Silver Nanomaterials Research Articles

Numerical and Computational simulation of blood flow on hybrid nanofluid with heat transfer through a stenotic artery: Silver and gold nanoparticles

The proposed study aims to examine the numerical modeling of hybrid nanofluid with nanoparticles such as gold and silver across stenotic artery using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in COMSOL Multiphysics. Blood is employed as the base fluid in this research investigation. The flow is modeled as an unstable, incompressible, and laminar Newtonian fluid and blood's Newtonian character is suitable at high shear rates. The performance of blood flow was studied to receive pressure, heat, and velocity changes caused by the stenotic artery. Silver and gold nanomaterials were employed in this study. The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to develop an algorithm for mass, velocity, and energy. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to produce a fine element-size mesh. To the knowledge of the researchers, no one has previously tried to obtain medical processes and therapy implications by studying the flow via a deformed porous channel using blood as a base fluid and as nanostructure materials. Indeed, the findings of this study are unique, and the numerical findings have never been reported by any scholar.

Resuspension of particles deposited by nano-enabled consumer sprays: The role of product type, flooring material, and resuspension force.

With the development of nanotechnology, an increasing number of nano-enabled consumer products are introduced into the market. The release, deposition, and resuspension of particles from such products could be an important contributor to indoor air pollution and adverse health effects. Our study tested the spray and resuspension of seven nano-enabled consumer products and investigated how flooring material and resuspension force affected the resuspension of particles from these products. Results show that resuspension rates can range from 10-4 to 5 × 10-1 h-1 , depending on the product, flooring material (e.g., carpet and vinyl), and resuspension force (e.g., a walking adult and a moving child; the latter was simulated by a robotic sampler). The resuspension rate from the carpet was statistically significantly higher than that from vinyl flooring, while the resuspension rate by the adult was statiscally significantly higher than that by the robot. In addition, the interaction of investigated factors also played a role in particle resuspension rate. For a subgroup of products based on copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) nanomaterials, the resuspension rate reached as high 5 × 10-1 h-1 , rates higher than those reported in existing studies with house dust or Arizona Road Dust.

Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanomaterials with Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications.

The functionalization of nanomaterials with suitable capping ligands or bioactive agents is an interesting strategy in designing nanosystems with suitable applicability and biocompatibility; the physicochemical and biological properties of these nanomaterials can be highly improved for biomedical applications. In this context, numerous explorations have been conducted in the functionalization of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanomaterials using suitable functional groups or agents to design nanosystems with unique physicochemical properties such as excellent biosensing capabilities, biocompatibility, targeting features, and multifunctionality for biomedical purposes. Future studies should be undertaken for designing novel functionalization tactics to improve the properties of Au- and Ag-based nanosystems and reduce their toxicity. The possible release of cytotoxic radicals or ions, the internalization of nanomaterials, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, the translocation of these nanomaterials across the cell membranes into mitochondria, DNA damages, and the damage of cell membranes are the main causes of their toxicity, which ought to be comprehensively explored. In this study, recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of functionalized Au and Ag nanomaterials are deliberated, focusing on important challenges and future directions.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanomaterial from aqueous extract of Commelina forskaolii and its potential antimicrobial activity against Gram negative pathogens

AimGreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants have been progressively acquiring attractiveness to the researchers due to its sustainable nature, nontoxic and economically beneficial. The present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous extract of Commelina forskaolii Vahl and exhibit its potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Material and MethodsThe whole plant of Commelina forskaolii was used to synthesize AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs was then characterized by UV – visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The AgNps are widely tested for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic property. ResultsThe phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides and proteins. The UV – vis absorption spectrum exhibited key peaks at 425 nm. FTIR spectrum revealed that the biochemical compounds are responsible for the reduction and capping material of AgNPs. SEM analysis showed, the average size of synthesized AgNPs ranged from 18 to 27 nm. TEM micrographs revealed that the particle size was to be 30–40 nm. The AgNPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against bacterial species (Enterococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) showed MIC at about 62.5 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml respectively and fungal species (Candida albicans and Aspergilus niger) 250 µg/ml and 31.2 µg/ml respectively. The synthesized AgNPs showed potential cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with the IC50 value of 50.2 µg/ml. The present investigation concludes the effectiveness of confirmed AgNPs might be used in pharmacological field for the treatment of bacterial, fungal and breast cancer.

