Similar Amounts Of Fat Research Articles

The Effect of Mineral N Fertilization and Bradyrhizobium japonicum Seed Inoculation on Productivity of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Soybean yields can be considerably improved by inoculation with selected Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains and fertilization. The aim of this study was to assess the productivity of two soybean cultivars depending on the applied N mineral fertilizers and seed inoculation with B. japonicum. The study showed that on average, for both cultivars, the soybean yield was most favorably affected by the combined use of inoculation and nitrogen fertilization (increase in seed yield by 42%, protein yield by about 28%). The application of mineral nitrogen at the dose of 30 or 60 kg·ha−1 allowed the increase in the seed yield by about 17% and protein content by about 14% compared to the control. Inoculation of soybean seeds with B. japonicum increased the yield of soybeans by about 20%, proteins by about 10% compared to the control, and inoculation of Hi®Stick Soy favored a better yield than Nitragina. Inoculation of seeds with Nitragina or Hi®Stick Soy and fertilization with mineral nitrogen increased the content of protein and fiber in seeds of both soybean cultivars, as well as reduced the amount of ash and fat. The seeds of cv. Aldana had a higher amount of protein and ash than cv. Annushka, but a similar amount of fat and fiber.

Evaluating the Inclusion of Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Cake in the Concentrate for Dairy Cows upon Ruminal Biohydrogenation Process, Ruminal Microbial Community and Milk Production and Acceptability.

Simple SummarySoybean meal and palm oil are important protein and energy sources in European livestock production, respectively. In the next decades, the demand for these feedstuffs is supposed to increase as the world population and its demand for meat and dairy products increases. Alternatives to replace those feedstuffs are necessary. It is necessary to promote low-input, local, and circular production systems: in this sense, adopting feeding systems that use cheaper and local alternative feedstuffs represents a good strategy. One of them is the product obtained after a simple pressing process for the production of biofuels. Cold pressing usually produces oil that can be used as biofuel and a cake rich in fat and with high oil quality but with lower protein content than the conventionally solvent-extracted cakes. Therefore, the availability of cold-pressed cakes can represent an example of integration between the industry and livestock production. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of formulating cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) in a dairy cows’ concentrate as a substitute for conventional feedstuffs. Feeding CPRC has the advantage of slightly improving the milk fatty acid profile and consumer acceptance. In conclusion, CPRC can replace conventional feedstuffs without detrimental effects on milk production and composition.The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of feeding a concentrate including cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) on productive performance, milk quality and its sensory properties, ruminal biohydrogenation, and bacterial communities. Eighteen cows were paired, and two experimental diets (control vs. CPRC) were distributed within the pair. Concentrates were iso-energetic and iso-proteic and contained similar amounts of fat. The average days in milk, milk yield, and body weight of the animals were (mean ± SD) 172 ± 112 d, 585 ± 26 kg, and 25.4 ± 6.2 kg/d, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 wk. Feeding CPRC resulted in lower ruminal saturated (p < 0.001) and higher monounsaturated (p = 0.002) fatty acids. Feeding CPRC increased Ruminococcus, Prevotella, and Entodinium but decreased Blautia; p-75-a5; undefined genera within orders Clostridiaceae and RF39 and within families Christensenellaceae, Lachnospiracease, and Ruminococcaceae; and fungi from the phylum neocallimastigomycota. The milk fatty acid profile was characterized by a lower n6:n3 ratio (p = 0.028). Feeding CPRC did not affect the milk yield, milk quality, or fat corrected milk (p > 0.05). Feeding CPRC improved the overall milk acceptability (p = 0.047). In conclusion, CPRC affected some microbial taxa, modified the biohydrogenation process, and improved the milk fatty acid profile and consumer acceptance without detrimental effects on milk production and composition.

