Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles derived from Artemisia sieberi extract (AgClNPs-ASE) induces cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis in human breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells

In recent years, metallic nanoparticles have attracted tremendous attention in nanomedicine. Here, we report green synthesis and determination of silver chloride nanoparticles synthesized using Artemisia sieberi extract (AgClNPs-ASE) and its anticancer properties against human breast cancer cells. Numerous techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectra (SEM–EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis determined the morphology characteristics and size of the obtained nanoparticles. Cytotoxic properties of AgClNPs-ASE were carried out toward human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and nontumorigenic HEK293 cells. AgClNPs-ASE revealed better efficacy toward breast cancer cells and was relatively less cytotoxic to nontumorigenic cells. Induction of apoptosis was further revealed by Hoechst 33258 dye and dual acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and in cells along with upregulation of caspase-8 and 9 proteins. AgClNPs-ASE could trigger the apoptosis by upregulation of early (1.93%) and late (58.86%) apoptosis followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐Annexin‐V/PI staining and enhanced cell cycle population (sub-G1). AgClNPs-ASE significantly increased NO production in cancer cells. Moreover, qRT-PCR study showed that AgClNPs-ASE treated cells induce increased expression of the LncRNA GAS5 gene. These findings suggest the remarkable apoptosis in cancer cells triggered by AgClNPs-ASE in vitro.

Morphological and structural properties of silver/chlorargyrite nanoparticles prepared using Senecio madagascariensis leaf extract and interaction studies with bovine serum albumin

AbstractSenecio madagascariensis leaf extract was used to synthesize silver/chlorargyrite nanoparticles. XRD diffraction patterns confirmed the nanocrystalline phase with a face-centered crystal structure of metallic silver. The TEM revealed that the silver and silver chloride nanoparticles were spherical and polydisperse with a decreasing size with respect to the concentration of the silver salt and an average size in the range 13–25 nm. The optical band gaps for Ag/AgCl are 2.71, 2.73, and 2.66 eV for nanoparticles prepared with 20 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM, respectively. The SEM–EDX confirmed the presence of elemental Cl and Ag. The results show that S. madagascariensis could be used to prepare environmentally friendly bioactive silver nanoparticles. Fluorescence data indicated that static quenching played a role in the formation of the complex between AgNPs and BSA. Graphical abstract

Synthesis of Ag and AgCl Nanoparticles Using Klasea latifolia and Klassa leptoclada Extracts and Assessment of the Antimicrobial Properties of the Synthesized Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Properties of the Extracts

Background: In green synthesis, metal ions are transformed into nanoparticles through a simple reaction, without the need for surfactants, specific conditions, and other stabilizing agents. Methods: This study performed the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Klasea latifolia and Klasea leptoclada. objective: In green synthesis, metal ions are transformed into nanoparticles through a simple reaction, without the need for surfactants, specific conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and other stabilizing agents. Herbs, including flavonoids and other water-soluble active metabolites, could also be used to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles at room temperature. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to investigate the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Klasea leptoclada and Klasea latifolia extracts. Results: Nanoparticles were characterized using the SEM, XRD, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and EDS methods. The antibacterial properties of the extracts and synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli using the agar disk-diffusion and well-diffusion. The antioxidants of the herbs were investigated using the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the IC50 of the extracts was determined as well. The results showed that, although no chlorinated compounds were added to the reaction medium, in addition to silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical (size: 27-38 nm) and had uniform size distribution. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles and extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Many plants have been used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, but the advantage of using the extract of K.latifolia and K. leptoclada was that in addition to synthesizing silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized.

Biosynthesis of high antibacterial silver chloride nanoparticles against Ralstonia solanacearum using spent mushroom substrate extract

Abstract In this study, a green and highly efficient method was proposed to synthesize nano-silver chloride (nano-AgCl) by using spent mushroom substrate (SMS) extract as a cheap reactant. Nanoparticles were characterized by a series of techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which showed the formation of near-spherical silver chloride nanoparticles with an average size of about 8.30 nm. Notably, the synthesized nano-silver chloride has a more prominent antibacterial effect against Ralstonia solanacearum (EC50=5.18 mg/L) than non-nano-sized silver chloride particles, nano-silver chloride synthesized by chemical method, and commercial pesticides. In-depth, the study of mechanism revealed that nano-silver chloride could cause cell membrane disruption, DNA damage and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (•OH, •O2- and 1O2) leading to peroxidation damage in Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum). And the reaction between nano-silver chloride and bacteria could be driven by intermolecular forces instead of electrostatic interactions. Our study provides a new approach to synthesizing nano-silver chloride as a highly efficient antibacterial agent and broadens the utilization of agricultural waste spent mushroom substrate.

