Silver Economy Research Articles

Practices of Age-Friendly Cities in Turkey

It is predicted that the proportion of the elderly population in the total population will increase. Technological developments, social state development, and innovations in medical science have increased life expectancy. Central state institutions and local government organizations increase the services and expenditures for the elderly population as a requirement of the social state. The concept of an age-friendly city and its applications have gained importance since the 1980s. Municipalities closest to the public have to produce more services to create more suitable and less dangerous areas for elderly people. Municipalities should ensure the active participation of the elderly population in production and consumption activities. It is thus expected to provide services in the fields of education, infrastructure services, health, accessibility and sports. In recent years, the elderly population in developed countries is relatively higher compared to the total population. For this reason, it is usual for age-friendly cities to increase in number and services in developed countries. In this research, the concept of an age-friendly city will be explained in the context of the silver economy and active old age. The basic features of the age-friendly city will be explained. This paper analyses the services provided in selected cities in the world and Turkey in the context of an age-friendly city.

Ageing as a driver of progressive politics? What the European Silver Economy teaches us about the co-constitution of ageing and innovation

AbstractAgeing has become a ubiquitous concern in European policy. Critics have bemoaned that such policies are not so much about older people but rather about finding justification for other policy aims, such as economic growth or technological innovation. However, such critiques do not capture the co-constitutive relationship between ageing and innovation shaping one another. Using the example of the Silver Economy discourse, we show that ageing has not only been reframed under the imperatives of economic and innovation policies, but that ageing itself can also affect those policies. In its formative stages, the Silver Economy was characterised by a number of tensions between, on the one hand, common ageist assumptions about old age and, on the other hand, alternative visions of what ageing could mean as a policy field. However, these potentials have later been domesticated within the broader field of Active and Healthy Ageing. In this Forum Article, we therefore hypothesise what it would mean to take ageing more seriously as a driver of progressive politics as indicated in those formative years of the Silver Economy. Such a speculative take on current old-age policy, we hold, opens up a number of fruitful avenues and new interfaces between critical researchers, practitioners and policy makers interested in driving progressive politics.

Workers’ cooperatives as an instrument for the inclusion of people of mature age into the labour market

The cooperative model can be especially appropriate to promote labour market inclusion for older workers. Under an overall reflection of this group at risk of social exclusion, this study analyses the possibilities of worker’s cooperatives in four main areas: 1) As a suitable channel for labour reincorporation of older unemployed people. 2) As an useful instrument in companies’ reconversion that could disappear due to various circumstances. 3) As enterprises concerned with the protection of older workers within the dynamics of cooperative work. 4) As entities sensitive to the care of older people within the silver economy. he result of this analisys is to ascertain the state of affairs and propose good practices from different sources that allow us to affirm that worker’s cooperatives are able to offer to older workers a wide range of possibilities to maintain their employment or undertake a business or productive activity.
 Received: 30 November 2021Accepted: 12 April 2022

Does nursing have a contribution to make to the silver economy?

To discuss the possible contribution of nurses to the Silver Economy. Older people constitute a growing sector of the population of developed countries and there is increasing interest in the concept of the Silver Economy which is the contribution older people can and do make to the general economies of their communities and countries. We obtained a range of relevant documents from international organisations and related academic literature. There is a range of interrelated health promotion aspects of ageing related to physical health, mental health and cognitive health. Promoting activities related to these could have both direct and indirect impact on the economy in addition to improving the health and well-being of older people. Nurses have a responsibility to understand the health promotion related aspects of ageing and the contribution they can make to improving the health and well-being of older people. Nurses could, specifically, promote activities amongst older people that will have an impact on health and on the economy. Nurses need to integrate more health promotion related aspects of ageing into their practice and to be able to evaluate the health-related improvements they make and also to evaluate and indicate the contribution this makes to the health of older people and to the economy.

The Ageing Population of the European Union: Challenges and Prospects

During the last few decades, the shape of Europe’s population pyramid has transformed substantially, due to a considerably older population structure, with fewer working-age people and more pensioners. This paper examines the EU’s demographic problem which involves an increasing ageing population as a result of low birth rates and longer life expectancies, leading to the so called “greying of Europe”. Therefore, certain recommendations are suggested in order to mitigate the negative economic, social and geopolitical effects of this demographic phenomenon. It is concluded that the EU’s ageing population should not be regarded solely as a threat, as it has also the potential to provide opportunities for societies through intergenerational solidarity and the rapidly emerging silver economy.

