Silkworm Races Research Articles

INDUCED PHENOLOXIDASE PROFILES IN SILKWORM Bombyx mori (L.) UNDER BIOTIC STRESS

Phenol oxidase (PO) is one of the stress enzyme protein in living organism. The conversion of Pro-PO into an activation form of PO required a stress protein. In the present study has emerged with the novel finding of induced phenoloxidase was identified under bacterial endotoxin viz., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity using silkworm Bombyx mori as an animal model. The PO enzyme plays an important role for insect survival during pathophysiological conditions. The enzyme activity was analyzed from ten different silkworm races with two phenolic substrates viz., L-Dopa and Dopamine by Native-PAGE. The bacterially induced PO was found in hemolymph and midgut of silkworm, PO3 were induced by LPS injection. In control PO1 & PO2 are non-bacterially induced protein having the molecular weight of 72 and 71. The results shown that there is no substrate specificity and similar functional activity was found in hemolymph and midgut under pathogenic condition. It was observed that bacterially inducible PO clearly differed from non-inducible PO (control). At final observation of induced isozymes of PO in the haemolymph and midgut system of tolerant silkworm races points out the existence of biochemical immunity against biotic stress of LPS. This is the first report to document the silkworm immunity under the LPS toxin in different silkworm races to identify the tolerant and susceptibility against a biotic stress.

Economic Analysis of Silkworm Rearing and Cocoon Production in Bilaspur District of Himachal Pradesh

Sericulture is an agro-based multitudinous activity which involves cultivation of mulberry, production of laying, rearing of silkworms for cocoons, marketing and reeling of cocoons for value added products such as processing and weaving of the yarn. It is a short gestation period labour intensive enterprise which can go a long way in promoting inclusive growth and alleviating poverty in rural areas. The present study was therefore carried out in order to analyse investment and returns pattern of cocoon production in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. Two-stage random sampling and proportional allocation method was used to prepare a list of sample farmers. Out of 60 silkworm rearers, 19 were large and 41 were small. The dry cocoon production per farm on small and large category was estimated at 8.25 kg (6.20 kg in spring and 2.05 kg in autumn) and 19.51 kg (16.67 kg in spring and 2.84 kg in autumn). The dry cocoon production per ounce of seed was found to be 20.28 kg and 26.14 kg on small and large category households for both the seasons together. The fixed cost of production / ounce for spring crop varied from 9.92 per cent on small farms to 14.75 per cent on large farms. The variable cost varied from 90.08 per cent on small farms to 85.25 per cent on large farms implying the economical use of fixed and variable resources by large growers. The gross returns per ounce seed basis ranged between ` 1,626 and ` 5,535 on small and large farms for the spring crop. The autumn crop was found to give negative returns; therefore farmers should be provided with technology which could reduce the moisture in the rearing room, develop humidity resistant races of silkworms as well as develop varieties of mulberry plantation which may yield good leaves just after rainy season.

Bio-molecular characterization of stress enzyme profile on esterase in selected silkworm races of Bombyx mori (L.) for biomarker selection

Silkworm Bombyx mori exhibits for eliminating pathogenic defenses by their secretory component of haemolymph and gut component. This study aimed to investigate the stress enzyme role of carboxyl esterase, plays a major function in toxic component detoxification by their lipid assembly. Hence, the study has planned to identify their carboxyl esterase role in haemolymph of six silkworm races using innovative tools. The six silkworm races are characterized based on their esterase profiles and their morphological origins. It was concluded that Nistari, Kollegal Jawan and Hosa Mysore are considered as tolerant races and remaining races are susceptible by eliminating the toxic component from their body. Therefore, the present study could be an index for identifying the esterase role and used as a biomarker for the screening of a wide range of silkworm races for identifying genetic hardiness.