Meals with Similar Fat Content from Different Dairy Products Induce Different Postprandial Triglyceride Responses in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundPostprandial lipemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dairy products differ in nutrient content and food matrix, and little is known about how different dairy products affect postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations.ObjectiveWe investigated the effect of meals with similar amounts of fat from different dairy products on postprandial TG concentrations over 6 h in healthy adults.MethodsA randomized controlled cross-over study was performed on 47 subjects (30% men), with median (25th–75th percentile) age of 32 (25–46) y and body mass index of 23.6 (21.0–25.8) kg/m2. Meals included 1 of butter, cheese, whipped cream, or sour cream, corresponding to 45 g of fat (approximately 60 energy%). Serum concentrations of TGs (primary outcome), and total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (secondary outcomes) were measured before the meal and 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Incremental AUC (iAUC) was calculated for the responses, and data were analyzed using a linear mixed model.ResultsSour cream induced a 61% larger TG-iAUC0–6 h compared to whipped cream (P < 0.001), a 53% larger TG-iAUC0–6 h compared to butter (P < 0.001), and a 23% larger TG-iAUC0–6 h compared to cheese (P = 0.05). No differences in TG-iAUC0–6 h between the other meals were observed. Intake of sour cream induced a larger HDL cholesterol-iAUC0–6 h compared to cheese (P = 0.01). Intake of cheese induced a 124% larger insulin iAUC0–6 h compared to butter (P = 0.006). No other meal effects were observed.ConclusionsHigh-fat meals containing similar amount of fat from different dairy products induce different postprandial effects on serum TGs, HDL cholesterol, and insulin in healthy adults. The potential mechanisms and clinical impact of our findings remain to be further elucidated. The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02836106.

Interim analysis of a prospective randomized trial of dietary carbohydrate restriction for men with a rising PSA after failed primary treatment: Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2).

382 Background: Nearly one third of men treated with curative intent for localized prostate cancer (PC) will develop a rising PSA. The rate of PSA rise (PSA doubling time aka PSASDT) is a predictor metastases and PC death. In laboratory mice, an extreme low carbohydrate diet slows PC growth. We tested whether this diet could slow PSADT in men with recurrent PC. Methods: We are conducting a 6-month multi-center randomized phase II trial of dietary carbohydrate restriction vs. no diet intervention control. Men had to have a BMI ≥24 kg/m2, received radical prostatectomy or definitive local radiation for PC, had a PSA 0.4-20.0 ng/ml (3-20 if prior radiation therapy) within the past 3 months, and current PSADT 3-36 months. The intervention arm was instructed to eat &lt; 20 grams/carbs/day with no other limits. The control arm was told to make no diet. In this interim analysis, we present the efficacy of the dietary intervention with regards to weight loss. Arms were compared using rank-sum. Total anticipated enrollment is 60. The primary outcome is differences in PSADT between arms. Secondary outcomes include weight loss, and dietary make-up. Results: To date, 28 patients (14 in each study arm) have completed the study. Characteristics were well-balanced at baseline. At the 6-month dietary assessment, calorie consumption was similar between the two study arms (p = 0.090) among the 16 patients (7 low-carb, 9 control) with diet information. Subjects in the low-carb arm ate fewer carbs (29 vs. 188 g, p = 0.008) and more protein (125 vs. 73 g, p = 0.044) but similar amounts of fat (75 vs. 67 g, p = 0.672) vs. subjects in the control arm. Six months on the low carb diet resulted in greater weight loss (median: 31.7 vs. 0.8 lbs, p &lt; 0.001), lower BMI (24.4 vs. 29.6 kg/m2, p &lt; 0.001), and smaller waist circumference (95.7 vs. 108.9 cm, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In this interim analysis of an on-going dietary study for men with a rising PSA after definitive local treatment, an extreme low carbohydrate diet results in dramatic weight loss in 6 months. Whether this weight loss slows PC growth is an on-going question. Clinical trial information: NCT01763944.

Wpływ nawożenia mineralnego na zawartość i jakość tłuszczu w niełupkach ostropestu plamistego (Sylibum marianum L. Gaertner)

The basis of research was a two-factorial pot trial set up in a completely random design with four replications. A uniform PK fertilization regime investigated the effect of increasing fertilization level of nitrogen, sulfur and boron on the content of crude fat and fatty acid profile in achenes of two forms of the milk thistle – cultivar Silma and a population cultivated in Poland. The average content of fat in milk thistle achenes cv. Silma was 246.0 g·kg -1 d.m. and was significantly lower than in achenes form population (264.7 g·kg -1 d.m.). The fat content in achenes cv. Silma decreased with increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization, whereas population plants contained similar amounts of fat, regardless of the level of this component fertilization. The level of nitrogen fertilization to a greater extent modified the profile of fatty acids in the oil from population plants than cv. Silma. Compared with plants not fertilized with this component, after application of the lowest dose of nitrogen (1 g per pot), in the oil obtained from population plants oleic acid increased by 6.5%, and linoleic decreased by 9.7%. The addition of sulphur increased share of linoleic acid (C18:2) and decreased oleic (C18:1) in oils of both forms of milk thistle.