Sophia Loren. La speranza di vita dell'ultima diva italiana

With the release of La vita davanti a sé (Edoardo Ponti, 2020, Netflix) a number of interviews and documentaries have appeared on YouTube. Netflix-sponsored promotional materials and fan-circulated documentaries or interviews celebrate the Diva of the past and of the present, sustaining an ideal of resilience also supported by the flourishing silver economy of the last decades. The film, on the other hand, catches us by surprise, showing Loren’s elderly body in a graphic way and revealing the impossibility to hide its decadence. Focusing on the cultural continuities between today’s imaginary and that of the shapely diva of the ‘50s and ‘60s, this essay investigates Ponti-Loren’s attempt to find a new perspective on the Diva in light of her 86 years. A fundamental contradiction between an assenting old age and a retrograde approach comes to the fore.

The silver economy on wheels: a narrative review of the mature-aged, hypermobile gig worker phenomena

ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we provide a historical overview of the rising trend towards vehicle-based living, focusing on mature-aged, hypermobile, gig workers. We draw on findings from several bodies of literature, including road-based tourism and digital nomadism, as well as narratives from popular culture artefacts. Focusing on the nexus of tourism, housing, senior entrepreneurship, remote work, and active ageing, we identify opportunities for the growing silver economy, including ways for regional areas to attract patronage and leverage purchasing decisions associated with shifting population demographics. Scholarly awareness of this previously neglected, and largely invisible cohort of society is weak. Further research is proposed to aid in better understanding the needs of mature-aged, hypermobile gig workers, and associated market opportunities.

Small enterprises and the silver economy

Small enterprises and the silver economy

ВПЛИВ ДЕМОГРАФІЧНОГО ФАКТОРУ НА СОЦІАЛЬНО–ЕКОНОМІЧНУ СТАБІЛЬНІСТЬ КИТАЮ

This research analyzes the demographic situation in China and its impact on socio-economic stability. Stable and balanced demographic reproduction is an important condition for the development of any economy, state and society. The implementation of effective social policy in China requires constant monitoring of the living standards of various social groups. Usually, in periods of deep and prolonged economic downturns, fiscal crisis, the state is forced to cut social spending, reduce the package of social services. Public services must justify budget expenditures in terms of costs and benefits. It is important that the monitoring and evaluation of budget expenditures is carried out efficiently and with minimal financial costs, so that the groups of the population who need it most can be identified. Scientific analysis of the Human Development Index and Population Reference Bureau data from 1950 to 2100 in China, Austria, Switzerland, the United States and the Netherlands shows a direct proportional economic dependence: the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) directly depends on the growth rate population and GDP growth per capita. Using the statistics recorded in the Seventh National Census of China, it is possible to trace the relationship between the level of socio-economic development of the country and its demographic situation. The author identifies 5 models of gender and age structure of the population: triangle, umbrella, helmet, spinning top, hat. Until 1979, China had an umbrella model with a high level of population growth. After the “one family – one child” policy, the situation has changed. The current demographic situation is reminiscent of the helmet model, the main characteristics of which show a decrease in the birth rate, a decrease in the working age population and an increase in the share of older people, which leads to excessive overload of the country's pension system. This pattern is described by the formula 4: 2: 1, which characterizes the situation when the Chinese government must, on the one hand, stimulate population growth, and on the other hand, be aimed at meeting the needs of older people and creating conditions for a new system of economic relations "longevity economy" or "silver economy".

Ожидаемая продолжительность здоровой жизни в контексте Десятилетия здорового старения ООН