Multiscale investigation of the fate of silver during printed paper electronics recycling

ABSTRACT The use of printed paper electronics in consumer goods is expected to experience a mass development in the next future. The ink used in these devices contains silver nanomaterials that may be released into the environment at the product end-of-life. We report here the first evaluation of the fate of silver during a pilot-scale recycling of printed paper electronics, made of paper printed with a cellulose nanofibrils-silver nanowire ink. We show that the released effluents are mainly free from silver, which is retained in the pulp conserved for recycling. We use atomic force microscopy experiments to show that this strong pulp-silver bond is due to the embedding of the silver nanowires in the pulp by coils of cellulose nanofibrils. We propose an estimate of the resulting adhesion stress of the nanowires to the ink, high enough to keep the silver inside the pulp during the recycling procedure.

Avoidance Behaviour of Six Collembolan Species Shows Species-Specific Sensitivity-Impact of Ag NM300K.

Although standard testing guidelines use a species as a representative surrogate, species-specific sensitivity is well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate the species-specific difference in avoidance behaviour among Collembola species exposed to silver (Ag) nanomaterials (NM) (Ag NM300K). The avoidance test was performed with Folsomia candida, an international standard species in laboratory tests, and five widely distributed species with different life history traits, commonly used in small multispecies systems (Folsomia fimetaria, Proisotoma minuta, Mesaphorura macrochaeta, Protaphorura fimata and Ceratophysella denticulata). There was higher avoidance in euedaphic species, such as F. candida and F. fimetaria, compared to the epiedaphic species C. denticulata, which showed the least avoidance behaviour. An explanation may be that euedaphic species (living in deeper soil layers) are more directly exposed within the soil pores and have developed a pronounced avoidance behaviour. In contrast, species living on the surface are likely less directly exposed and hence only avoid at higher total concentrations. Additionally, difference in cuticula between the groups, providing different degrees of protection against exposure, can explain the different behaviours. The present results highlight the importance of biodiversity for the ecosystem and raise awareness on species sensitivity.

Characterization of nanomaterials synthesized from Spirulina platensis extract and their potential antifungal activity.

Nowadays, fungal infections increase, and the demand of novel antifungal agents is constantly rising. In the present study, silver, titanium dioxide, cobalt (II) hydroxide and cobalt (II,III) oxide nanomaterials have been synthesized from Spirulina platensis extract. The synthesis mechanism has been studied using GCMS and FTIR thus confirming the involvement of secondary metabolites, mainly amines. The obtained products have been analysed using XRD, SEM, TGA and zeta potential techniques. The findings revealed average crystallite size of 15.22 nm with 9.72 nm for oval-shaped silver nanoparticles increasing to 26.01 nm and 24.86 nm after calcination and 4.81 nm for spherical-shaped titanium dioxide nanoparticles which decreased to 4.62 nm after calcination. Nanoflake shape has been observed for cobalt hydroxide nanomaterials and for cobalt (II, III) oxide with crystallite size of 3.52 nm and 13.28 nm, respectively. Silver nanoparticles showed the best thermal and water dispersion stability of all the prepared structures. Once subjected to three different Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei) silver nanoparticles and cobalt (II) hydroxide nanomaterials showed strong antifungal activity at 50 μg/mL with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. After light exposition, MIC values for nanomaterials decreased (to 12.5 μg/mL) for C. krusei and increased (100 μg/mL) for C. albicans and C. glabrata.

Progressive thermal onset of modified hybrid nanoparticles for oscillating flow via modified fractional approach

The aim of this research is to develop a fractional supported thermal model for studying the features of modified hybrid nanofluid endorsed by uniformly accelerating plate. The novel impact of this work is observing the comparative thermal enhancement of water base fluid by utilizing four types of nanoparticles. The silver, copper, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanomaterials are utilized to present the comparative thermal aspect of modified hybrid nanofluid model. Moreover, the inclined direction of magnetic impact is treated. The second-grade nonlinear model is used to explore the base fluid properties. The fractional model is first attained into dimensionless form. The fractional computations with employing the Prabhakar fractional mathematical definitions are reported. The motivations for suggesting the Prabhakar algorithm are justified as this fractional algorithm contains modern definitions without any restriction of singularities. The verification of model is accomplished after simulating the comparison task with already performed studies. The physical dynamic and thermal enhancement of transportation phenomenon is performed for specific range of flow parameters like [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] Based on the computational model, it is concluded that the thermal transportation phenomenon is more impressive for water-based titanium oxide nanoparticles. The temperature profile rises due to factional parameter for both copper–water- and sliver — water-based hybrid nanofluid suspension.