A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles during Weight Loss in Adult Women

Claims about the merits or risks of carbohydrate (CHO) vs. protein for weight loss diets are extensive, yet the ideal ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein for adult health and weight management remains unknown. This study examined the efficacy of two weight loss diets with modified CHO/protein ratios to change body composition and blood lipids in adult women. Women (n = 24; 45 to 56 y old) with body mass indices >26 kg/m(2) were assigned to either a CHO Group consuming a diet with a CHO/protein ratio of 3.5 (68 g protein/d) or a Protein Group with a ratio of 1.4 (125 g protein/d). Diets were isoenergetic, providing 7100 kJ/d, and similar amounts of fat ( approximately 50 g/d). After consuming the diets for 10 wk, the CHO Group lost 6.96 +/- 1.36 kg body weight and the Protein Group lost 7.53 +/- 1.44 kg. Weight loss in the Protein Group was partitioned to a significantly higher loss of fat/lean (6.3 +/- 1.2 g/g) compared with the CHO Group (3.8 +/- 0.9). Both groups had significant reductions in serum cholesterol ( approximately 10%), whereas the Protein Group also had significant reductions in triacylglycerols (TAG) (21%) and the ratio of TAG/HDL cholesterol (23%). Women in the CHO Group had higher insulin responses to meals and postprandial hypoglycemia, whereas women in the Protein Group reported greater satiety. This study demonstrates that increasing the proportion of protein to carbohydrate in the diet of adult women has positive effects on body composition, blood lipids, glucose homeostasis and satiety during weight loss.

Digestion and microbial fermentation ofEragrostis curvulasupplemented with tallow

AbstractTwoin vitroexperiments were conducted in order to determine if microbial fermentation of Eragrostis curvula hay is depressed by high levels of added tallow. Two levels of tallow, to reach 0.06 (T6) and 0.12 (T12) of the ether extract (organic matter basis) in food were compared with a control (T0, 25 g ether extract per kg). The first experiment studied the pattern of gas production. From 24 h onwards, gas volume for T0 was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than for T6 and T12. However, lag time was shorter with tallow, probably because of utilization of the released glycerol. Fermentation of a similar amount of fat included in T6 and T12 as the only substrate (fat-6 and fat-12) depressed gas production compared with the blank, irrespective of fat level. In a second experiment, characteristics of microbial fermentation were studied, including volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, bacterial adhesion to fibrous particles (measured according to purine bases concentration) and polysaccharidase and glycosidase activities, at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation. Total VFA was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in T0 compared with T6 but not with T12. Acetate: propionate ratio diminished with tallow in the food. Higher total xylosidase (P &gt; 0⋅05) and glycosidase (P &lt; 0⋅001) activities were observed for T0 than for T6 and T12 and similar responses were observed regarding specific activities. Bacterial adhesion was not different between T0 and T6 but it was smaller in T12. The inhibition of microbial fermentation by tallow addition is more related to specific polysaccharidase and glycosidase activities, rather than to a depressed bacterial adhesion.

Nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon and broiler chickens related to viscosity and non-starch polysaccharide content in different soyabean products

Total tract digestibility in Atlantic salmon and ileal digestibility in chicken were assessed from diets with different soyabean products (hulled, toasted, extracted, SBM; reduced oligosaccharide content, ROM; ethanol-extracted protein concentrate, SPC; isolated protein, ISP). The concentration of dietary fibre was highest in SBM and ROM, while it was low in ISP. In vitro viscosity was also higher in SBM than in the other soyabean products. The diets for the salmon and chickens were based on the same feed ingredients, with the exception that fish meal provided half the crude protein in the salmon diets. For each species, the diets were isonitrogenous, contained similar amounts of fat (fish oil), and were balanced with dextrin, thus substituting soyabean non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and other non-proteinous components by dextrin. In the salmon, total tract digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter were lower ( p < 0.05) with the SBM and ROM diets than with the ISP diet. In the chickens, ileal digestibility of dry matter differed among all treatments ( p < 0.05). Digestibility of nitrogen, starch, phosphorus and calcium in the chickens was lower ( p < 0.05) with the SBM diet than with the ISP and SPC diets, and fat digestibility was lower ( p < 0.05) with the SBM and ROM diets than with the SPC diet. Also, the SBM diet gave lower ( p < 0.05) digestibility of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium than the ROM diet, while the ROM diets gave lower ( p < 0.05) digestibilities of nitrogen, fat and starch than the ISP and SPC diets. Intestinal viscosity was higher ( p < 0.05) and cholesterol content in the blood was lower ( p < 0.05) for the chickens fed the SBM-based diet than those fed the other diets. There was a similar response to the different soy products in salmon and chickens with regard to digestibility of nitrogen and fat ( p < 0.05). The negative effects of soyabean meals with a low protein content could indicate antinutritive effects of NSP fractions in soyabean meal, as indicated by the elevated viscosity and the decrease in blood cholesterol content.

