Silver-copper Alloys Research Articles

Copper-Silver Alloy Coated Door Handles as a Potential Antibacterial Strategy in Clinical Settings

Coating surfaces with a copper-silver alloy in clinical settings can be an alternative or complementary antibacterial strategy to other existing technologies and disinfection interventions. A newly developed copper-silver alloy coating has a high antibacterial efficacy against common pathogenic bacteria in laboratory setups, and the purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial efficacy of this copper-silvery alloy in real-world clinical settings. Two field trials were carried out at a private clinic and a wound care center. Door handles coated with the copper-silver alloy had a lower total aerobic plate count (1.3 ± 0.4 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.8 ± 0.3 Log CFU/cm2, CFU stands for Colony Forming Units) than the reference uncoated material on-site (2.4 ± 0.4 Log CFU/cm2 for the stainless steel and 1.7 ± 0.4 Log CFU/cm2 for the satin brass). The copper-silver alloy did not selectively reduce specific bacterial species. This study points to the possibility of a successful long-term implementation of the copper-silver alloy coating as an antibacterial strategy.

An Electrochemical Simulation and Treatment Study for the Carbonate and Chloride Based Corrosion of Heritage Silver–Copper Alloys

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the corrosion of a group of historic silver–copper alloy coins and their conservation treatment on defined parameters by potentiostatic methods. Basic copper carbonates and silver chloride were identified on the surface of the coins by a combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The carbonate and chloride-based corrosion mechanisms were synthetically simulated on modern silver–copper alloy samples (Ag72/Cu28) by anodic polarisation measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Cathodic polarisation curves, measured by LSV, were used to identify the working conditions to reduce the corrosion products on the corroded samples and to treat the actual coins. The reduction process was then monitored by chronoamperometry. Following the potentiostatic reduction process, the metallic copper spots on the treated samples were wiped with cotton swabs moistened with a diluted solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to obtain a silvery appearance, and the treatment was completed by a gentle rubbing of the redeposited silver with a cotton swab moistened with a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) suspension followed by rinsing and drying. The corrosion products identified on the synthetically corroded samples indicated that the deterioration mechanisms were dominated by selective attack on the copper-rich phases of the (Ag72/Cu28) alloy, which is consistent with an internal galvanic corrosion phenomenon. The potentiostatic methods showed excellent effectiveness in determining treatment parameters and monitoring the reduction process of the corrosion products on the coins, which helped to preserve surface details in the cleaning process and to prevent over-treatment.

Preparation and electrochemical performances of silver (alloy) nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide, using self-polymerization of dopamine in an acidic environment

Self-polymerization of dopamine, in either an alkaline or an acidic environment, to form polydopamine is a material-independent surface coating technique, influencing almost all areas of material science and engineering. We demonstrated a simple, two-step method to prepare in-situ silver or silver-copper alloy nanoparticles on the surface of reduced graphene oxides, using polydopamine formed in an acidic medium. The acidic medium was created by a nonthermal micro-hollow cathode discharge device and the device was operated at atmospheric pressure, using air as the working gas. The nanocomposites were characterized with SEM, EDX, ICP-OES, and FT-IR; the electrochemical catalytic activity was tested using rotating disk electrode. The characterization methods confirmed the formation of the nanocomposites, which contain polydopamine, reduced graphene oxides, and metal nanoparticles or nanoalloy. We hypothesized that by alloying silver and copper on the surface of reduced graphene oxides, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity of the nanocomposites will be enhanced through both alloying and substrate effects. The size range of the nanoparticles is between 10 nm and 15 nm. We find that both the silver and alloy samples catalyze the ORR via a four-electron mechanism. The alloy nanocomposites showed better performance indicator parameters than the silver one, in both mass activity and kinetic current density. This preparation method has paved a new way of synthesizing an ORR catalyst in an environmentally friendly manner.