The differences of strength and elongation of the raw silk among silkworm races in genetic resources and attempts to a new feature breeding of silkworm with physical strength thread

The differences of strength and elongation of the raw silk among silkworm races in genetic resources and attempts to a new feature breeding of silkworm with physical strength thread

The double cocoon production of the commercial silkworm race, ‘Tamakoishi’ in the farmhouse by using the plastic mounting without the covering net and the development of the silk shantung fabrics for Western style

The double cocoon production of the commercial silkworm race, ‘Tamakoishi’ in the farmhouse by using the plastic mounting without the covering net and the development of the silk shantung fabrics for Western style

Management Practices of Sericulture Sector in Jalna District of Maharashtra: Current Status and Future Vision

The promotion of sericulture becomes essential in the context of the development priorities of the district due to its eco-friendly character as it not only favours environmental conservation and makes use of locally available resources, increases equitable development through distribution of its incomes but it also entails high employment generation and has high export earning potential. The development of sericulture and silk industry chiefly depends on providing needful infrastructure and technical service support with enhanced participation of all stakeholders. Further, in order to raise the production quality of silk goods, a number of suggestions were pointed out by various research workers. The suggestions mainly encompass: providing options to the farmers to choose mulberry varieties and silkworm races, reduction in cost of production with a view to have comparative price advantages, utilization of more organic manure on farmers’ field and application of modern and recommended technologies, etc.

Effect of feeding mulberry variety V1 on the biology of different bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) races

Effect of feeding mulberry variety V₁ on the biology of different bivoltine silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i> L.) races

Sensitivity evaluation to verify clothing-suitability of fibers produced by various silkworm race varieties

Sensitivity evaluation to verify clothing-suitability of fibers produced by various silkworm race varieties

EVALUATION OF SILKWORM RACES/HYBRIDS FOR CULTRE AT FARMERS’ LEVEL IN UTTAR PRADESH: APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES

The ensuing discussion explains the methodology and techniques for evaluation of mulberry silkworm pure races and some hybrid varieties for cultivation by farmers in the terai region of Uttar Pradesh. After rearing at various places and in different seasons the most suitable variety of silkworm race is found and therefore, suggested for sericulture at farmers’ level for the better production and minimum damage of crops.

Investment, Industrial Growth and Conflict in Kashmir: An Analysis

For a predominantly agrarian economy like ours, development of industries is highly essential in view of the fact that the primary sector in the state which is constrained with low man-land ratio and other structural limitations cannot take the state to high growth path. The state does not enjoy wide variety of mineral resources but is well endowed with some proven natural resources like, lime-stone, gypsum, coal, lignite, quartzite, while clay, Borax etc. The state is also rich in forest wealth and in some industrially important agriculture and horticulture products. Due to temperate climatic conditions, Kashmir is the only place in the Indian union highly suitable for rearing Univoltine and Bio-voltine silkworm races, which are famous for high quality silk. The definite comparative advantage in these and other natural resource endowments certainly provide sufficient scope for industrialization in the lines based on these resources. The state is also gifted with scenic beauty, world famous health resorts, fascinating landscape and historical legacies in craftsmanship skills, thus enjoying a distinct and an important place in handicrafts and tourism industry. For sustainable development in the industrial sector, there is an equal need for peace and stability but unfortunate the state has remained politically most unstable right from the beginning. It is a bone of contention between India & Pakistan and the two countries have fought three wars over the state right from 1947. As a result of the lack of peace and stability, the state has suffered on all fronts including the industrial front. The present paper is a modest attempt to find out the impact of political conflict in the state on investments & industrial development. On the basis of facts and figures it is being found that the lack of lasting peace and stability in the state is the most important factor responsible for the under development of the state’s industrial economy.

Expression of the economic traits in different bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) races reared on mulberry variety V1

Expression of the economic traits in different bivoltine silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i> L.) races reared on mulberry variety V₁

Problems faced by sericulture farmers by adoption of improved production technology practices from Koppal district of Karnataka

The case study was conducted to know the adoption of improved sericulture production technologies and problems faced by farmers in Koppal district of Karnataka during the year 2016–17. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (54.00%) belonged to medium adoption category with respect to sericulture production technologies. Whereas 34% of the respondents belonged to low adoption category and only 12% of the respondents belonged to high adoption category. The variables, namely, age, education, occupation, land holding, family annual income, farming experience in sericulture, mass media participation, extension participation, extension contact, scientific orientation and risk orientation were found important in influencing the adoption of mulberry sericulture production technologies by farmers. With regard to problems, the major problems faced by the farmers are lack of knowledge regarding control of pests and diseases like uzifly, ants, pebrine, white muscardine and yellow muscardine (100.00%), lack of marketing facility and fluctuation in price of cocoon (100.00%), lack of information about crossbred races of silkworm (94.00%), lack of information about concentration of the disinfectant (87.00%), lack of knowledge regarding controlling of pest and diseases (84.00%), lack of supply of disease free laying (DLFs) from govt. sources (84.00%), high cost of establishment at initial stage (80.00%), high incidence pest and disease like stem borer (78.00%), lack of knowledge about training and pruning of mulberry plant (70.00%) and inadequate training facilities (70.00%).

