Silkworm Blood Research Articles

An electrochemical immunosensor based on hybrid self-assembled monolayers for rapid detection of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is highly contagious and poses a serious threat to sericulture production. Because there are currently no effective treatments for BmNPV, a rapid and simple detection method is urgently needed. This paper describes an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of BmNPV. The immunosensor was fabricated by covalently immobilizing anti-BmNPV, a biorecognition element, onto the surface of the working gold electrode via 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA)/β-mercaptoethanol (ME) hybrid self-assembled monolayers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the electrochemical performance and morphology of the immunosensor, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the developed immunosensor exhibited a linear response to BmNPV polyhedrin in the range of 1 × 102–1 × 108 fg/mL, with a low detection limit of 14.54 fg/mL. The immunosensor also exhibited remarkable repeatability, reproducibility, specificity, accuracy, and regeneration. Normal silkworm blood was mixed with BmNPV polyhedrin and analyzed quantitatively using this sensor, and the recovery was 92.31 %–100.61 %. Additionally, the sensor was used to analyze silkworm blood samples at different time points after BmNPV infection, and an obvious antigen signal was detected at 12 h post infection. Although this result agreed with that provided by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, the electroanalysis method established in this study was simpler, shorter in detection period, and lower in material cost. Furthermore, this innovative electrochemical immunosensor, developed for the ultra-sensitive and rapid detection of BmNPV, can be used for the early detection of virus-infected silkworms.

Further development of a new health food (silkworm powder) based on the rheological characteristics of silkworm blood

Further development of a new health food (silkworm powder) based on the rheological characteristics of silkworm blood

蚕血液のレオロジー特性を考慮した健康食品(蚕パウダー)の開発

蚕血液のレオロジー特性を考慮した健康食品(蚕パウダー)の開発

The Fluorescent Pigment of Mulberry Transferred in the Body of Silkworm, <i>Bombyx Mori</i>

Using silkworm (Bombyx mori, Dazao strain) as material, the fluorescent pigment of mulberry, silkworm blood, silk gland, cocoon shell, silkworm excrement, silkworm urine and moth urine were analyzed by using the technology of thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results indicated that there were 7 bands of fluorescent pigment from the extracts of green cocoon shell after TLC analysis. While, 2 bands in silkworm blood and its urine extracts, 4 bands in the silk gland extracts, as well as 5 bands in moth urine extracts were detected, but no band detection in the silkworm excrement extracts. The blue-violet fluorescent pigment which has the same Rf (0.35) was detected from the extracts of green cocoon shell, silk gland, silkworm urine, moth urine and mulberry after TLC analysis, but it cannot be found in silkworm blood and silkworm excrement. It was revealed that the blue-violet fluorescent pigment may be transferred directly from mulberry leaves, and then accumulated in the silk gland. Most of the pigment remained in the cocoon shell. And only a small amount of this kind of pigment was excreted through urine. There was also some yellow-green fluorescent pigment detected in the silkworm blood, silk gland and cocoon shell extracts, but it cannot be detected in both the mulberry and silkworm urine extracts. It was suggested that yellow-green fluorescent pigment synthesis pathway exist in the body of silkworm (Bombyx mori, Dazao strain).

Hemocytes and humoral factors in silkworm blood are cooperatively involved in sheep erythrocyte aggregation

Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) rapidly aggregated when injected into the blood (hemolymph) of living silkworms. SRBCs also rapidly aggregated when incubated with hemolymph in vitro. SRBCs did not aggregate when incubated with single hemolymph components, hemocytes and cell-free plasma separated by centrifugation, whereas incubation with the mixture of components induced SRBC aggregation, suggesting that both hemocytes and plasma are required for the reaction. Treatment of hemocytes with sodium azide inhibited SRBC aggregation. On the other hand, SRBCs pre-incubated with hemocytes aggregated in the plasma, even in the presence of sodium azide. SRBC aggregation was not observed when the SRBCs were physically separated from the hemocytes by a polycarbonate filter. These findings suggest that SRBCs are directly attacked by hemocytes and become sensitive to humoral factors that cause SRBC aggregation.