Numerical computation for the dual solution of Sisko hybrid nanofluid flow through a heated shrinking/stretching porous disk

The behaviour of shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids in magnetohydrodynamic flow is revealed in this work, which includes the substantial influence of a Sisko hybrid nanofluid across a permeable radially stretching/shrinking disk. The Sisko hybrid nanofluid is synthesised in the presence of MgO (magnesium-oxide) and Ag (Silver) nanomaterials in the water. The flow problems are arranged in the format of partial differential equations (PDEs) under the influences of the magnetic field, heat absorption/generation, and chemical reaction, which are subsequently transformed into a system of dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate variables. The parametric continuation approach is used to computationally address the modified dimensionless ODEs. The consequences of physical constraints versus energy, velocity, and mass profile are also elaborated. When the influence of suction dominates around 10% in the boundary layer, there is a large increase in the rate of heat transmission, about 13.2%. As a result, as compared to a conventional fluid, the new form of hybrid nanofluid has a higher energy transition rate and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the drawings reveal that the variation in the quantity of nanoparticles (Nps) and magnetic strength prevents the detachment of the boundary layer.

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanomaterials with Colistin Antibiotic against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens

The high frequency of nosocomial bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens contributes to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a result, finding effective antibacterial agents is of critical importance. Hence, the aim of the present study was to greenly synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing Salvia officinalis aqueous leaf extract. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized utilizing different physicochemical techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Additionally, the synergistic antimicrobial effectiveness of the biosynthesized AgNPs with colistin antibiotic against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains was evaluated utilizing the standard disk diffusion assay. The bioformulated AgNPs revealed significant physicochemical features, such as a small particle size of 17.615 ± 1.24 nm and net zeta potential value of −16.2 mV. The elemental mapping of AgNPs revealed that silver was the main element, recording a relative mass percent of 83.16%, followed by carbon (9.51%), oxygen (5.80%), silicon (0.87%), and chloride (0.67%). The disc diffusion assay revealed that AgNPs showed antibacterial potency against different tested bacterial pathogens, recording the highest efficiency against the Escherichia coli strain with an inhibitory zone diameter of 37.86 ± 0.21 mm at an AgNPs concentration of 100 µg/disk. In addition, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was significantly higher than that of colistin (p ≤ 0.05) against the multidrug resistant bacterial strain namely, Acinetobacter baumannii. The biosynthesized AgNPs revealed synergistic antibacterial activity with colistin antibiotic, demonstrating the highest synergistic percent against the A. baumannii strain (85.57%) followed by Enterobacter cloacae (53.63%), E. coli (35.76%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35.19%), Salmonella typhimurium (33.06%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.75%). In conclusion, the biogenic AgNPs revealed unique physicochemical characteristics and significant antibacterial activities against different multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Consequently, the potent synergistic effect of the AgNPs–colistin combination highlights the potential of utilizing this combination for fabrication of highly effective antibacterial coatings in intensive care units for successful control of the spread of nosocomial bacterial infections.

Silver Nanoparticles: A Promising Antifungal Agent against the Growth and Biofilm Formation of the Emergent Candida auris.

Candida auris is a globally-emerging pathogen that is correlated to nosocomial infections and high mortality rates, causing major outbreaks in hospitals and serious public health concerns worldwide. This study investigated the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on clinical isolates of C. auris. A total of eight clinical isolates were collected from blood, urine, ear swab, and groin. C. auris was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, and gene sequencing. All isolates confirmed as C. auris were subjected to antimicrobial agents, including amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, voriconazole, micafungin, and flucytosine. A serial dilution of a silver nanoparticles solution was prepared to test antifungal susceptibility testing under planktonic conditions. Moreover, an antibiofilm activity assay was determined using a colony-forming assay and a cell viability assay by a live–dead yeast kit. Significant antifungal and antibiofilm activity of AgNPs was detected against all isolates; MIC was <6.25 μg/mL, the range of MFC was from 6.25 to 12.5 μg/mL for all isolates, and the highest value of IC50 was 3.2 μg/mL. Silver nanomaterials could represent a possible antimicrobial agent to prevent outbreaks caused by C. auris infections.

