Silver Glass Research Articles

Optical and NMR Studies on Interdiffusion of Silver in SiO2‐B2O3‐AI2O3‐R2O Glasses

Interdiffusion of silver ions in SiO2‐B2O3‐AI2O3‐R2O glasses where R=Na or K was investigated, using optical transmission, ESR, and wet chemical methods to determine concentration and the chemical state of silver, and NMR spectra as a probe of the glass structure. The concentration of silver introduced by ion exchange increased monotonically, as the line widths of27AI NMR spectra decreased. The sharp and narrow features of 27Al line shapes were broadened and the amount of colloidal silver produced by ion exchange decreased, as R2O/B2O3 approached unity with fixed AI2O3. The BO4 to BO3 ratio approached unity and the quadrupole coupling constant of BO3 units varied from 2.70 to 2.96 MHZ, as R2O/AI2O3, approached unity for fixed B2O3. These diverse data suggest a relation between silver diffusion and glass structure, although the phenomena of phase separation and the mixed‐alkali effect could also influence silver‐colloid formation in the glasses studied.

Electroless plating of plastics

Electroless deposition of metals can be defined as the controlled autocatalytic reduction of a dissolved metal ion by a dissolved reducing agent at an interface to give a uniform film. The first electroless solutions were developed around 1840 for use in silver glass mirrors.

Determination of the orientation of a cyanine dye on silver chloride and glass surfaces by internal reflection spectroscopy

Determination of the orientation of a cyanine dye on silver chloride and glass surfaces by internal reflection spectroscopy

Determination of sedimentation potentials of canine erythrocytes

A knowledge of sedimentation potentials of blood elements is of value in obtaining their interfacial electrical characteristics. An apparatus was designed to determine sedimentation potentials. It was tested by measuring sedimentation potentials of silver iodide powder and glass powder in distilled water and in some aqueous electrolytes by varying the weight of sediment in the liquid. Sedimentation potentials of canine erythrocytes in Krebs solution and in plasma were determined as a function of weight of sediment in each media. Linear relationships between the sedimentation potential ( E) and weight of particles ( W) were obtained in all the cases. Further, negative sedimentation potentials were obtained indicating that the surfaces of silver iodide particles, glass particles, and canine erythrocytes are negatively charged. The slopes of these lines ( dE dW ) for canine red blood cells in Krebs solution and in plasma were approximately the same, showing that non-ionic constituents in plasma have no influence on the interfacial electrical characteristics of erythrocytes. By a comparison of the results of erythrocytes with glass powder, it was concluded that the zeta potential of erythrocytes in Krebs solution or in plasma is about 70 mV.

The basic physicochemical processes of modern methods of silvering glass

The basic physicochemical processes of modern methods of silvering glass

Chemically desalted water for silvering glass

Chemically desalted water for silvering glass

Studies on Red-Colored Silver Glass

X-ray and spectroscopic investigations of a variety of red-colored silver glasses have been undertaken and an attempt has been made to explain the cause of the coloration. The absorption spectra show the presence of a band around 5017 a.u. and 5025 a.u. in borate and in phosphate glass specimens, respectively, and the silver crystallites in both phosphate and borate specimens have been identified by the X-ray diffraction method.

Glasses as Electrolytes in Galvanic Cells: Silver Glasses

The behavior of glass as an electrolyte in galvanic cells has been used as a means to study the constitution of glass. Potentials have been measured in cells made of alkali borate, silicate, and phosphate glasses containing heavy‐metal ions. The magnitude of the potentials is indicative of the forces between these heavy‐metal ions and the glass. Platinum electrodes were used. For Ag+ glasses, cells of the type Pt/Ag+ glass/Ag/‐ Pt were formed by reduction of the Ag+ ions in the vicinity of one electrode by hydrogen between 200° and 400°C. The e.m.f. of these cells were of the order of 1.0 volt for silicate glasses, 0.7 volt for borate glasses, and 0.3 volt for phosphate glasses. The interpretation of these potentials is based on the stability of the Ag+ ions in the different glasses.

