Silk Road Research Articles

Contemporary Inheritance and Interpretation of Silk Road Music and Dance Culture in the Tang Dynasty

Contemporary Inheritance and Interpretation of Silk Road Music and Dance Culture in the Tang Dynasty

Measuring complexity in mega construction projects: fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey relational analysis

PurposeMega construction projects (MCPs), characterized by their vast scale, numerous stakeholders and complex management, often face significant uncertainties and challenges. While existing research has explored the complexity of MCPs, it predominantly focuses on qualitative analysis and lacks systematic quantitative measurement methods. Therefore, this study aims to construct a complexity measurement model for MCPs using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey relational analysis.Design/methodology/approachThis study first constructs a complexity measurement framework through a systematic literature review, covering six dimensions of technical complexity, organizational complexity, goal complexity, environmental complexity, cultural complexity and information complexity and comprising 30 influencing factors. Secondly, a fuzzy evaluation matrix for complexity is constructed using a generalized bell-shaped membership function to effectively handle the fuzziness and uncertainty in the assessment. Subsequently, grey relational analysis is used to calculate the relational degree of each complexity factor, identifying their weights in the overall complexity. Finally, the weighted comprehensive evaluation results of project complexity are derived by combining the fuzzy evaluation results with the grey relational degrees.FindingsTo validate the model’s effectiveness, the 2020 Xi’an Silk Road International Conference Center construction project is used as a case study. The results indicate that the overall complexity level of the project is moderate, with goal complexity being the highest, followed by organizational complexity, environmental complexity, technical complexity, cultural complexity and informational complexity. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the model can accurately reflect the variations across different dimensions of MCP complexity and can be effectively applied in real-world projects.Originality/valueThis study systematically integrates research on MCPs complexity, establishing a multidimensional complexity measurement framework that addresses the limitations of previous studies focusing on partial dimensions. Moreover, the proposed quantitative measurement model combines fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey relational analysis, enhancing the accuracy and objectivity of complexity measurement while minimizing subjective bias. Lastly, the model has broad applicability and can be used in MCPs across different countries and regions, providing a scientific and effective basis for identifying and managing MCP complexity.

Genomic analysis provides insights into the origin and divergence of fruit flavor and flesh color of pummelo.

Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the most important citrus crops and have genetically contributed sweet orange, lemon and most citrus cultivars. It has been cultivated for c. 4000 years in China and is also distributed in many Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, the origin and dispersal of pummelo remain elusive. We conducted whole-genome sequencing for 290 pummelo accessions from China and Southeast Asia (SEA). Our findings indicated that pummelo was originated in Yunnan province. The divergence of the China-SEA accessions occurred c. 2000 years ago and the divergence was likely facilitated through the Maritime Silk Road. We detected the divergence of genomic regions associated with fruit flavor and color, indicating different selection by human activities in different regions. A gene encoding lycopene cyclase 2 (LCYB2) exhibited a high degree of divergence in expression and sequence between red-flesh and white-flesh pummelos. A SNP in the coding region of LCYB2 resulted in a reduction in lycopene β-cyclizing enzyme activity, leading to the accumulation of lycopene and the development of the red-flesh trait. This study reveals the origin and evolutionary history of pummelo and provides insights into the genomic basis for the divergence of fruit flavor and color.

Nexus of Knowledge on the Silk Roads

Nexus of Knowledge on the Silk Roads

From Zero to Infinity

Abstract Both China and India have an ancient mathematical tradition. From the extant records, the encounter of the two traditions took place in Inner Asia, Southeast Asia and in various cosmopolitan centres along the Silk Roads during the first millennium CE. The encounter was documented almost exclusively from the Chinese side, along with fragmentary evidence from Central Asia and the Sino-Indian peripheries, and almost none from India. In this paper, my focus will be the Chinese reception of Indian zero and large numbers, and to evaluate critically the impact they had, or did not have, on the Chinese mathematical tradition, and what the factors for exchange are.

Sea-level changes and human economic development in the northern flank of the Yangtze River Delta during the Middle to Late Holocene