Soybeans Versus Animal Sources of Rumen-Undegradable Protein and Fat for Early Lactation Dairy Cows

Fifteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging 39 DIM were used in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design to compare roasted soybeans and animal by-products as supplements for increasing the RUP content of lactation diets based on alfalfa. The control diet contained roasted soybeans and was formulated to meet requirements for RUP. Rumen-undegradable protein in the diet was increased by including additional roasted soybeans or animal by-product proteins. To achieve diets with similar amounts of fat, we added tallow, hydrolyzed tallow fatty acids, or partially hydrogenated tallow to the control diet and to diets containing animal by-product proteins. Control diets and diets with high RUP were estimated to be 5.8 and 7.6% RUP (DM basis). The RDP of all diets was estimated to be approximately 11.3% of DM. Milk yield was increased by additional dietary RUP. Yield of FCM was greater for cows receiving animal by-products than for those fed additional roasted soybeans. Cows fed additional RUP yielded more milk protein, but milk protein percentage was decreased. Milk fat percentage was reduced by additional dietary RUP, but fat yield was not affected. Nutrient digestibility was greatest for diets containing animal by-products. Cows fed tallow yielded more milk, FCM, and protein that did those fed hydrolyzed tallow fatty acids or partially hydrogenated tallow. Lactation performance can be enhanced by supplementing animal by-products or roasted soybeans to diets based on alfalfa and formulated to meet NRC recommendations for RUP.

Effect of dietary cholesterol on postprandial lipoproteins in three phenotypic groups

Dietary cholesterol appears to be associated with long-term cardiovascular risk even after its potential for cholesterol elevation has been accounted for, but the mechanism is unknown. Our aim in this study was to determine the postprandial lipoprotein changes after a high-cholesterol load (equal to about three eggs) eaten with a low-fat meal by three phenotypic groups [normal, high low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration, and high plasma triacylglycerol concentration] and compare them with the changes seen after a low-fat meal without cholesterol. Twenty-one normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic men and women were studied on two occasions after a single meal, one containing 19 g fat and 700 mg cholesterol, the other containing a similar amount of fat but no cholesterol. Their plasma intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), LDLs, and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) were separated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The addition of 700 mg cholesterol to the meal increased the amount of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the large triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (Sf > 1000), particularly in the hypertriacylglycerolemic group (P = 0.02, fat meal compared with fat and cholesterol meal). In the hypertriacylglycerolemic group the normal fall in HDL cholesterol after a fat meal was reduced by 87% (P = 0.02, fat meal compared with fat and cholesterol meal). Both of these changes may be atherogenic. There was no increase in any candidate atherogenic particle (e.g., small very-low-density lipoprotein, IDL, or LDL) with the acute dietary cholesterol load. Thus, dietary cholesterol does not acutely alter postprandial lipoproteins to produce a more atherogenic profile except possibly in hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects.

A Comparison of Fat Utilization during Exercise: Walking and Swimming

Women, considering swimming as a form of exercise to lose weight, have been discouraged from doing so, since researchers suggest that swimming does not burn fat as efficiently as land exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare carbohydrate and fat utilization by women engaging in two different forms of exercise, walking and swimming, at the same intensity and duration. Subjects were 20 moderately trained female subjects, walkers (W) = 10 and swimmers (S) = 10; ages 18-40 years. Measurements of blood free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, lactate, glucose, free fatty acid turnover (FFAT), respiratory quotient (RQ), and fat oxidation were made during 60 minutes of walking or swimming at the same exercise intensity. Multivariate analysis of variance determined no significant differences between groups in net energy expenditure (NEE), RQ, fat oxidation, blood FFA, glycerol, glucose, and FFAT(p &gt; .05). There was a significant difference between groups in blood lactic acid levels (p &lt; .01). Since it was found that swimming and walking at the same duration and intensity bum similar amounts of fat and carbohydrate as energy sources during exercise, women may find swimming to be a viable form of exercise for weight control.