Biology of mysore silkworm race on leaves of mulberry varieties

An experiment was carried out to study the growth and development of mulberry silkworm when subject to rearing on mixture of mulberry varieties. In treatments T1, T2 and T3 the larvae were fed as sole feeding, among which M-5 variety was considered as a standard check. The other treatments T5, T7 and T9 had the mixture of 60: 40% of leaves of varieties M-5+V-l, S-36+ V-1 and M-5+S-36 and the treatment numbers T5, T7 and T9 received a mixture of 40: 60% of leaves of M-5+V-1, S-36+V-1 and M5+S-36. The tenth treatment was the mixture of equal quantity of leaves of M-5, V-1 and S-36 mulberry varieties. The observations revealed that the larval and pupal duration, and moth emergence varied from 28.24 to 29.67 and 10.20 to 11.49 days, 85.67 to 94.67%, respectively when fed on various proportions of leaves of the three varieties evaluated.

Evaluation of different strains of eri silkworms (&lt;i&gt;Samia cynthia ricini&lt;/i&gt; B.) for their adaptability and silk yield in Ethiopia

Eri silkworms, Samia cynthia ricini B., is one of the silkworm races under utilization in Ethiopia. However, it has several strains with wide variation in their commercial traits and selection and utilization of best suited strains of this eri silkworm race that adapt to different agro-ecologies will help to increase silk productivity and profitability. In this experiment, one Vietnamese (Eri- 3.4) and three Indian (Eri-yellow, Eri-green and Eri-marked) eri silkworm strains were evaluated in different locations (Melkassa, Hawassa, Wondo-Genet and Jimma) which represents different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in six replications. Thus, different silkworm strains showed statistical significant silkworm characteristic ranges in different locations which include egg hatchability (62.61% to 89.00%), larval duration (20.67days to 25.83 days), total life cycle duration (50.49 days to 74.00 days), single weight of larva (4.427 grams to 8.155 grams), effective rate of rearing (60.11% to 93.67%), single cocoon weight (1.848 grams to 2.903 grams), single shell weight (0.251 grams to 0.418 grams) and silk ratio (13.06 to 15.05%). However, a Vietnamese eri silkworm strain known by Eri-3.4 have showed an outstanding performance compared to other strains in all the locations especially in cocoon parameters. Therefore, it is recommended for future research and development efforts on eri silkworms in Ethiopia. K ey w o r d s: Eri Silkworm, Strains, Performance, Cocoon

新しい極細繊度品種「白麗」の育成と性状

新しい極細繊度品種「白麗」の育成と性状

누에 피브로인 유전자 다형성 마커 개발

본 실험에서는 누에 피브로인 L-chain 유전자의 인트론 영역을 사용하여 우리나라에서 보존하고 있는 누에 계통중 원산지별 누에 계통 8개를 대상으로 계통 간 유전자다형성을 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 실험에 사용한 누에 계통에 따라서 동일한 계통 내 모든 개체에서 FibL1과 FibL2의 유전자다형성 조합이 일정하게 유지되어 있었으며, 계통 간에는 FibL1과 FibL2의 유전자 다형성 패턴 조합이 다소 상이한 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 프라이머 FibL1와 FibL2에 의한 피브로인 L-chain 유전자 다형성 염기서열 정보를 활용한다면 제한된 영역에서 누에 계통 구분을 위한 지표로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. We have previously characterized the complete fibroin light chain gene from one of the silkworm race Baegokjam (Bombyx mori) and found two variable regions (FibL1, intron 2 ~ 3; FibL2, intron 6) with the primer sets designed to cover these variable regions. In this study, we tested the utility of these variable regions as genetic markers for classifying silkworm races. For the purpose, Europian races (Q, PK), Chinese races (C26, C31), Japanese races (N15, N9), and tropical races (SA2, SA5) were used in this experiment. The polymorphism of the FibL1 and FibL2 were divided into two and three types, respectively. The combination of the FibL1 and FibL2 polymorphisms were constant within the same races. The result suggest that the primer sets designed from two variable regions of fibroin light chain gene may be useful as the genetic markers for silkworm races.