Characterization of the incuse coins of the Museo Campano in Capua (Southern Italy) by X-ray fluorescence and numismatic analysis

X-ray fluorescence and numismatic analyses have been used for the study of a sample of incuse coins at the Museo Campano (Capua, Italy). A group of 31 silver incuse coins (staters and drachmas) of the first coinage (530 BCE to 470/440 BCE) iussed by four cities from southern Italy has been characterized. Numismatic examinations provided indications on the synoptic distribution of the specimens from the different colonies and on the historical period. XRF and multivariate data analyses characterized the coins and provided additional information. Results show that the examined coins consist of a silver-copper alloy (with Ag > 95%). Trace elements indicate that the alloy may come from the same mine. Values of the AgKα/Lα intensity ratio and Ag-Cu alloy standards allowed to identify some surface enriched coins. Other characteristics implied evidence that three coins of Metapontum and Croton could be overstruck.

Ultrathin glass fiber microprobe for electroporation of arbitrary selected cell groups

A new type of ultrathin fiber microprobe for selective electroporation is reported. The microprobe is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 350 µm. This microprobe is a low cost tool, which allows electroporation of an arbitrary selected single cell or groups of cells among population with use of a standard microscope and cell culture plates. The microprobe in its basic form contains two metal microelectrodes made of a silver-copper alloy, running along the fiber, each with a diameter of 23 µm. The probe was tested in vitro on a population of normal and cancer cells. Successful targeted electroporation was observed by means of accumulation of trypan blue (TB) dye marker in the cell. The electroporation phenomenon was also verified with propidium iodide and AnnexinV in fluorescent microscopy.

(Energy Technology Division Research Award Address) Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Path Towards a Carbon Neutral Chemical Industry?

The chemical and fuel industry today relies on fossil fuels as its major feedstock and applies a variety of energy-intense thermal / catalytic processes to convert this feed into different intermediates or bulk chemicals and fuels. Many of these processes are responsible for a sizeable fraction of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are contributing to global warming and associated issues such as climate change, rising sea levels, and more erratic weather patterns. In contrast, the use of CO2 as the feedstock for the production of bulk chemicals such as CO, ethylene, and ethanol via electrochemical CO2 reduction not only utilizes some of the CO2 that otherwise would be emitted in the atmosphere, it also avoids the sizeable CO2 emissions associated with many of the aforementioned energy-intense processes that use fossil fuels as the feed [1].Over the past decade, a range of active electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to different product have been identified. For CO production selectivity easily exceeds 95%, and current densities exceeding 500 mA/cm2 can be achieved at overall energy efficiencies of 45-60% [2,3]. Also, ever more active and selective catalysts for ethylene / ethanol production are being developed. Recently we reported an electrodeposited copper-silver alloy catalyst able to produce ethylene and ethanol at a combined selectivity exceeding 80% (3:1 ethylene to ethanol) at a rate of 170 mA/cm2 [4]. Undoubtedly, research will continue to yield ever more active and selective catalysts for different products. A number of techno-economic analyses have indicated that stability / durability of catalysts and electrodes over thousands of hours will be crucial to achieve economic feasibility (see for example [5]).This presentation will summarize state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO, to ethylene / ethanol, and other products, and how a number of factors, such as electrolyte composition, pH, and electrolysis cell design help optimize electrocatalytic performance. Subsequently, it will review some of the challenges related to enhancing the stability/durability of catalysts and especially of gas diffusion electrodes typically used in electrolysis cells. The presentation will also further explore the techno-economic and life-cycle prospects of CO2 electroreduction technology: which product can be produced in an economically viable and close to carbon neutral fashion using energy from the grid, which only in part originates from renewable sources [6]. A key finding is that reducing the energy requirement of the anode side (by replacing the energy-intense oxygen evolution reaction with a different electrochemical conversion) can be hugely beneficial to achieving economic feasibility and carbon neutrality. For example, co-electrolysis that involves reduction of CO2 on the cathode paired with oxidation of, for example, glycerol (a waste product of biofuel production) at the anode, reduces overall the overall energy requirement of the process by 40-50%. Indeed, techno-economic and life-cycle analyses indicate that co-electrolysis approaches that involve oxidation of organic substrates (biomass, waste streams from industry) on the anode drastically enhance the prospects of CO2 electroreduction technology to be key to a future carbon neutral chemical industry.(1) P.J.A. Kenis, A. Dibenedetto, T.R. Zhang, ChemSusChem, 2017, 18(22), 3091-3093.(2) S. Verma, X. Lu, S. Ma, R.I. Masel, P.J.A. Kenis, PhysChemChemPhys, 2016, 18 (10), 7075-7084.(3) S. Verma, Y. Hamasaki, C. Kim, W. Huang, S. Lu, H.R.M. Jhong, A.A. Gewirth, T. Fujigaya, N. Nakashima, P.J.A. Kenis, ACS Energy Lett., 2018, 3, 193-198.(4) T.T.H. Hoang, S. Verma, S. Ma, T.T. Fister, J. Timoshenko, A.I. Frenkel, P.J.A. Kenis, A.A. Gewirth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 5791-5797.(5) S. Verma, B. Kim, H.R. Jhong, S. Ma, P.J.A. Kenis, ChemSusChem, 2016, 9 (15), 1972-1979.(6) S. Verma, S. Lu, P.J.A. Kenis, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 466–474.