Construction of porous chitosan-based organic/inorganic composite with synergistic antibacterial activity

The increasing resistance of antibiotics and the global spread of pathogenic bacteria highlight the urgent need for novel antibacterial materials. In this study, a terpolymer (PVBA) with carboxyl (-COOH) and benzyl chloride (-C7H6Cl) groups was synthesized using acrylic acid (AA), butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) as monomers. The -C7H6Cl groups in the PVBA terpolymer was then reacted with N-N-dimethylhexadecane 1-amine (HAM) to prepare a more hydrophilic antibacterial (PVBA-N) terpolymer. Further, a synthetic/natural (PVBA-N/C) composite with quaternary ammonium (QA) groups was prepared by covalent crosslinking of the PVBA-N terpolymer and chitosan (CS). Finally, the AgCl-decorated PVBA-N/C (AgCl@PVBA-N/C) antibacterial composite was were constructed by anchoring silver chloride nanoparticles (AgClNPs) to the surface of the PVBA-N/C composite. Remarkably, the resulting AgCl@PVBA-N/C antibacterial composite had a porous network structure and exhibited favorable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) based on both contact-typed and release-typed antibacterial modes, and low cytotoxicity against L929 cells. This research provides an effective strategy to combat the threat of bacterial resistance to human health relying on the advantage of the respective antibacterial mechanisms of various antibacterial ingredients.

Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.

Breast carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer related-deaths among women. Given its high incidence and mortality rates, searching for innovative treatments represents a formidable challenge within the medical and pharmaceutical industries. This study delves into the preparation, characterization, and anticancer properties of silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCLNPs) as a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer cells, employing a biological synthesis method. This investigation, utilized spirulina platensis extract to synthesize silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCLNPs-SP). The formation, size, and structure of the nanoparticles were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray crystallography (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Additionally, the apoptotic and anticancer properties of AgCLNPs-SP were thoroughly examined. The results, revealed AgCLNPs-SP to exhibit a spherical, morphology with a size range of 40-70nm, primarily silver and chlorine. The dose-dependent response of AgCLNP-SP against MDA-MB231 cells was ascertained using the MTT Assay, with an IC50 value of 34µg/mL. Furthermore, the Annexin V-FITC/ PI apoptosis assay demonstrated a significant proportion of early apoptosis (43.67%) in MDA-MB231 cells. This apoptosis process was substantiated by up-regulation in mRNA expression levels of P53, CAD, and Bax genes, alongside a down-regulation of the of bcl2 gene expression. Additionally, an augmented production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle analysis, Hoechst staining assay, and evaluated levels of Caspase - 3, -8 and - 9 were observed in AgCLNPs-SP-treated MDA_MB231 cancer cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that AgCLNPs-SP may be a promising agent for treating breast cancer.

Nanoparticles Based on Silver Chloride and Bambusuril[6] for the Fine-Tuning of Biological Activity.

The prevalence of numerous infectious diseases has emerged as a grave concern within the realm of healthcare. Currently, the issue of antibiotic resistance is compelling scientists to explore novel treatment approaches. To combat these infectious diseases, various treatment methods have been developed, harnessing cutting-edge disinfecting nanomaterials. Among the range of metallic nanoparticles employed in medicine, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out as both highly popular and well-suited for the task. They find extensive utility in cancer diagnosis and therapies and as effective antibacterial agents. The interaction between silver and bacterial cells induces significant structural and morphological alterations, ultimately leading to cell demise. In this study, nanoparticles based on silver and bambusuril[6] (BU[6]) were developed for the first time. These NPs can be used for different biomedical purposes. A simple, single-step, and effective synthesis method was employed to produce bambusuril[6]-protected silver chloride nanoparticles (BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs) through the complexation of BU[6] with silver nitrate. The NPs were characterized using X-ray phase analysis (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). When the SEM images were examined, it was seen that the synthesized BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs were distributed with homogeneous sizes, and the synthesized NPs were mostly spherical and cubic. The EDS spectra of BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs demonstrated the presence of Ag, Cl, and all expected elements. BU[6]-Ag/AgCl NPs showed high antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Diatomaceous Biosilica Doped with Heteroepitaxially Growing Ag/AgCl/CeO2 Composite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterisation and Antibacterial Application