Tuning Electrochemical Properties of Silver Nanomaterials by Doping with Boron: Application for Highly Non‐enzymatic Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide

AbstractA new type of enzyme‐free electrochemical sensor with B−Ag nanomaterials as electrocatalyst was designed. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that B was successfully doped onto the surface of Ag, which reduces the particle size of Ag nanoparticles and expands the crystal plane spacing of Ag, therefore making Ag display larger specific surface area and faster electron transfer rate. The new enzyme‐free electrochemical sensor based on B−Ag shows high electrocatalytic activity for the H2O2 reduction and exhibits excellent sensing performance for the electrochemical detection of H2O2 with a wide range from 0.01 mM to 5.55 mM, a high sensitivity of 68.3 μA⋅mM−1cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.04 μM. This study demonstrated B−Ag is a promising sensing material for electrochemical enzyme‐free sensors.

Genotoxic potential of different nano-silver halides in cultured human lymphocyte cells

Most antibacterial applications in nanotechnology are carried out using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, there is a dearth of information on the biological effects of AgNPs on human blood cells. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of ionic silver (Ag+), AgNP, silver bromide (AgBr), silver chloride (AgCl), and silver iodide (AgI) were evaluated through chromosome aberration (CA) test and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) test in human cultured lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the potential damages that can cause to DNA were evaluated through alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay on isolated lymphocytes. The results showed that AgNPs exerted cytotoxic effects by reducing the cytokinesis-block proliferation index and mitotic index at 24 and 48 h. AgNPs also increased micronucleus (MN) formation at both exposure times in the cultured cells. Meanwhile, AgCl had no genotoxic effects on the human lymphocyte cultured cells but had a cytotoxic effect at high doses. AgNP, Ag+, AgBr, and AgI caused substantial DNA damage by forming DNA strand breaks. They may also have clastogenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cells. Based on the foregoing findings, silver nanomaterials may have genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as a Stress Alleviator in Plants: A Mechanistic Overview.

Currently, the growth and yield of crops are restrained due to an increase in the occurrence of ecological stresses globally. Biogenic generation of nanomaterials is an important step in the development of environmentally friendly procedures in the nanotechnology field. Silver-based nanomaterials are significant because of their physical, chemical, and biological features along with their plentiful applications. In addition to useful microbes, the green synthesized Ag nanomaterials are considered to be an ecologically friendly and environmentally biocompatible method for the enhancement of crop yield by easing stresses. In the recent decade, due to regular droughts, infrequent precipitation, salinity, and increased temperature, the climate alternation has changed certain ecological systems. As a result of these environmental changes, crop yield has decreased worldwide. The role of biogenic Ag nanomaterials in enhancing methylglyoxal detoxification, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and generating tolerance to stresses-induced ROS injury has been methodically explained in plants over the past ten years. However, certain studies regarding stress tolerance and metal-based nanomaterials have been directed, but the particulars of silver nanomaterials arbitrated stresses tolerance have not been well-reviewed. Henceforth, there is a need to have a good understanding of plant responses during stressful conditions and to practice the combined literature to enhance tolerance for crops by utilization of Ag nanoparticles. This review article illustrates the mechanistic approach that biogenic Ag nanomaterials in plants adopt to alleviate stresses. Moreover, we have appraised the most significant activities by exogenous use of Ag nanomaterials for improving plant tolerance to salt, low and high temperature, and drought stresses.

Adaptive Self-Organization of Nanomaterials Enables Strain-Insensitive Resistance of Stretchable Metallic Nanocomposites.

Highly conductive and stretchable nanocomposites are promising material candidates for skin electronics. However, the resistance of stretchable metallic nanocomposites highly depends on external strains, often deteriorating the performance of fabricated electronic devices. Here, a material strategy for the highly conductive and stretchable nanocomposites comprising metal nanomaterials of various dimensions and a viscoelastic block-copolymer matrix is presented. The resistance of the nanocomposites can be well retained under skin deformations (<50% strain). It is demonstrated that silver nanomaterials can self-organize inside the viscoelastic media in response to external strain when their surface is conjugated with 1-decanethiol. Distinct self-organization behaviors associated with nanomaterial dimensions and strain conditions are found. Adopting the optimum composition of 0D/1D/2D silver nanomaterials can render the resistance of the nanocomposites insensitive to uniaxial or biaxial strains. As a result, the resistance can be maintained with a variance of <1% during 1000 stretching cycles under uniaxial and biaxial strains of <50% while a high conductivity of ≈31000 S cm-1 is achieved.