One-pot synthesis of monodisperse copper–silver alloy nanoparticles and their composition-dependent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract Development of an economical, well-defined and efficient electrocatalyst having a potential to replace Pt/C is crucial for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this respect, we report herein one-pot wet-chemical protocol for the composition-controlled synthesis of monodisperse CuAg alloy nanoparticles (NPs) and their composition-dependent electrocatalytic activities in ORR for the first time under an alkaline condition. The presented synthetic procedure yields CuAg NPs that exhibit monodisperse size distribution with an average particle diameter of ∼8 nm. Almost homogenous CuAg alloy formation is proved by using many advanced analytical techniques despite the considerable lattice mismatch between Cu and Ag. At all compositions investigated, the ORR activities of CuAg electrocatalysts are found to be significantly higher than monometallic Ag NPs. Improved ORR kinetics of CuAg alloy NPs are demonstrated by Tafel slopes (85 mV/dec for Cu30Ag70, 84 mV/dec for Cu40Ag60 and 78 mV/dec for Cu60Ag40 which are all smaller than that of monometallic Ag (113 mV/dec). Electrochemical impedance measurements support these findings and represent that charge transfer resistance strongly depends on composition of CuAg electrocatalyst. The ORR activity and surface analysis results put Cu40Ag60 forward since Cu oxidation is suppressed in Cu40Ag60 NPs, caused by Ag enhancement in the surface.

Studies of Coins of Medieval Volga Bulgaria by Neutron Diffraction and Tomography

The phase composition and spatial distribution of chemical components in the volume of coins of medieval Volga Bulgaria are studied using the neutron-diffraction- and neutron-tomography methods. Two coins belonging to different time periods of this medieval state are studied: a Samanid multidirham dating from the first half of the 10th Century and a silver dirham dating from the period of the reign of the Bulgarian emir Bulat-Timur. It is established that both coins consist of a copper-silver alloy. In the Samanid multidirham, the average volume contents of copper and silver are found to be about 50%. Minor spatial variations in the chemical composition are found in the volume of the multidirham under study. It is established that the volume average silver content in the Bulat-Timur dirham is about 95%.

Material characterization and functional implications of a Claude Laurent glass flute

The Claude Laurent glass flutes (1805–1844) are singular elements that contributed to the transformation of musical instruments through the introduction of new styles and technologies. These flutes combine improved technical capabilities with aesthetic criteria, making them high-quality instruments and appreciated objects of art. Through the analysis of an 1823 flute, the present study is focused on the determination of their material characteristics and the relationship of these materials with the flute's structure and constructive process. The composition of the glass and metallic parts has been determined by XRF after establishing a specific calibration for each material and energy range. A potash-lime-silica glass, which shows similar composition to some previously analysed flutes conserved at the Library of Congress in Washington, was used for the glass parts of the flute. Composition of the metallic parts of a Laurent flute is presented for the first time. Regarding the larger parts, four different composition groups can be distinguished. The composition established can yield information about the constructive process and can be related to the function of each group. For example, a silver-copper alloy serving aesthetic reasons was used for all visible metallic parts, while hidden parts that demand higher mechanical resistance were made with bronze. Regarding the flute's smaller metallic parts, which consist of the keys and key levers and some mechanical pieces, such as screws or springs, the materials detected include a silver-copper alloy and steel.