Modern technology's development is also towards using microorganisms as micro-factories of biomaterials with unique properties and combining the original properties of biosilica extracted from diatoms (microalgae) together with immobilised silver and cerium in nanoparticle forms allowed to obtain a modern composite material with antibacterial activity. The synthesised composites containing heteroepitaxially growing Ag/AgCl/CeO2 complex nanoparticles were studied using different types of instrumental analysis. SEM-EDX and XRD analysis allowed the qualitative and quantitative determination of the elements present and their forms in the composites. TEM permitted analysis of information about the created nanoparticles shape, size and structure specificity. The possible mechanism of nanoparticle formation was suggested. Antibacterial properties of synthesised composites were characterised using a minimum inhibitory concentration test on six selected bacterial strains. Diatomaceous biosilica containing heteroepitaxially growing silver chloride, metallic silver, and cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles have been prepared for the first time. The proposed method for synthesising composites did not use toxic reagents, making it environmentally friendly.Graphical

Dragon fruit peel extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose in chilli

Plant extracts have been used as reducing and stabilising agents to synthesise various metal-based nanoparticles due to their cost-effective and eco-friendly nature. In the present work, a green and environment-friendly method is adopted for synthesising silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using a biowaste of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) peel aqueous extract at 80ºC in an alkaline condition. The Ag NPs were characterised through various analytical and microscopic techniques. The UV-Vis spectra of Ag NPs showed a characteristic peak between 400 - 410 nm. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed spherical monodispersed particles with an average size of 7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of silver and silver chloride among the principal elements. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectra showed the crystalline nature of synthesised silver and silver chloride nanoparticles. The synthesised nanoparticles showed potential antifungal activity against Colletotrichum truncatum spores in both in vitro conidial germination and spread plate assays. The efficacy of the synthesised NPs confirmed that these NPs could be used as potential antifungal agents against C. truncatum to control anthracnose in chilli.

Photochromic biodegradable film based on polyvinyl alcohol modified with silver chloride nanoparticles and spirulina; investigation of physicochemical, antimicrobial and optical properties

In this study, biodegradable film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Silver chloride (AgCl) and spirulina (Sp). Surface morphology, mechanical properties, antioxidant, antimicrobial, optical properties, etc. were investigated. The FTIR results confirmed the effect of AgCl and Sp on PVA structure. Sp increased the moisture content and solubility in water. The XRD results showed the semi-crystalline structure of PVA. AgCl nanoparticles activated the antibacterial property of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Sp caused a strong increase in the antioxidant property of the film. Examining the light transmittance of films containing AgCl nanoparticles showed that the transmittance of films containing nanoparticles decreased with exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light with increasing treatment time, which indicates the activation of the photochromic property of films containing AgCl in the presence of light. The results showed the suitable photochromic property of the PVA/AgCl films.

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles.

Green synthesis may be a useful approach to achieve selective cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on cancer cells and healthy cells. In this study, the concomitant biosynthesis of silver (Ag)/silver chloride (AgCl) nanoparticles from pineapple peel extracts and their behavior on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is shown. Bioreactions were monitored at different temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to characterize nanoparticle development. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as a test model to study the cytotoxic behavior of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and, as a counterpart, the nanoparticles were also tested on mononuclear cells. Ag/AgCl nanoparticles with spherical and triangular morphology were obtained. The size of the nanoparticles (10-70 nm) and the size distribution depended on the reaction temperature. A dose close to 20 µg/mL of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles considerably decreased the cell viability of the MCF-7 line. The best cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells were obtained with nanoparticles at 60 and 80 °C where cell viability was reduced up to 80% at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. A significant preference was observed in the cytotoxic effect of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles against cancer cells in comparison to monocytes.

A Novel Ag@AgCl Nanoparticle Synthesized by Arctic Marine Bacterium: Characterization, Activity and Mechanism

An additive- and pollution-free method for the preparation of biogenic silver and silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag@AgCl NPs) was developed from the bacteria Shewanella sp. Arc9-LZ, which was isolated from the deep sea of the Arctic Ocean. The optimal synthesizing conditions were explored, including light, pH, Ag+ concentration and time. The nanoparticles were studied by means of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometers (ICP-OES). The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spherical and well dispersed, with particle sizes less than 20.00 nm. With Ag@AgCl nanoparticles, the kinetic rate constants for congo red (CR) and rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation were 2.74 × 10-1 min-1 and 7.78 × 10-1 min-1, respectively. The maximum decolourization efficiencies of CR and RhB were 93.36% and 99.52%, respectively. Ag@AgCl nanoparticles also showed high antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum indicated that the O-H, N-H and -COO- groups in the supernatant of Arc9-LZ might participate in the reduction, stabilization and capping of nanoparticles. We mapped the schematic diagram on possible mechanisms for synthesizing Ag@AgCl NPs.

