similarity and deduces the line, plane and three-dimensional similarity of metaphor translation. Based on the six similarity patterns of the original Russian metaphor constructs, 18 similarity transformation types of Metaphor translation are deduced and four translation strategies are proposed.

Self-similar solutions in cylindrical magneto-hydrodynamic blast waves with energy injection at the centre

ABSTRACT The evolution of shocks induced by massive stars does not depend only on the ambient magnetic field strength, but also on its orientation. In the present work, the dynamics of a magnetized blast wave is investigated under the influence of both azimuthal and axial ambient magnetic fields. The blast wave is driven by a central source and forms a shell that results from the accumulation of interstellar matter behind the shock front. A similarity form of the ambient magnetic field and a cylindrical geometry of the blast wave are assumed to obtain self-similar solutions. The model is studied separately for both azimuthal and axial magnetic field and applied to stellar wind bubbles and supernova remnants respectively, using 1D numerical simulations. We found that the magnetized blast wave differs from the self-similar case without an ambient magnetic field. The forward shock front goes slower in the azimuthal case and faster in the axial one. For both tangential orientations, the thickness of the shell increases with the magnetic strength. In the azimuthal case, the thermal energy can be converted to magnetic energy near the inner boundary of the shell. Thus, the temperature drops and the magnetic field increases at the tangential discontinuity of the stellar wind bubble. In the axial case of a supernova remnant, the numerical solution always follows a special curve in the parameter space given by the self-similar model.

Regress? I’ve Had a Few?

AbstractOn Malcolm Schofield’s highly influential reading of the Similarity Regress in Part I of theParmenides, the problem that the Regress poses is explanatory. Socrates posited the Similarity Form in order to explain why similar things are similar: similar things are similar because they participate in the Form Similarity as copies of the same original. Yet, the Similarity Regress generates an infinite series of Similarity Forms such that explanation is deferred ad infinitum. Schofield provides a philosophical incentive for adopting his reading. He argues that the treatment of similarity in Part II of the dialogue yields a complete explanation of similarity. If we adopt this account, we can avoid the Similarity Regress altogether since a Form of Similarity is not needed in order to explain why similar things are similar. Thus, his interpretation has a hugely important philosophical pay-off.However, there is a different way to read the argument. Socrates claims that each Form is only one. Yet, the Similarity Regress is an argument that generates an infinite series of Similarity Forms. This results in a violation of the principle of non-contradiction: there is both only one Similarity Form and infinitely many Similarity Forms. Yet, anything that is incompatible with the principle of non-contradiction is surely absurd. Nobody, as far as I am aware, has explored whether this reading also has philosophical pay-off if we look at it together with similarity in Part II. However, should this interpretation pay off, it would be a viable alternative to Schofield’s.In this paper, I explore both views in the context of the treatment of similarity in Part II of theParmenides. I argue for an account of similarity that differs from Schofield’s. Although my account is not wholly dismissive of Schofield’s, it renders the pay-off of Schofield’s account less appealing than he suggests. Furthermore, I show that the account of similarity in Part II also yields important lessons for the proponent of the alternative reading of the Similarity Regress: similarity as treated in Part II simply leads to further infinite regresses, thereby pushing us to consider rejecting the account of similarity in Part II too and to look for some other account intead.

Three dimensional viscous flow due to a squeezing porous slider

Three dimensional viscous flow as a result of expanding or contracting porous slider is undertaken in the present analysis. The fluid injection to levitate the slider is not taken constant, but it changes with time in accordance with the location of the slider at any time. The unsteady equations of motion corresponding to the fluid flow between the slider and the ground are transformed into their similarity form with the help of two dimensionless parameters; Reynolds number and dilation parameter. In the limiting case of Reynolds number tending to zero, closed-form expressions are derived. Otherwise, the system of equations is treated numerically, and how the up and down movement of the porous slider contributes to the flow field as well as to the lift and drag properties are studied in detail. It is found that flat slider expansion leads to suppression of lift and drag, with an opposite impact of slider contraction. The former is of practical significance for encountering less frictional resistance while operating the slider.