The article examines the dynamics of the healthy life expectancy (HALE) in the world, in the WHO European Region and in Russia. It provides cross-country comparisons, revealing the main trends in the dynamics of healthy life expectancy at birth and at older ages. The author notes that the most intense growth in healthy life expectancy can be observed in low-income countries; as wealth increases, growth in healthy life expectancy slows down. The author analyzes the differences in healthy life expectancy between the regions of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the inequality between Russian regions is higher compared to the inequality between groups of low- and high-income countries, between WHO regions, and between countries of the WHO European Region. Russia is one of the countries for which the territorial aspect of inequality in all its manifestations is of great importance. The article discusses various methods for assessing healthy life expectancy, adopted in international and Russian statistics. The study concludes that the HALE indicator used by WHO is optimal for assessing the performance of health systems, for monitoring the health situation of the population. The indicators calculated by Eurostat and Russian statistics are based on the population's self-perceived state of health. Self-perceived health status is essential for assessing the quality of life and determining the need for health care, social services and care, although it is subjective. This is especially important in terms of promoting healthy ageing. The process of population ageing in the world is accelerating more and more. Medical, social, economic, psychological problems associated with the ageing of the population are most acute in economically developed countries. Increasing healthy life expectancy, active longevity, and the development of the ‘silver economy’ are responses to the global demographic challenge of population ageing. Active longevity sets new directions for the development of various spheres of society: medicine, social protection, education and the labour market. At the same time, active longevity creates new types of inequality in these areas, associated with the availability of the necessary resources both at the country level and at the level of population groups and individuals.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ МАРКЕТИНГ КАК ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЗДОРОВЬЕСБЕРЕГАЮЩИХ ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКИХ ПРАКТИК

The purpose of the article is to conduct a sociological analysis of social marketing as a technology of health-saving behavioral practices of the population. This article presents an analysis of data reflecting the prospects of the global demographic trend associated with the aging of the population and an increase in the share of elderly citizens in the population structure. The countries whose socio-economic development is experiencing the greatest difficulties due to the demographic burden of the aging population are identified. The data reflecting the dynamics of the population of post-retirement age in the Russian Federation are also presented. The features of behavioral practices of senior citizens focused on the consumption of goods and services are analyzed. The conditions and opportunities for the formation of the "silver economy" segment are determined. The restrictions for its development in the Russian Federation are given. As a result, the author draws the con-clusion that consumer behavior and solvent demand of Russian citizens of post-retirement age negatively depend on the low level of income and opportunities to continue working after retirement.

СРІБНА ЕКОНОМІКА – РЕЗЕРВ ТА ПРОФЕСІЙНА ПІДТРИМКА МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ В РЕГІОНІ

The article is devoted to researching the problems of citizens of the silver age, who should be considered a reserve and professional support for the formation and development of small businesses in the region. The adaptation of the economy to the effects of population aging in the most general form has been called the “silver economy”, or “longevity economy”. The process of integration of silver age groups in the regional labor market in the conditions of the current state of socio-economic and demographic development of the regions is an urgent research question. The results of the study reveal the positive aspects of the involvement of older generations in labor activity. Turning to the «silver» economy is associated with the use of the undisclosed potential of the older generation, which will not only reduce the demographic risks of loss of productivity, but even benefit from the qualities associated with the characteristics of the silver generation. The paper examines theoretical and methodological approaches to assessing the labor potential of the Silver Age population. The article draws attention to the global trend of population aging, employment growth of older people, motivation for employment, as well as the experience of developed countries in the issues of population aging. The increasing number of people of the silver age, which is typical for Ukraine, requires solving the problem of their employment, including through the development of entrepreneurship in this population group. The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of the activity of people of the silver age entrepreneurs, analyze the dynamics of changes in the number of people of the silver age entrepreneurs in recent years in Ukraine and the prospects for the development of t people of the silver age entrepreneurship. Assistance and support from the state to of the silver age in Ukraine business entities can be one of the ways to solve the problems of an aging population. Based on the analysis of available information, suggestions are made on the development of economic policies and policies of the state in relation to working people of the silver age. It is noted that, аfter becoming entrepreneurs, people of the silver age remain active, solve many of their problems, increase employment and contribute to the economic growth of the regions.