Asparagus racemosus mediated silver chloride nanoparticles induce apoptosis in glioblastoma stem cells in vitro and inhibit Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells growth in vivo

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of brain tumor that is most aggressive, proliferates rapidly and intensive invasion is governed by cell migration and destruction of the extracellular matrix. In the present study, we evaluated the antiproliferative efficacy of the synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) from Asparagus racemosus root extract against human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Biosynthesis of A. racemosus- AgCl-NPs was confirmed by color change, UV–visible spectroscopy and characterized by transmitted electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The A. racemosus- AgCl-NPs inhibited GSCs and EAC cells growth with the IC 50 values of 4.8 and 4.69 µg/ml, respectively. A. racemosus- AgCl-NPs induced apoptosis in GSCs which was confirmed by annexin V/PI assay, various genes expression, and caspase-3 protein expression as detected by the immunofluorometric assay. The expression level of the TLR9, NFκB, TNFα, p21 and IKK genes were increased consequently with the decrease of PARP, EGFR, NOTCH2, mTOR and STAT3 genes in GSCs as examined by real-time PCR. The cell cycle arrest at G 0 /G 1 phase was detected by flow cytometry. In addition, A. racemosus- AgCl-NPs caused significant inhibition of EAC cells growth, reduced tumor burden, increased the survival of EAC-bearing mice and restored the hematological parameters when compared with the control mice. The synthesized AgCl-NPs inhibited the proliferation of GSCs in vitro with the induction of apoptosis and inhibited the growth of EAC cells in vivo in mice by reducing the tumor burden and increasing the survival periods.

Biosynthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) fromExtreme Halophiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Applications.

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained an overwhelming interest due to their biological applications. However, NPs synthesis by pigmented extreme halophiles remains underexplored. The NPs synthesis using pigmented halophiles is inexpensive and less toxic than other processes. In this study, pigmented halophilic microorganisms (n = 77) were screened to synthesize silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) with silver nitrate as metal precursors, and their biological applications were assessed. The synthesis of AgCl-NPs was possible using the crude extract from cellular lysis (CECL) of six extreme halophiles. Two of the AgCl-NPs viz. AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs synthesized by the CECL of Haloferax alexandrinus RK_AK2 and Haloferax lucentense RK_MY6, respectively, exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The surface plasmon resonance of the AgCl-NPs was determined with UV spectroscopy. XRD analysis of AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs confirmed the presence of silver in the form of chlorargyrite (silver chloride) having a cubic structure. The crystallite size of AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs, estimated with the Scherrer formula, was 115.81nm and 137.50nm. FTIR analysis verified the presence of diverse functional groups. Dynamic light-scattering analysis confirmed that the average size distribution of NPs was 71.02nm and 117.36nm for AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs, respectively, with monodisperse nature. The functional group in 1623-1641cm-1 indicated the presence of protein β-sheet structure and shifting of amino and hydroxyl groups from the pigmented CECL, which helps in capping and stabilizing nanoparticles. The study provides evidence that CECL of Haloferax species can rapidly synthesize NPs with unique characteristics and biological applications.

Hybrid Nanosystems Based on Nicotinate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica and Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Loaded with Phenytoin for Preventing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the most common bacteria isolated from chronic wounds and burns. Its treatment is a challenge due to antimicrobial drug resistance and biofilm formation. In this context, this study aimed to perform the synthesis and full characterization of hybrid nanosystems based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with a nicotinic ligand and silver chloride nanoparticles, both phenytoin sodium (Ph)-loaded and unloaded, to evaluate the antibacterial properties against three different strains of PA (including two clinical strains) in a planktonic state and as biofilms. Ph is a well-known proliferative agent, which was incorporated into the hybrid nanomaterials to obtain an effective material for tissue healing and prevention of infection caused by PA. The Ph-loaded materials promoted a quasi-complete inhibition of bacterial growth in wound-like medium and biofilm development, with values of 99% and 96%, respectively, with selectivity indices above the requirements for drugs to become promising agents for the topic preventive treatment of chronic wounds and burns.

Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Penicillium chrysogenum

Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Penicillium chrysogenum

Green Synthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles using Phlomoides Labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm Herbal Extract by Investigating Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Effects