Study of wave propagation in arterial blood flow under symmetry analysis

In this paper, we address a one‐dimensional quasi‐linear hyperbolic system of equations describing blood flow through compliant axi‐symmetric vessels. From the symmetry analysis, we derive symmetry group of transformations and the corresponding symmetry generators by analyzing the parameters. Next, with the help of symmetry generators and invariant functions, we construct and classify the optimal system of subalgebras. Further, we obtained the similarity variables and similarity forms for each subalgebra leading to the reduction of the given governing coupled PDEs to the system of ODEs. Moreover, we studied the nature of blood flow velocity as well as the cross‐sectional area of the arteries under the influence of arterial stiffness graphically. Finally, the evolutionary behavior of weak discontinuity in the blood flow pattern is discussed with respect to aging.

Von Karman correlation similarity in solar wind magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

A major development underlying hydrodynamic turbulence theory is the similarity decay hypothesis due to von Karman and Howarth, here extended empirically to plasma turbulence in the solar wind. In similarity decay the second-order correlation experiences a continuous transformation based on a universal functional form and a rescaling of energy and characteristic length. Solar wind turbulence follows many principles adapted from classical fluid turbulence, but previously this similarity property has not been examined explicitly. Here, we analyze an ensemble of Elsässer autocorrelation functions computed from Advanced Composition Explorer data at 1 astronomical unit (AU), and demonstrate explicitly that the two-point correlation functions undergo a collapse to a similarity form of the type anticipated from von Karman's hypothesis applied to weakly compressive magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. This provides a firm empirical basis for employing the similarity decay hypothesis to the Elsässer correlations that represent the incompressive turbulence cascade. This approach is of substantial utility in space turbulence data analysis, and for adopting von Karman-type heating rates in global and subgrid-scale dynamical modeling.

Distinctive Marker ‘-an’ on the Lingual Unit in Online Mass Media Diction

The Indonesian language continues to experience extraordinary developments as seen from its vocabularies. However, the large number of vocabularies turns often caused errors and mistakes in choosing diction pairs in an article, especially in the mass media. Therefore, this research needed to be done to classify vocabulary ending in -an based on its form, category, marker, and meaning. It was aslo intended that the vocabulary contained in the Indonesian language could be classified according to their classes. The study made use of primary data sourcing from the written language. The data came from online daily newspapers, namely pikiran-rakyat.com, republica.co.id, and mediaindonesia.com. In analyzing these data, the research applied descriptive and prescriptive qualitative methods. The result of the study indicated that the final form of -an in Indonesian vocabulary had certain categories, markers, and meanings. This happened because of the similarity or identical form of a word. The research concluded that there were word forms ending in -an functioning suffixes and some others were part of the word itself.

Re-examination of several key aspects of an earlier model analysis on cylinder hydrodynamics under self-gravity

In several astrophysical and cosmological contexts, long dynamic filamentary structures emerge ubiquitously in observations and numerical simulations. For theoretical understanding, such filaments may be idealized as self-similar hydrodynamic cylinders under self-gravity of infinite length with axisymmetry and axial uniformity. We review and present analytical results of such a self-similar dynamic cylinder, including asymptotic solutions both towards the symmetry axis and at large radii, asymptotic solution just outside a dynamically expanding central void cylinder and a dimensional energy conservation equation. We introduce a velocity potential and derive cylindrical Bernoulli relations in similarity forms. Besides, the sonic critical curve (SCC) for γ=1 is treated and examined. A thorough classification of the SCC of this kind is done. Most importantly, intrinsic invariance of the general polytropic dynamic cylinder emerges when γ=1, which builds connections among individual self-similar solutions of the same kind. We re-examine several key aspects of the study by Holden et al. (2009) and find that some of their results and conclusions to be misleading and incomplete. We pinpoint the sources of their errors and offer our correct results. Finally, we numerically compute self-similar solutions with a central free-fall behaviour as well as solutions that go across either the upper or the lower branch of the SCC once and show the corresponding global solution profiles.