Growing Ageing Population and European Policies

Introduction to Social change due to aged population
 Increased elderly population in Europe has many factors, it took decades what is happening now. Europe’s low fertility rate, Europe’s migration from developing to developed country, high life expectancy and immigration laws. The developmental strategies of G20 countries are significantly interlinked with the economic and population development policies. The recognition of ageing population is followed by the Japan’s ageing population process which is also mentioned in most of the Eu data on comparison for the ageing population strategies. It is a visible change that social and economic developments causes higher life expectancy and better health in Europe.The average middle age is increasing, and it is predicted about 4.5 years by 2019 to 2050 it may reach 48.2 years as European middle age. In the most developed parts of the world, elderly population was discussed long ago, and serious steps were taken for global improvements for older people. As the life expectancy increases dependency increases that creates pressure to fulfil the needs of elderly for health, socially, and economically. Increasing number of elderly populations, is actual rise in social, cultural, and economic responsibilities for welfare systems, health care systems and individuals. More elderly people, more reliance needed number of old age homes, elderly rehabilitation centers and Palliative care centers are increased.
 Population ageing is not a sudden change in population, but it took decades to consider about the population phenomenon. The European social change has major cause of ageing population that may has dark impact to the future perspective. In current situation birth rate is low, mortality rate is also low and life expectancy is high which is creating a lot pressure on the economic growth and to run the economic cycle the labour force is insufficient, health care systems are updating each year since COVID pandemic and system failure was visible in many OECD countries as well in such condition there is a lot more pressure on the women to balance birth ratio at the same time women is considered as “Sandwich Generation” by some of the European researchers, women cares for the both younger and the older generation nowadays.
 Such ageing population determinants push the policy makers to design such policies and laws to combat this situation to secure future generations. Some of the EU policies to promote Active ageing and solidarity between generations, Silver Economy project to provide elderly jobs to decrease dependency ratio and Healthy ageing programs are running but still there is long way to show up positive results if migration policies will not be softened at certain points to keep achieving sustainable development goals in Europe.

The European Silver Economy

The European Union is going through a period of profound transformation due to socio-economic and demographic changes. Europe's population is aging as a result of declining fertility and increasing life expectancy, and its share of the world's population continues to decline. The top 10 countries on the planet with the oldest populations include nine EU countries. Older citizens are increasingly shaping the economy, constituting a growing segment in many areas of consumption. The expansion of this age group is expected to lead to an increased demand in many sectors, and in the not-too-distant future will provide significant economic opportunities for European businesses. The so-called “silver economy” (or longevity economy) is a concept of responding to and adapting to the challenges determined by demographic shifts at the global, regional and country levels by inclusively supporting job growth and productivity in traditional and new sectors of the modern digital economy, acceptable to government, business and the entire population, and supposedly capable of becoming the engine of the future economy. Population aging, its density, and household size, in turn, have also had an impact on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, whose outbreak tested health and welfare systems as well as economic and social sustainability. This is why demographic processes need to be taken into account in the post-pandemic economic cycle, managing their long-term effects has many different aspects concerning health care, including care for the elderly, as well as government budgets. The integration of digital solutions, robotic technologies in these areas can significantly empower the elderly, promote independent and active lifestyles, and integrate into the labor market. Thus, it can be argued that the potential risks of the modern demographic transition are not inevitable, and the challenge is to find tools, opportunities and means to adapt the economy and society to it.

Part-time entrepreneurship in the third age: well-being and motives

ABSTRACT The objective is to contribute to understanding entrepreneurship in ageing societies and to suggest avenues to ensure people in their third age (aged 50+) actively contribute to the supply side of the silver economy. To this end, we apply mixed methods to understand the different effects of motives and attitudes on the well-being of part-time entrepreneurs. The analysis is refined by categorizing those entrepreneurs into third age and prime-age cohorts. The analysis used data from 400 Finnish part-time entrepreneurs. When the stability of the financial situation is controlled for, attitudes to entrepreneurship and self-realization as a motive explain well-being among third-age group. For the younger age group, financial motives were also important in explaining well-being, but recognition and independence motives had a negative effect. Policymakers should consider incentivizing third-age entrepreneurs to continue working also after retirement and aim to foster a climate marked by a positive attitude to third-age entrepreneurship

1821: The end of New Spain, dreams of an impossible Mexico

From 1808 to 1821, New Spain lived a revolution that transformed everything: the regime, the silver economy, social relations, political and religious cultures. This work explores the power, wealth, stability, and global importance of New Spain before 1810, the roots of the revolution breaking the regime in 1808, the social predations provoking the popular insurgencies of 1810 to 1820, and how the intersection of political and social conflicts that endured for a decade forever changed New Spain and the world making the dream of a Mexican empire, and the republican dreams that followed in search of a Mexican nation, impossible.