Plasma-assisted in-situ preparation of L-cystine functionalized silver nanoparticle: An intelligent multicolor nano-sensing of cadmium and paracetamol from environmental sample

L-cystine (L-cys) functionalized plasmonic silver nanomaterial (Ag NPs) was fabricated toward the selective and sensitive detection of paracetamol and cadmium. The prepared L-cys-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. SEM imaging show that Ag NPs was decorated on the surface of L-cysteine 3D cubic nanosheet. L-cys-Ag NPs showed selective and sensitive detection towards paracetamol and cadmium. The interference study confirms that the presence of other metal ions didn’t inhibit the detection of cadmium by L-cys-Ag NPs. The limit of detection of paracetamol and cadmium by L-cys-Ag NPs was calculated to be 1.2 and 2.82 nM respectively. In addition, the real sample detection of paracetamol on blood serum and urine, and cadmium on STP were performed and the recovery percentage was above 97%. Further, the real sample analysis was performed in tap and drinking water and the recovery percentage was more than 98%. The analytic logic gate on the multicolour detection of cadmium and paracetamol was performed for the semi-quantitative monitoring of paracetamol and cadmium by L-cys-Ag NPs. The developed L-cys-Ag NPs were found to be an effective tool for the monitoring of cadmium in environmental water bodies and paracetamol in blood and urine.

Targeting of Silver Cations, Silver-Cystine Complexes, Ag Nanoclusters, and Nanoparticles towards SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Recombinant Virion Proteins.

Background: Nanosilver possesses antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, antiplatelet, and anticancer properties. The development of disinfectants, inactivated vaccines, and combined etiotropic and immunomodulation therapy against respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19, remains urgent. Aim: Our goal was to determine the SARS-CoV-2 molecular targets (genomic RNA and the structural virion proteins S and N) for silver-containing nanomaterials. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 gene cloning, purification of S2 and N recombinant proteins, viral RNA isolation from patients’ blood samples, reverse transcription with quantitative real-time PCR ((RT)2-PCR), ELISA, and multiplex immunofluorescent analysis with magnetic beads (xMAP) for detection of 17 inflammation markers. Results: Fluorescent Ag nanoclusters (NCs) less than 2 nm with a few recovered silver atoms, citrate coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters of 20–120 nm, and nanoconjugates of 50–150 nm consisting of Ag NPs with different protein envelopes were constructed from AgNO3 and analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible light absorption, and fluorescent spectroscopy. SARS-CoV-2 RNA isolated from COVID-19 patients’ blood samples was completely cleaved with the artificial RNase complex compound Li+[Ag+2Cys2−(OH−)2(NH3)2] (Ag-2S), whereas other Ag-containing materials provided partial RNA degradation only. Treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 S2 and N recombinant antigens with AgNO3 and Ag NPs inhibited their binding with specific polyclonal antibodies, as shown by ELISA. Fluorescent Ag NCs with albumin or immunoglobulins, Ag-2S complex, and nanoconjugates of Ag NPs with protein shells had no effect on the interaction between coronavirus recombinant antigens and antibodies. Reduced production of a majority of the 17 inflammation biomarkers after treatment of three human cell lines with nanosilver was demonstrated by xMAP. Conclusion: The antiviral properties of the silver nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus differed. The small-molecular-weight artificial RNase Ag-2S provided exhaustive RNA destruction but could not bind with the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant antigens. On the contrary, Ag+ ions and Ag NPs interacted with the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant antigens N and S but were less efficient at performing viral RNA cleavage. One should note that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was more stable than MS2 phage RNA. The isolated RNA of both the MS2 phage and SARS-CoV-2 were more degradable than the MS2 phage and coronavirus particles in patients’ blood, due to the protection with structural proteins. To reduce the risk of the virus resistance, a combined treatment with Ag-2S and Ag NPs could be used. To prevent cytokine storm during the early stages of respiratory infections with RNA-containing viruses, nanoconjugates of Ag NPs with surface proteins could be recommended.