Von Karman Correlation Similarity of the Turbulent Interplanetary Magnetic Field

Abstract A major development underlying much of hydrodynamic turbulence theory is the similarity decay hypothesis due to von Karman and Howarth here extended empirically to magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind. In similarity decay the second-order correlation experiences a continuous transformation based on a universal functional form and a rescaling of energy and characteristic length. Solar wind turbulence follows many principles adapted from classical fluid turbulence, but previously this similarity property has not been examined explicitly. Here we analyze an ensemble of magnetic correlation functions computed from Advanced Composition Explorer data at 1 au, and demonstrate explicitly that the two-point correlation functions undergo a collapse to a similarity form of the type anticipated from von Karman’s hypothesis. This provides for the first time a firm empirical basis for employing the similarity decay hypothesis to the magnetic field, one of the primitive variables of magnetohydrodynamics, and one frequently more accessible from spacecraft instruments. This approach is of substantial utility in space turbulence data analysis, and for adopting von Karman-type heating rates in global and subgrid-scale dynamical modeling.

Temporal stability of multiple similarity solutions for porous channel flows with expanding or contracting walls

In this paper, the temporal stability of multiple similarity solutions (flow patterns) for the incompressible laminar fluid flow along a uniformly porous channel with expanding or contracting walls is analyzed. This work extends the recent results of similarity perturbations of Sun et al. [“Temporal stability analysis for multiple similarity solutions of viscous incompressible flows in porous channels with moving walls,” Appl. Math. Modell. 77, 738–755 (2020)] by examining the temporal stability with perturbations of general form (including similarity and nonsimilarity forms). Based on the linear stability theory, two-dimensional eigenvalue problems associated with the flow equations are formulated and numerically solved by a finite difference method on the staggered grids. The linear stability analysis reveals that the stability of the solutions is same with that under the perturbations of a similarity form within the range of the wall expansion ratio α. [−5≤α≤3 as in Sun et al., “Temporal stability analysis for multiple similarity solutions of viscous incompressible flows in porous channels with moving walls,” Appl. Math. Modell. 77, 738–755 (2020)]. Further, it is found that the expansion ratio α has a great influence on the stability of type I flows: in the case of wall contraction (α<0), the stability region of the cross-flow Reynolds number (R) increases as the contraction ratio (|α|) increases; in the case of wall expansion and 0<α≤1, the stability region increases as the expansion ratio (α) increases; in the case of 1≤α≤3, type I flows are stable for all R where they exist. The flows of other types (types II and III with −5≤α≤3 and type IV with α = 3) are always unstable. As a nonlinear stability analysis or a validation of the linear stability analysis, the original nonlinear two-dimensional time-dependent problem with an initial perturbation of general form over those flow patterns is solved directly. It is found that the stability with the nonlinear analysis is consistent with the linear stability analysis.

THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND KARONESE REGISTER IN GIVING PEDAH PEDAH PERJABUN

Indonesia was well known for the variety of tribes, traditional languages, society and culture. It triggered to conduct this research that concerned to social stratification and Karonese register in giving pedah pedah perjabun. The problem of this research was how far the Karonese register change in this modern era or whether there were any differences among society group in Karonese traditional wedding ceremony. Based on this problem, this research aimed to 1) investigate the types of social stratification in traditional wedding ceremony of Karonese, 2) describe the reflections of social stratification toward the Karonese register, and 3) explain Karonese register in traditional wedding ceremony. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data were taken from Karonese register in traditional wedding ceremony and the source of data was Karonese native speaker who involved in traditional wedding ceremony. This research showed that 1) the interaction of Karonese society in traditional wedding ceremony stratifies Karonese people into four divisions. They are kalimbubu and anak beru that categorized as closed social stratification and sembuyak and teman meriah that categorized as opened social stratification, 2) social stratification were reflected through the differences and similarity form of register .Kallimbubu and anakberu used formal register as the most dominant regiser while sembuyak and anak beru used consultative register as the most dominant, and 3) the cause of Karonese register in traditional wedding ceremony was caused by register with reference to field that covered factor of arena and register with reference to tenor that cover formality and status. Keywords: Karonese Register, Pedah Pedah Perjabun; Social Stratification

Отношения "фигура – фон" в чёрно-белой иллюстрации как раздел преподавания искусства книги на ХГФ ИИИ МПГУ