Implications of Surface Strain for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Copper-Silver Alloys

The electrochemical reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide to value added chemicals and fuels using renewable energy is a promising route to a sustainable economy. In this work we present results from the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on copper/silver alloy electrodes alongside pure copper and pure silver in acetonitrile-water electrolyte mixtures. EIS measurements show that the copper/silver alloys exhibit lower charge-transfer resistance when compared to the pure metal electrodes. Reduced product analysis identifies carbon monoxide (CO) as the major product on pure Ag, Ag with alloyed with 10% Cu, and Cu alloyed with 10% Ag with Faradaic efficiencies over 60%. Formate is the major reduced product close to the 50:50 (Cu:Ag) ratio with Faradaic efficiencies exceeding 30%. Our results suggest that changes in the metallic lattice and structural strain of the bimetallic electrodes influences reduced product selectivity.

Comparison of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry for the non-destructive analysis of coins minted under the early Piast dynasty

Surface enrichment of silver-copper alloys is a current subject of research in archaeometry, while its origin in cultural heritage objects remains unclear. Due to their low penetration depth, surface techniques may give misleading results if the objects analyzed show this enrichment behavior. To study this effect, the surface and bulk composition of a group of Polish coins minted in the X-XI centuries during the early Piast dynasty were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and neutron activation analysis (NAA). A comparison of the results obtained using these two techniques permitted to classify the coins in two groups. The first group exhibited similar bulk and surface compositions, while coins in the second one showed silver surface enrichment. In addition, a correlation between silver and gold was observed after evaluating the analytical results providing a first step in the determination of silver provenance.

Influence of Manufacturing Processes in Deterioration of Ag-Cu Artefact Alloy

Ancient silver with about 2% copper object is studied to determine manufacturing defects based on chemical and microscopic investigations. In this paper Bullion (silver-copper alloy) ink box inlays with enamel from the Museum of the faculty of applied arts in Cairo, Egypt has been investigated to identify manufacturing process and its effect on the ink deterioration. Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) method has been used on samples to reveal chemical composition of the alloys and the effect of various fabrication and thermal treatment. The results indicated that all samples were made of silver-copper alloys, other elemental corrosion layers have detected in contents such as C, O, S, Cl, Si, Na, Ca, Al. Fracture surfaces provide with important information helping to recognize failure causes, so the fracture surface investigation and etching by means of alcoholic ferric chloride was carried out for microstructural analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM-micrograph of etching sample showed pores and cracking propagation. Crack initiation usually appears at the object surface, and is generally produced by stress concentrators, producing rise to local plastic deformation or cracking and detachment of brittle precipitates. Local stress–strain concentration related to a variety of microstructural inhomogeneities. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the EDX analysis that the corrosion compounds consist of Montmorillonite NaO₃(Al, Mg)₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂XH₂O, Atacamite Cu₂Cl(OH)₃, Malachite Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂, Paratacamite Cu₂Cl(OH)₃, Cuprite Cu₂O, Acanthite Ag₂S, Tenorite CuO, Calcite CaCO₃, Chlorargyrite AgCl, Copper Cu. Silver–copper alloys failed through corrosion process that produce brownish-black tarnish. This tarnish alters the aesthetic of the object. The corrosion layers of the object referred to long-term contamination and oxidation, which led to increase intergranular cracking, regions of ductile fracture, and brittle intergranular fracture.