Nanosponges for Water Treatment: Progress and Challenges

Nanosponges have shown promising capabilities for efficient removal of organic/inorganic pollutants from water based on absorption/adsorption and disinfection processes. The application of nanosponges (especially cyclodextrin-based nanosponges) can be considered a cost-effective strategy with minimal energy and time requirements in comparison to other routinely deployed water treatment modalities. These polymers with unique physicochemical properties, architectures, and highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks need to be further explored for removing pollutants with simultaneous eliminations of microbial contaminants from wastewater. Additionally, the surface functionalization of these nanosponges utilizing magnetic, titanium dioxide, and silver nanomaterials can significantly improve their properties for water remediation purposes, although nanosponges altered with carbon nanotubes and metallic nanomaterials/nanocatalysts for water treatment appliances are barely explored. Notably, crucial factors such as adsorbent type/dosage, contact time, competing ions, adsorption isotherm models, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reaction/experimental conditions (e.g., molar ratios, temperature, and pH) are important aspects affecting the adsorption and removal of pollutants using nanosponges. Furthermore, the nanotoxicity and biosafety of these nanosponge-based systems utilized for water treatment should be comprehensively evaluated. Herein, recent advancements in the design and deployment of nanosponge-based systems for removing organic/inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater are deliberated with an emphasis on challenges and perspectives.

Improving the performance of a bioelectronic tongue using silver nanowires: Application to milk analysis

Recent advances in the field of electronic tongues (ET) are linked to the development of devices dedicated to a particular application. Following this idea, we have developed a voltammetric bioelectronic tongue (bioET) specifically dedicated to analyze milk. The performance of the multisensor system has been improved by incorporating biosensors combining specific enzymes for the detection of sugars present in milk (β-galactosidase, glucose oxidase and galactose oxidase) with silver nanomaterials. It has been demonstrated that silver nanowires (AgNWs) provide a more effective platform for the immobilization of biomolecules than silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), inducing unique performance characteristics in terms of sensitivity and detection limits. Two multisensor systems have been developed; one based on combinations of AgNWs and enzymes (AgNW/bioET) and a second based on combinations of AgNPs and enzymes (AgNP/bioET). Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that the bioET based on combinations of AgNWs and enzymes (AgNW/bioET) can discriminate 9 classes of milk with different fat content (skimmed, semi-skimmed and whole), as well as different nutritional compositions (classic, calcium-enriched and lactose-free), with a higher capacity than the bioET based on combinations of AgNPs and enzymes (AgNP/bioET). Support vector machine (SVMR) models show excellent correlation coefficients between the responses of the bioETs and physicochemical parameters commonly used to evaluate the quality of milk (acidity, density, fat, proteins, lactose, total dry matter and non-fat dry matter). The good results obtained support the dairy industry’s interest in dedicated bioETs, not only for classification purposes but also to obtain information concerning several physicochemical parameters in a single measurement.

Computational assessment of hybrid nanofluid flow with the influence of hall current and chemical reaction over a slender stretching surface

The current study addresses the flowof steady electrically conductinghybrid nanofluid (HNF) across an impermeable slender stretchable sheet. The flow distribution takes into consideration the effects of variablemagnetic fields, heat production, Hall current and chemical reactions. A computational model is establishedfor the purpose to amplify the energy communication rate and enhance the productivity and performanceof thermal energy propagation for several industrial and biological purposes. The hybrid nanofluid is comprised of silver and magnesium oxide nanomaterials in the working fluid water. Among transition metals and alloys, magnesium oxide and silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively documented to have broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Silver NPs are the most extensively employed inorganic NP, having several applications in biomaterial detection and antibacterial actions. The scenario has been expressed as a system of PDEs. Which are simplified to the system of ODEs through similarity replacements. The computing approach PCM is used to subsequently evaluate the acquired 1st order differential equations. The outcomesare checked with the bvp4c package and existing literature for consistency and validity. It has been noticed that the axial velocity profile enhances with the effect of Hall current m and velocity power index constraint n, while reducing with the variation of nanoparticles volume friction ϕ1,ϕ2 and slender sheet wall thickness parameter δ.