The problem with the study below is contradiction between the need to introduce the young generation to the culture of books as an aesthetic phenomenon and the lack of development of methods for studying the composition of illustrations in art and pedagogical education. The research methods used were the study of literature on the given topic and the practice of teaching the art of the book at the AGF MPSU for ten years. During the theoretical part of the study we examined the perception of black and white, laws of visual perception (similarity, neighborhood, closure, continuity, inertia and primary forms) and features of construction of the relations "figure - ground" in one-figure, two-figure and multi-figure compositions. The result of the practical part of the study was the system of compositional exercises on the theme ""figure - background relations" in black and white illustration". The system of exercises below is not final and can be expanded and refined by the author during further scientific and pedagogical activities.

Analytical solution and numerical simulation of the thermal entrance region problem for laminar flow through a circular pipe

In this paper, the assumptions implicited in Leveque’s approximation are re-examined, and the variation of the temperature and the thickness of the boundary layer were illustrated using the developed solution. By defining a similarity variable, the governing equations are reduced to a dimensionless equation with an analytic solution in the entrance region. This report gives justification for the similarity variable via scaling analysis, details the process of converting to a similarity form, and presents a similarity solution. The analytical solutions are then checked against numerical solution programming by FORTRAN code obtained via using Runge–Kutta fourth order (RK4) method. Finally, other important thermal results obtained from this analysis, such as; approximate Nusselt number in the thermal entrance region was discussed in detail. A comparison with the previous study available in literature has been done and found an excellent agreement with the published data.

A Spectral Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Convective Nanofluid Slip Flow with Newtonian Heating and Radiative Heat Transfer

In this paper, we present a numerical analysis of natural convection boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a stretching sheet under the influence of a variable magnetic field in the presence of nonlinear radiative heat transfer, hydrodynamic slip and Newtonian heating effects. The Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis effects are employed to describe the nanofluid flow model consisting of non-linear partial differential equations, which is transformed into a similarity form and then treated with the spectral local-linearization method (SLLM) to present an in-depth analysis of the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the fluid flow. The fluid flow problem finds applications in many engineering devices including geothermal heat source pump and in cooling of electronic devices and stretched wires.

Автоматизация оценки факторных соотношений и стратегий производственно-технологических связей оператором преобразования базиса линейных информационных структур

In this paper, an attempt is made to equivalent transformation of structured data by tabular forms by means of their adequate transformation into vector similarity forms, which significantly improve the conditions for formalization of computing processes and processing of information structures and data arrays. The solution of the problem is obtained by such a linear transformation of vector structures of information in the corresponding analytical dependencies using transformation matrices. The method of estimation of achievement of balance between expenses on the organization of production and, the income received from sale of production at the fixed price is offered.

An anomalous self-similar solution for a laminar wall jet flowing up a heated vertical wall

A free convection wall jet flow with a prescribed wall temperature which enables the boundary-layer equations to be reduced to similarity form is treated. It is seen that there is a finite range σ1<σ<σ0 of the Prandtl number σ for which there are solutions. The singular nature of the solution as σ→σ0 and σ→σ1 is examined. An alternative (convective) boundary condition characterized by the parameter λ is also considered with critical values λc of λ dependent on σ being found. An examination of these critical points shows that they can exist only in the range σ1<σ<σ0. The values of λc become singular at these limits and achieve a maximum value within this range giving only a finite range of both σ and λ for solutions to exist.

NON-SYMMETRIC FLOW OVER A STRETCHING/SHRINKING SURFACE WITH MASS TRANSFER

The non-symmetric flow over a stretching/shrinking surface in an other-wise quiescent fluid is considered under the assumption that the surface can stretch orshrink in one direction and stretch in a direction perpendicular to this. The problem is reduced to similarity form, being described by two dimensionless parameters, γ the relative stretching/shrinking rate and S characterizing the fluid transfer throughthe boundary. Numerical solutions are obtained for representative values of γ and S, a feature of which are the existence of critical values γc of γ dependent on S, these being determined numerically. Asymptotic forms for large γ and S, for both fluid withdrawal, S &gt; 0 and injection S &lt; 0 are obtained and compared with the corresponding numerical results.