Genome wide microarray based expression profiles associated with BmNPV resistance and susceptibility in Indian silkworm races of Bombyx mori

The molecular mechanism involved in BmNPV resistance was investigated using a genome wide microarray in midgut tissue of Indian silkworm Bombyx mori. In resistant race (Sarupat), 735 genes up-regulated and 589 genes down-regulated at 12h post BmNPV infection. Similarly, in case of susceptible race (CSR-2), 2183 genes up-regulated and 2115 genes down-regulated. Among these, nine up-regulated and eight down-regulated genes were validated using real-time qPCR analysis. In Sarupat, vacuolar protein sorting associated, Xfin-like protein and carboxypeptidase E-like protein genes significantly up-regulated in infected midgut; prominently down-regulated genes were glutamate receptor ionotropic kainite 2-like, BTB/POZ domain and transferrin. Considerably up-regulated genes in the CSR-2 were peptidoglycan recognition protein S6 precursor and rapamycin while the conspicuous down-regulated genes were facilitated trehalose transporter and zinc transporter ZIP1-like gene. The up-regulation of genes in resistant race after BmNPV infection indicates their possible role in antiviral immune response.

KUALITAS KOKON HASIL PERSILANGAN ANTARA ULAT SUTERA (Bombyx mory L.) RAS CINA DAN RAS JEPANG

This study was aimed to get the qualified silkworm (Bombyx mory L.) stock by crossing between Chinese dan Japanese races. The materials used in this study were the best fourth lines of Chinese and Japanese silkworm races at Forestry Research and Development Agency, Bogor. Experimental design used in this study was Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that observed parameters were significantly affected by crossed combination. Sixteen crossedbreed combinations resulted were potensial to be selected as commercial stock compared to control BS-09.

Differential Level of Host Gene Expression Associated with Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection in Silkworm Races of Bombyx mori

The variation in the level of immune response related gene expression in silkworm, Bombyx mori following infection with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) was analyzed at different time intervals. The occlusion bodies of BmNPV orally inoculated to the two most divergent silkworm races viz., Sarupat (resistant to BmNPV infection) and CSR2 (susceptible to BmNPV infection) were subjected to oral BmNPV inoculation. The expression profile of gp 41 gene of BmNPV in the Sarupat and CSR2 races revealed that the virus could invade the midguts of both susceptible and resistant races. However, its multiplication was significantly less in the midgut of resistant race, while, in the susceptible race, the viral multiplication reached maximum level within 12 h. These findings indicate that potential host genes are involved in the inhibition of viral multiplication within larval midgut. The immune response genes arylphorin, cathepsin B, gloverin, lebocin, serpin, Hsp 19.9, Hsp 20.1, Hsp 20.4, Hsp 20.8, Hsp 21.4, Hsp 23.7, Hsp 40, Hsp 70, Hsp90 revealed differential level of expression on NPV infection. The gloverin, serpin, Hsp 23.7 and Hsp 40 genes are significantly up-regulated in the resistant race after NPV infection. The early up-regulation of these genes suggests that these genes could play an important role in baculovirus resistance in the silkworm, B. mori.

Analysis of Cocoon and Silk Quality of Trimolter Silkworms Induced by Anti-Juvenile Hormone

Trimolter silk fiber has special economic value and bright prospect in terms of developing the distinctive silk textile of high quality. In this research, the trimolters were induced by AJH (Jinlu inducer) using two races of silkworms (Qiufeng×Baiyu and Liangguang NO.2) as materials, and their cocoon and silk quality differences were investigated with single cocoon reeling test The results showed that the cocoon filament denier were different because of silkworm races and treatment periods The cocoon filament deniers from the controls, 3rd instar and 4th instar treatment groups of Liangguang NO.2 were 2.64 D, 1.45D and 0.78 D, while the cocoon filament deniers of Qiufeng×Baiyu were 2.47 D, 1.75 D and 1.01 D, respectively. Compared with the controls, the breakage strength of silk fiber from 3rd instar treatment groups of Qiufeng×Baiyu and Liangguang NO.2 enhanced 109.6 % and 145.2 %, on the contrary, that of 4th instar treatment groups declined to 70.3 % and 43.6 %. Additionally, sericin tended to decrease after the treatment of AJH. These results showed that fine filament silk with high quality could be produced in the early stage of 3rd instar induced by AJH, which was superior to that of tetramolters, and the super fine filament silk can be produced in the stage of 4th instar induced by AJH.