A Silver-glass Micro-electrode for Use in a Micromanipulator

In an investigation of the neuro-motor mechanism of small blood vessels,1 the author needed to make micro-electrodes for the stimulation of small nerve fibers. The non-polarizable type (micro-salt-bridge), described by Ettisch and Peterfi,2 Taylor,3 Gelfan,4 and Field,5 was not necessary. Various polarizable types described in the literature were found to be inadequate. The platinum-quartz micro-electrode, devised by Taylor3 and used by Pratt and Reid6 and by Steiman7 for the study of single muscle fibers, proved to be expensive, required an oxygen flame to draw, and broke easily. The micro-electrode described by Sen8 may be produced in quantity by the deposition of metallic platinum, gold, or silver on the surface of quartz or glass micro-needles, using Brashear's method for silvering glass or the method of sputtering with a high voltage discharge in a vacuum. Electrodes of this type had to be insulated individually by the application of shellac with a small brush. It was found that the insulation did no...

Hints on silvering glass

Hints on silvering glass

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Physical Society, March 13.—Jas. P. Andrews: The variation of Young's modulus at high temperatures. The variation is found for zinc, silver, phosphor-bronze, lead, and soda glass by a static method, to within about 150° of the melting-point. It varies exponentially with temperature, so that q (Young's Modulus) = q1e-b1t (where q1 and b1 are constants) up to a temperature roughly half-way from absolute zero to the melting-point, and q = q2e-b2t for the remainder.—E. G. Richardson: The critical velocity of flow past objects of aerofoil section. By observations of the “Æolian tones” of vibrators of aerofoil section, critical values for flow past an object of aerofoil section have been obtained of a fluid incident at various angles. The minimum value of VL/v for unsteady flow falls from 60 at o incidence to 45 at 20, and then more rapidly.—J. Brentano: A focussing method of crystal powder analysis by X-rays. For any given angle of reflection, a surface of double curvature can be found, such that it will reflect X-rays coming from one point, to any other definite point. For an element of this surface, situated so as to be distant from the two points by lengths a and b respectively, the relation sin α/sin β = a/b must be satisfied, where α and β are the glancing angles of incidence and of emergence of the X-rays with respect to the surface. An arrangement for crystal analysis based on this relation is discussed.

The variation of Young's Modulus at high temperatures

The variation of Young's Modulus with temperature is found for zinc, silver, phosphorbronze, lead, and soda glass by a static method, to within about 150° of the melting-point. For these substances (as for several others recorded) the modulus varies exponentially with temperature, so that q(Young's Modulus)=q1e-b1t (where q1 and b1 are constants) up to a temperature roughly half-way from absolute zero to the melting-point, and q=q2e-b2t for the remainder. The values of the constants are tabulated.

The variation of Young's modulus at high temperatures

The variation of Young's Modulus with temperature is found for zinc, silver, phosphorbronze, lead, and soda glass by a static method, to within about 150° of the melting-point. For these substances (as for several others recorded) the modulus varies exponentially with temperature, so that q(Young's Modulus)=q1e-b1t (where q1 and b1 are constants) up to a temperature roughly half-way from absolute zero to the melting-point, and q=q2e-b2t for the remainder. The values of the constants are tabulated.

Silvering glass in the cold

Silvering glass in the cold

New process for silvering glass

New process for silvering glass

New process for silvering glass

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that directs cytoplasmic proteins, organelles and microbes to lysosomes for degradation. It not only represents an essential cell-intrinsic mechanism to protect against internal and external stresses but also shapes both innate and adaptive immunity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a developmentally and functionally distinct T cell subpopulation engaged in sustaining immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. There is compelling evidence that autophagy is actively regulated in Tregs and serves as a central signal-dependent controller for Tregs by restraining excessive apoptotic and metabolic activities. In this review, we discuss how autophagy modulates the stability and functionality of Tregs in different disease settings, and provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy enables better control of immune response by targeting the generation of Tregs and the maintenance of their stability.

New method of silvering glass

"New method of silvering glass." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 25(169), p. 546