Soy protein meals stimulate less gastric acid secretion and gastrin release than beef meals

Soy protein is a widely used, inexpensive, and nutritious source of dietary protein. In contrast to beef protein, the effects of soy protein on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration have not been evaluated. We compared the effects of meals containing the same amounts of either isolated soy or beef protein on acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in normal humans. Acid secretion measured by in vivo intragastric titration was 30%–40% less with soy than beef protein (p < 0.05), whether isolated soy protein alone was compared with a mixed beef meal containing carbohydrate and fat or whether soy or beef meals containing similar amounts of fat were compared. Average gastrin rises were 65%–75% less with soy than with beef (p < 0.01). The explanation for less gastrin release with soy than with beef is unclear, but lower serum gastrin concentrations with soy probably accounted for reduced acid secretion. These results indicate that the source of dietary protein in a meal may be an important determinant of gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal hormone release.

Longitudinal studies of body composition during growth in male, female and castrate male sheep of two breeds with different wool growing capabilities

SummaryDorset Horn and Corriedale ewes (breeds with low and high wool growing capabilities respectively) with single lambs were fed ad libitum on a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet. Following weaning at 6–7 weeks of age (live weight (LW) ca. 15 kg), ten entire male, ten female and ten castrate male lambs of each breed were housed in single pens and fed the same diet ad libitum. Body composition (fat, protein, water, ash and energy) was estimated from tritiated water space at 5 kg LW increments from 10 to 55 kg. Fleece weight was also estimated on each occasion.The relationship between the weight of body components and fleece-free fasted live weight (W) for each sheep was described by a two-phase piecewise linear model, the slope in each phase representing the average composition of weight gain. In the first phase, the composition of weight gain did not differ between breeds and contained similar amounts of fat and protein (14%), 66% water and 5% ash. Within breeds females tended to be fattest. There were significant differences due to breed and sex in all body components in the second (fattening) phase. The fat content of gain was lower in Dorset Horn ewes and wethers (45 and 51% respectively) than in corresponding Corriedales (64 and 58%) with the males being even lower (44 and 41% respectively). Dorset Horns entered the fattening phase at a significantly higher W (26 kg) than Corriedales (23 kg), there being no sex difference within breeds. The combined effect of lower slope and higher weight at the commencement of the phase change in the Dorset Horns was to produce a considerable breed difference in fatness in the second phase of growth in ewes and wethers. Possible physiological reasons for the differences are discussed.

Studies on the growth and carcass composition in Daldale wether lambs. 2. The effect of dietary protein/energy ratio

Two experiments on the effect of dietary protein/energy ration on growth and carcass composition in Daldale wether lambs were carried out.In experiment 1, two groups of eight lambs in each group were fed in pens at a restricted intake (30 g air-dry feed per kg liveweight) either on a high protein/high energy diet (HP/HER) (20.7% crude protein) or on a low protein/high energy diet (LP/HER) (10.3% crude protein). The lambs were grown from 24.8 kg liveweight until slaughter at 37.5 kg. In experiment 2, two groups of eight lambs in each group were fed in pens a pelleted diet ad libitum, either on a high protein/high energy ration (HP/HEA) or on a low protein/high energy ratio (LP/HEA). The lambs were grown from 22.0 � 0.8 kg liveweight until slaughter at 37.5 kg. Those lambs on the HP/HE diets grew significantly faster than their counterparts on the LP/HE diets. Accordingly, animals given the HP/HE diets showed a superior feed conversion ratio than animals given the LP/HE diets. Despite these differences, there was no overall differences between treatments either at restricted or at ad libitum intake in the weight of carcass, the dressing percentage, and in the chemical composition of the carcass. In general, the carcasses produced contained a similar amount of fat (30.6%-32.9% of carcass). It was concluded that varying protein to energy ratio in diets affected liveweight gain and feed conversion ratio, but did not affect carcass composition.An experiment was conducted on the diets to investigate some aspects of digestion in the stomach and intestines at the two levels of crude protein.Dietary crude protein level had little effect upon the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre in the whole tract, the proportion of NDF digested in the stomach, the total volatile fatty acid concentration (VFA) in the rumen and the proportions of individual VFA.The flow of rates of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were also similar for the two diets. However, the proportion of the total digestion of OM occurring in the stomach decreased, while the flow of total N and crude protein (CP) (total N minus ammonia N x 6.25) to the intestines and the amounts of N and CP digested therein was higher on the HP diet.The data from the digestion experiment showed that the amount of digestible CP in the intestines per unit of digestible OM intake did not affect carcass composition.