Flow Mechanism for Fluidity of Silkworm(Bombyx mori) Blood in a Capillary.

Flow property and dispersal state of silkworm (Bombyx mori) blood in a capillary were studied using various bore-sizes of a low shear capillary viscometer combined with photomicroscopy. The viscosity of blood showed the characteristic shear rate dependence and viscosity value influenced by the capillary bore-size. This dependence was affected by the change in dispersal state of particles in the silkworm blood and also affected by the feeding. These effects can be attributed to the formation change of the aggregates of dispersed blood cell particle and particle number distribution in a capillary. The change in flow mechanism of the silkworm blood obtained from the feed of mulberry leaves and artificial feed was elucidated by the blood cell particle distribution in a capillary. From this experimental result, a flow model of the blood was derived and the wall layer was determined to be composed of double layers in the flowing liquid of a capillary.

Free Fatty Acid Composition In A Silkworm (Bombyx Mori) Blood

The constituents of the extract from the blood of silkworm, Bombyx mori (5 th instar 2 days, 6 days and 9 days) have been studied with respect to their fatty acid contents. Twelve compounds were characterized from the extracts of silkworm. Characteristic components of free fatty acid in all days were the hexanoic acid and octanoic acid as the main component. Total free unsaturated fatty acids (cis-6, cis-9, cis-12-octadecatrienoic acid, cis-9, cis-12-octadecadienoic acid and cis-9-octadecenoic acid) were included 38.93% in 5th instar 2 days, 43.79% in 6 days, and 31.22% in 9 days, respectively. the relationship between the free fatty acid component and the viscosity of blood are also discussed.

Effect of age and source of silkworm (Bombyx mori) on viscometric behavior of silkworm blood

Effect of age and source of silkworm (<I>Bombyx mori</I>) on viscometric behavior of silkworm blood

Isolation of a Neuroactive Substance, L-Leucine, from the Blood of Silkworm Poisoned with DDT

A neuroactive substance was isolated in colorless crystalline state from body fluid of silkworm larvae which had been poisoned with DDT. It increased a spontaneous activity on the isolated abdominal nerve cord of American cockroaches, and resembled to the Sternburg's unknwon neuroactive substance1), in some respects. This compound was, however, not aromatic amine but was identified as L-leucine by mass spectra, infrared absorption spectra, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and paper chromatography. Authentic L-leucine also showed a high neuroactivity. Various kinds of other amino acids were also tested on the isolated nerve cord of cockroach, and they did not show any increase of spontaneous discharge except L-alanine, which appeared to have a weak neuroactivity.

Blood proteins of the silkwormBombyx mori L.

The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the proteins of the silkworm blood were studied by the technique of agarophoresis. The blood of larvae at the final stage revealed the presence of six different protein zones. Considerable differences in the patterns were observed at different stages of growth. There was an increase in the total nitrogen of the blood up to the 5th instar and then came a sudden decrease in the one-day old pupae. Nitrogen concentration was at its highest in egg 1 stage and the electrophoretic pattern closely corresponded to the final larval pattern. Results indicate to the involvement of silk glands in the synthesis and breakdown of a protein designated as protein 5.

STUDIES ON AN IN VITRO CATALASE INHIBITOR FROM SILKWORM BLOOD

Journal Article STUDIES ON AN IN VITRO CATALASE INHIBITOR FROM SILKWORM BLOOD: I. OBSERVATIONS ON THE INHIBITORY ACTION Get access TADAKAZ OHOKA TADAKAZ OHOKA From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan UnversityTokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 48, Issue 6, December 1960, Pages 853–861, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127238 Published: 01 December 1960 Article history Received: 13 August 1960 Published: 01 December 1960

Tyrosinase in the silkworm during the pupation period

The change in tyrosinase activity in silkworm blood from the full-grown larval stage to pupation follows a V-shaped curve. In the integument the curve is almost reversed, and the activity is lowest just after pupation. Tyrosinase activity in the blood plasma gives an almost similar curve to that of whole blood, whereas in the haemocytes the activity is rather constant and the ratio of the activity in blood plasma to whole blood was very low at pupation compared with any other time. Tyrosinase could be observed only in oenocytoids (and/or phagocytes of the pupal type); the other types of haemocytes scarcely stained with Nadi reagent or catechol solution. During pupation the darkly stained haemocytes amount to several per cent of all haemocytes. The change of tyrosinase activity in acetone powder of the blood is fairly different from that of intact blood, and the amount of copper found in blood plasma is higher than in the whole blood during pupation.