Background: Considering the high cost of nano-particles chemical synthesis and bacteria’s high resistance against antibiotics, investigating silver particles biosynthesis and their effect on clinical and standard strains of different bacteria is very important. Objective: This study investigates the feasibility of green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles by labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm Phlomoides (Eremostachys labiosa Bunge) herbal extract and Phlomoides binaludensis Salmaki & Joharchi (Binaloud Cistanche tubulosa) plant. Methods: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) are used for nano-particles characterization. The antibacterial property of extracts and synthesized nano-particles was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli by agar disk diffusion and well diffusion, respectively. As antioxidants existing in plants are expected to act as regenerators in nano-particles synthesis, the plants used were investigated considering the existence of antioxidants through two DPPH and FRAP methods. Total values of phenol and IC50 were determined by the extract of considered plants. Results: The results showed that what has been successful in nano-particles synthesis is silver chloride nano-particles synthesis, which is due to the existence of chlorinated compounds in the herbal extract. Synthesized nano-particles are spherical, and their size is in the range of 27-35 nm, and synthesized nano-particles were distributed consistently. Also nano-particles enjoy significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: IC50 was 0.56 mg/ml and 0.96 mg/ml for the aerial organs of Eremostachys labiosa Bunge and Binaloud Cistanche tubulosa, respectively, in this study, while it was 0.38 mg/ml for BHT synthetic antioxidant. Also, iron regeneration ability reported 255.990 and 64.110 Fe ion mmol/extract gr by the extracts.

Biosynthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles by Rhizospheric Bacteria and Their Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum.

Ralstonia solanacearum is the most destructive pathogen, causing bacterial wilt disease of eggplant. The present study aimed to develop green synthesis and characterization of silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) by using a native bacterial strain and subsequent evaluation of their antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum. Here, a total of 10 bacterial strains were selected for the biosynthesis of AgCl-NPs. Among them, the highest yield occurred in the synthesis of AgCl-NPs using a cell-free aqueous filtrate of strain IMA13. Ultrastructural observation revealed that the AgCl-NPs were spherical and oval with smooth surfaces and 5–35 nm sizes. XRD analysis studies revealed that these particles contained face-centered cubic crystallites of metallic Ag and AgCl. Moreover, FTIR analysis showed the presence of capping proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and lipopeptide compounds and crystalline structure of AgCl-NPs. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis using a combination of six gene sequences (16S, gyrA, rpoB, purH, polC, and groEL), we identified strain IMA13 as Bacillus mojavensis. Three kinds of lipopeptide compounds, namely, bacillomycin D, iturin, and fengycin, forming cell-free supernatant produced by strain IAM13, were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biogenic AgCl-NPs showed substantial antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum at a concentration of 20 µg/mL−1. Motility assays showed that the AgCl-NPs significantly inhibited the swarming and swimming motility (61.4 and 55.8%) against R. solanacearum. Moreover, SEM and TEM analysis showed that direct interaction of AgCl-NPs with bacterial cells caused rupture of cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes, as well as leakage of nucleic acid materials, which ultimately resulted in the death of R. solanacearum. Overall, these findings will help in developing a promising nanopesticide against phytopathogen plant disease management.

Biosorption mechanisms of Ag(I) and the synthesis of nanoparticles by the biomass from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05

Two biomass types of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 (VMSM and M3) were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in removing Ag(I) ions from synthetic solutions. Both biomass types obtained good results in the biosorption process with maximum biosorption capacities (qm) for the Langmuir model of 34.67 and 39.23 mg Ag(I)/g dry biomass for M3 and VMSM, respectively. The biomass was characterized by X-ray microfluorescence and Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). After the biosorption process, the mechanisms involved in biosorption were studied by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM/EDX) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated the participation of various mechanisms in the retention of silver on biomass (bioadsorption, complexation, ion exchange, covalent bonding) that resulted in the formation of silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The sizes of AgCl-NPs (chlorargyrite) according to the Debye-Scherrer equation were 19.29 nm (VMSM biomass) and 24.9 nm for the M3 type. For AgNPs the crystal size was between 1.5 and 0.8 nm for VMSM and M3 respectively. Furthermore, it was found that an undetermined fraction of the silver nanoparticles after biosorption remained in solution, which could be advantageous for their recovery.

Dehydration measurement using sweat sensor patch and pulse sensor

Technology has increased visibly large. People find ways to easily detect their conditions. Heartbeat and dehydration level is one of the most common among people especially athletes. Athletes are drifted towards wearable technologies to track their training and recovery. Usually a dehydrated person sweats more. The sweat contains various physiological substance and health data. Based on studies sweat consists of salts and ions like [Na+], [K+], [Cl] lactate, glucose and ammonia. We are developing a wearable sweat analyser that can detect the raise in concentration of sodium and potassium. The sweat patch consist of a counter electrode created by screen printing Silver Chloride (AgCl) nanoparticles on Polydimithylsiloxane (PDMS) material and reference electrode (RE) created on the patch material by adding a platinum nanoparticle. This sweat sensor patch is connected to a microcontroller along with a temperature sensor and a Bluetooth module. The data which is collected by the sweat patch and the temperature sensor is sent via Bluetooth to mobile application were the data is displayed.