Часові параметри оптимальної реєстрації емісійного спектра при використанні мілісекундних лазерних імпульсів

Subject and Purpose. Emission spectra of copper-silver alloys are examined for various recording durations. The radiation coming to the photodetector of the spectrometer consists of the reflected laser radiation and the line spectra of vapors formed by the test substance and the heated material in condensed phase. As the spectrum recording time increases, the background component builds up substantially. The purpose of the work is to study the interaction conditions of millisecond laser pulses with the metals and determine recording time parameters of the optical radiation signal in an effort to achieve an optimal recording of the emission spectrum in the range 400…800 nm Methods and Methodology. The main problem with emission spectrum recording is a persistent thermal component. The laser pulse shape for the optimal recording of the emission spectrum is theoretically calculated. The purity of the emission spectrum depends on its recording duration. The matter of persistent thermal component minimization in laser emission analysis implies the optimal shaping of the laser pulse and its maintenance during the operation. Empirical guidelines exist that the optimal time of the emission spectrum recording is 1...3 ms at a laser pulse duration of 5 ms. Results. It has been found that the main factors affecting the intensity ratio of the continuous and line spectra are thermophysical properties of the metal and a laser pulse shape, especially the value of its trailing edge steepness. Lasers with quasi-optimal pulse shape enable us to increase a maximum frequency of optimal emission-spectrum recording in laser emission analysis. For a 3 ms duration and a 10 J energy of the pulse, the maximum laser frequency at which the laser emission analysis is still possible can be 70...75 Hz. Conclusion. The process of laser emission analysis optimization consists in optimal laser pulse shaping and its maintenance during the operation.

Experimental Investigations of Physical Properties of Iron-Copper Alloy

The paper describes the results of experiments aimed at obtaining iron-copper alloys with different iron content using electroslag remelting method. The obtained alloys of iron and copper were carefully examined to study their mechanical and physical properties. The article shows the results of the research work investigating the influence of iron on crystallization characteristics of the copper alloy. It was found, that iron-copper alloys can compete successfully with expensive copper-silver alloys, which are used to manufacture mold walls. The article offers the results of the experiments investigating hardness, wear resistance, thermal conductivity and temperature conductivity of the obtained iron-copper alloys; their casting characteristics were also studied.

Ion charge state and energy distributions of laser produced plasma from pure metals and their alloy.

A high intensity highly charged laser ion source has been studied at the Institute of Modern Physics for the last few years. In order to investigate the processes of plasma heating and expansion of laser produced plasma, the charge state and energy distributions of the ions from pure copper, silver, and copper-silver alloy, in which the atom number ratio between copper and silver is 2:3, were measured with a 90° cylindrical electrostatic ion analyzer. It was shown that the yields of highly charged copper ions from the pure copper target are higher compared with those of the alloy target. In contrast, higher yields of highly charged silver ions were obtained from the copper-silver alloy target. Moreover, the ion energy distributions were derived from the time-of-flight spectra for the ions with different ion charge states and compared between the pure metal and alloy targets.

Copper granulation: scientific analysis on the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618–712 A.D.) in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Granulation is an ancient decorative technique for metalwork. Granulated finds are most commonly made of precious metals such as gold and silver, while copper granulation is very rare, and it has even been claimed that it was not employed in antiquity. This paper presents a scientific analysis of granulated copper ornaments from a gilded coronet belonging to Lady Pei (d. 691 A.D.) that was uncovered from an early Tang Dynasty tomb in Xi’an, China. In addition to common methods such as X-ray radiography, metallographic investigation, and scanning electron microscope observation including energy dispersive spectroscopy to examine the microstructure and elemental composition, X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to investigate the internal microstructure of granulation for the first time. The results affirm that copper granulation technique was used to decorate the coronet. Notably, further study shows that the copper granules and wires were joined to the substrate with silver–copper alloy hard solder and arrives at an estimate of the alloy mixing ratio. These observations are used to infer the manufacturing process: copper granules of two sizes were first brazed to the wires and substrate, and then mercury was used to gild the whole ornament. This work provides new insights for the study of ancient granulation techniques, especially through the scientific study of the very rare examples of copper work.