THE ELDERLY PEOPLE TOWARDS INNOVATIVE MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN THE AREA OF HEALTH PROMOTION IN THE LIGHT OF OWN RESEARCH

Looking at innovations from the perspective of customer value, more and more enterprises treat the elderly as a factor of their success, despite the fact that the literature on the subject confirms that most innovations are rejected by consumers2. Aging of societies opens up new opportunities and chances to develop innovative enterprises in which managers are aware of the potential of older people and their new social roles. Thanks to the fact the managers can be effectively realized their innovative strategies in the process of building a silver economy. Due to that there is a need to understand the driving forces of innovation against adoption innovation, this article is an attempt to define the attitudes of older people towards innovation in the area of health mobile applications. The research conducted by the author concerns the resistance of older consumers to use mobile applications in the area of health promotion.

Conditions for the Growth of the “Silver Economy” in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals: Peculiarities of Russia

A “silver economy” can drive economic growth. The key condition is effective demand, determined by the number of financially secure members of the elderly population. The aim of this study is to assess the conditions of the Russian “silver economy”, identify the constraints on its growth, and develop recommendations for their elimination to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. We applied multivariate statistical analysis methods. The absolute and structural numbers of elderly people in Russia were found to not differ much from those in the developed countries of Europe. Their financial support exhibits several important features. A state pension plays a key role in financing the needs of Russian pensioners. Income from labor occupies the second position. Asset-based reallocations are negligible. Public programs will improve the standard of living of current pensioners. For future pensioners, it is important to increase the income received from asset-based reallocations. Russian pensioners were found to have had a negative experience of participation in the funded pension system. It is necessary to stimulate the voluntary participation of future pensioners in the funded pension system and to change the regulation of the investment activities of pension managers. In general, the formation of conditions favorable to the “silver economy” may turn it into a driver of sustainable development in Russia.

Mining for silver: the role of micro-firm adaptive strategizing capabilities in harnessing senior tourism

ABSTRACT This research explores senior tourism adaptive strategizing capabilities through the lens of micro-firm owner managers. The findings derived from 24 qualitative tourism practitioner interviews demonstrated that senior tourism engagement does not necessitate a profound strategic change of direction or extensive resource reconfiguration. However, the strategic commercialization of this cohort remains under-utilized and findings perpetuated stereotypical assumptions regarding a lack of diversity within the senior market. Owner managers that actively embrace adaptive decision-making capabilities proactively target this market, whereas those with little strategic intent view senior tourism as a generic cohort of questionable commercial value. A thematic map positions the owner manager as a pivotal decision-maker within this strategic milieu and charts the trajectory of market alignment and resource transformation as a means of accessing the silver economy. Its adaptive ethos offers avenues for growth by creating bespoke authentic experiences, geared explicitly towards senior tourists as a heterogeneous cohort.

Silver Tourism Economy in Rural Areas in Poland: A Fad or a Permanent Element?

Purpose: The silver tourism economy means an economic system aimed at actively using the human and social capital of older adults to develop rural tourism. This paper aims to identify the supply and demand factors that favor this economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used several complementary research methods. Following the methodological principle of triangulation, the method of secondary source analysis was adopted in the empirical studies in the form of reports from national surveys conducted in rural areas in Poland on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The results of these surveys are nationally representative. Statistical data published by Statistics Poland (former Central Statistical Office) was used. Finding: The silver economy in rural tourism is an essential example of non-agricultural activity and a strategy for the multifunctional development of rural areas in Poland. The paper points out the economic level of the tourism function of rural areas, which forms the supply and demand side of this economy. The importance of the elements of the human and social capital of older adults that promote the supply and demand of rural tourism is presented quantitatively and qualitatively. The utility value of the silver tourism economy at the commercial, non-commercial, and subjective and objective levels was highlighted. Practical Implications: The presented explorations have cognitive and practical value. The adopted elements of the human and social capital of older adults can be helpful in the analysis of the supply and demand of rural tourism included in local socio-economic development strategies. They can be used in strategies to promote the national and international silver economy in rural tourism. They will be helpful in the analysis of investment activities aimed at rural tourism by public and private entities. Originality/Value: The paper complements the theory of rural economics at the methodological and theoretical levels. In the methodological aspect, attention was drawn to using the methodological principle of triangulation in empirical research. The theoretical dimension of the study refers to the creation of a model of the silver tourism economy. It constitutes an economic system composed of relevant parts in structural and functional terms.