Blood Trehalose and Fat-Body Glycogen in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

SINCE the report by Wyatt and Kalf1 that trehalose is the principal carbohydrate in, silkworm blood, attention has been paid to the biosynthetic process of this disaccharide in insects. Treherne2 showed that trehalose labelled with carbon-14 is synthesized from labelled glucose, fructose and mannose in the locust, Schistocerca, and Candy and Kilby3 demonstrated with this insect that the fat-body participates in the biosynthesis of trehalose, where adenosine triphosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose are required as co-factors for the enzymatic reactions involved. However, there are no publications dealing extensively with the correlation between in vivo formation of trehalose and various carbohydrates ingested by insects. As for the biosynthesis of glycogen, such a correlation has been elucidated, to some extent, with the fat body and other tissues of insects4.

Electrophoresis of the blood of the silkworm, Bombyx mori on filter paper

1) The daily change of the electrophoretic pattern of the silkworm blood from larval to pupal stage was examined. Three components (b3, b2, b1) were present in the blood of the early period of the 5th instar as shown in the previous paper (AIZAWA, 1955), while from 4-5th day of the 5th instar to pupal stage, there appeared two components, which were densely stained (Figs. 1, 3). In the latter case, when the electrophoresis was performed with the diluted blood, three protein components could be clearly detected (Fig. 2). b3 is the fastest moving component and it seems to be albumin. b2 and b1 are probably globulin. b3 component decreased with the pupal age and finally disappeared, at earlier time in male than in female.2) Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns was made by veronal, phosphate, citrate, borate or tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer with the varying ion concentration and pH. The separation of the protein fractions with veronal buffer (pH 8.6, I=0.05) was better than with other buffers.3) Comparison of staining, was examined using bromphenol blue, solar blue black and amido black. All dyes were suitable for the purpose. By sudan black staining, b3 component was slightly stained (Fig. 4).4) Paper strips were cut off from the electrophoresis paper of the jaundice-diseased blood at the regions of b3, b2+b1 and the starting line as shown in Fig. 5. The virus was extracted with the distilled water and the injection experiments were performed. The virus amount was highest in b2+b1 fractions and it decreased in the fraction from near the starting line. The virus activity was scarecely shown in the fraction of b3.5) Any difference, except for quantitative one was not observed in the electrophoretic patterns of the blood between the normal and diseased larvae (both nuclear and cytoplasmic polyhedroses). On the contrary, the pattern of Galleria mellonella is, however, different from that of Galleria-adapted silkworm jaundice virus (Aizawa, unpub.).

Electrophoresis of the blood of silkworm, Bombyx mori, on the filter paper

Electrophoresis of the blood of silkworm, <I>Bombyx mori</I>, on the filter paper

Tyrosinase in the blood of silk-worm, Bombyx mori L. (III) On the injured larvae.

Tyrosinase in the blood of silk-worm, Bombyx mori L. (III) On the injured larvae.

The Relation between Refractive Index and Specific Gravity of the Silkworm Blood and the Changes of those Two of Blood in the Ligatured Worms (A Preliminary Note)

The Relation between Refractive Index and Specific Gravity of the Silkworm Blood and the Changes of those Two of Blood in the Ligatured Worms (A Preliminary Note)

Discrimination by Paper Chromatography of the Free Amino Acids in the Blood of Silkworm

Discrimination by Paper Chromatography of the Free Amino Acids in the Blood of Silkworm