Intense Pulsed Light Sintered Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Organic Photovoltaic Devices

A fast and low-cost fabrication process using intense pulsed light sintering of metal nanoparticles was studied. Silver, copper, and four different copper-silver core-shell alloy nanoparticles were synthesized. The composition and resistivity of the sintered metal electrodes were studied. The resistivity of the silver electrode formed through nanoparticle sintering was comparable to that of a conventional solution-processed silver electrode. The performance of the device prepared using the copper nanoparticles only was low due to the oxidation of copper in the air. The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the devices fabricated using the synthesized core-shell nanoparticles revealed that the alloy ratio up to approximately 2 did neither affect the performances nor the lifetime of the devices. As the content of copper increased, the device performance decreased due to the oxidation of copper. Usage of the sintered metal alloy electrodes resulted in the reduction of cost by 33% compared with the conventional silver electrode.

In Situ Monitoring of the Antibacterial Activity of a Copper-Silver Alloy Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and pH Microsensors.

The antibacterial efficacy of a copper–silver alloy coating under conditions resembling build up of dry surface bacterial biofilms is successfully demonstrated according to US EPA test methods with a ≥99.9% reduction of test organisms over a 24 h period. A tailor‐made confocal imaging protocol is designed to visualize in situ the killing of bacterial biofilms at the copper–silver alloy surface and monitor the kinetics for 100 min. The copper–silver alloy coating eradicates a biofilm of Gram‐positive bacteria within 5 min while a biofilm of Gram‐negative bacteria are killed more slowly. In situ pH monitoring indicates a 2‐log units increase at the interface between the metallic surface and bacterial biofilm; however, the viability of the bacteria is not directly affected by this raise (pH 8.0–9.5) when tested in buffer. The OH− production, as a result of the interaction between the electrochemically active surface and the bacterial biofilm under environmental conditions, is thus one aspect of the contact‐mediated killing of the copper–silver alloy coating and not the direct cause of the observed antibacterial efficacy. The combination of oxidation of bacterial cells, release of copper ions, and local pH raise characterizes the antibacterial activity of the copper–silver alloy‐coated dry surface.

Phase transitions in copper–silver alloys under high pressure torsion

AbstractThe influence of high pressure torsion (HPT) on the formation and decomposition of solid solutions in the copper–silver system has been studied. The investigated Cu-8 wt.% Ag alloy was annealed at two different temperatures, 500 and 650°C, and quenched. The samples consisted of (Cu) solid solution in the matrix with (Ag) precipitates. During HPT a steady-state value of torsion torque was reached after about 1.5 anvil rotations. After HPT (5 anvil rotations) the composition of the (Cu) solid solution in both samples had become equal. In other words, the concentration of silver in the (Cu) matrix annealed at 650°C decreased and in the sample annealed at 500°C increased. Moreover, a similar process took place in (Ag) precipitates as well. The concentration of copper in (Ag) particles in the sample annealed at 650°C decreased and in the sample annealed at 500°C increased. Thus, the composition of (Cu) and (Ag) solid solutions reached at steady-state during HPT does not depend on that before HPT. The composition of the (Cu) and (Ag) solid solutions after HPT is as high as if the samples were annealed at a certain intermediate temperature about 600 ± 20°C.

Preparation of copper–silver alloy with different morphologies by a electrodeposition method in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

Electrodeposition of a copper–silver alloy based on a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC) ionic liquid was studied. The electrochemical behaviour of copper and silver ions was characterized by cyclic voltammogram. The morphologies and phase compositions of copper–silver alloy coating under different electrodeposition conditions were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that copper–silver alloys with different micro-morphologies can be obtained under different potential conditions in BMIC. Co-deposition of the copper–silver alloy followed a two-step reduction process, the first step is the reduction of the cupric ion to the cuprous ion and the second step is the simultaneous reduction of the cuprous ion and the silver ion to form an alloy. A dendritic alloy can be obtained at − 0.60 V, a bract alloy can be obtained at − 0.80 V and a granular alloy can be obtained at − 1 V. The coating particle size at \(60^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) was smaller than the particle size obtained at \(40^\circ \hbox {C}\). The Cu–Ag alloy prepared by electrodeposition in ionic liquids consists of single-phase copper and single-phase silver.