The environmental dynamics in coastal regions are inevitably influenced by fluctuations in sea levels and human interventions. Evidence derived from archeological site remains and sediment cores indicates that sea-level change has been the primary driving force behind the continuous relocation of human settlements since the Holocene epoch. However, the understanding of the Holocene land formation process and its relationship with human activities in the northern flank of the Yangtze River Delta remains limited. The Guoqing Temple, located in southwest Juegang and serving as a hub for sea salt production during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, was established in the Tang Dynasty and served as one of the pivotal points along the Maritime Silk Road. A sedimentary core was obtained in close to the Guoqing Temple, and the sedimentological and micropalaeontological data were analyzed to investigate the process of sedimentary evolution from marine to terrestrial environments, as well as the environmental factors facilitating the development of the salt industry. Analysis results explained that: Between 6360 and 1750 cal yr BP, the study area was situated in a shallow sea on the outermost periphery of the sandbank, with a maximum water depth of 20 m. After 1750 cal yr BP, it underwent a transition to a supratidal low-salinity shallow marsh environment that continued to be influenced by marine conditions. The climate in the study area is primarily influenced by the Asian monsoon: Before 3000 cal yr BP, the overall climatic conditions were characterized by warm and humid conditions; After 3000 cal yr BP, climate stability prevailed in the region. Meanwhile, due to the newly formed wetlands that facilitated extensive salt production, economic shifts toward southern regions, and reforms in salt laws during the Tang Dynasty, Juegang emerged as a flourishing commercial trade hub and a prosperous center for Buddhist culture.

Harnessing Digital Strategies to Combat Cryptocurrency-Enabled Crimes: Addressing Money Laundering, Illicit Trade, and Cyber Threats

Purpose: This research explores how advanced digital strategies can be harnessed to combat cryptocurrency-enabled crimes, focusing on the use of blockchain analysis, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and enhanced regulatory frameworks to detect, trace, and prevent illegal transactions on cryptocurrency platforms. Materials and Method: The study examines the challenges law enforcement and regulatory bodies face due to the pseudonymous nature of cryptocurrencies and their cross-border complexities. It analyses emerging digital tools that facilitate the de-anonymization of transactions and enable real-time monitoring of suspicious activities. Case studies from recent high-profile cryptocurrency crimes, such as the Silk Road shutdown and recent ransomware attacks, are utilized to highlight the effectiveness of these digital strategies. Findings: The findings indicate that a multi-layered approach, which combines technological innovations with global regulatory efforts, is essential for mitigating risks associated with cryptocurrency as a facilitator of cybercrime. Advanced analytics and regulatory techniques are identified as key resources for detecting and preventing illicit activities. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research demonstrates practical implications for law enforcement agencies in developing strategies that integrate advanced digital tools to improve their capabilities to manage and investigate cryptocurrency-related crimes. From a policy perspective, the study highlights the importance of creating adaptive regulatory frameworks that can evolve alongside cryptocurrency technology to effectively address the unique challenges it presents in combating cybercrime.

Faience beads excavated from Laolongtou cemetery, Yanyuan: new evidence of the cultural exchange between the south‐western and north‐western parts of China

AbstractAncient Chinese beads provide important evidence of cultural exchanges. This study used a scanning electron microscope with an energy‐dispersive spectrometer to analyse the microstructure and chemical composition of faience beads excavated from Laolongtou cemetery in Yanyuan county, China. Based on the analysis results, two glazing methods (efflorescence and cementation) and two bead types (high‐Pb and high‐K beads) were identified. A comparison of the chemical compositions of samples unearthed at the Laolongtou cemetery and samples from north‐western China indicated close regional contact. Bronze wares and burial customs in Laolongtou cemetery also revealed that the Yanyuan region might be a significant node in the Southern Silk Road between the south‐western and north‐western parts of China and even in Southeast Asia.

The Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Silk Road: Urgent Issues and Research Prospects

The Silk Road, as an ancient network of trade routes, played a critical role in fostering economic, cultural, and social exchanges between East and West. The historical and cultural legacy of the Silk Road has continued to be a subject of academic interest, offering rich insights into cross-cultural interactions, technological transfers, and the spread of religions and ideas. This paper explores the significance of the Silk Road’s heritage, current challenges in preserving its legacy, and the prospects for future research, focusing on the intersection of history, archaeology, and cultural preservation

A cross-cultural perspective on ornamental serpentine patterns along the Great Silk Road

This article explores the Silk Road, one of history’s most significant trade networks that bridged China and the West. The route fostered a vibrant cultural exchange, visible in the art and ornamental patterns that developed along its path. This study provides a cross-cultural perspective on ornamentation within the Great Steppe, particularly focusing on Kazakh baskur—a decorative band traditionally used in nomadic dwellings. Examining the symbolic and functional roles of baskur, the paper highlights both its artistic legacy and its broader cultural impact across the Silk Road region.

HLA-B*51:01 in Iranian patients with Behcet uveitis syndrome

BackgroundBehcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem disorder prevalent along the historic Silk Road, with Behcet's uveitis (BU) representing a significant complication contributing to disability. Various studies have linked different HLA alleles with BD across diverse populations. MethodsIn this study, we investigated the association between HLA-B51:01/x and HLA-B27/x genotypes with Behcet's uveitis in 50 unrelated Iranian patients diagnosed with Behcet's uveitis, comparing them to a control group of 70 healthy individuals. Our analysis aimed to determine the susceptibility conferred by these alleles and assess their clinical relevance. ResultsOur findings indicate a notable susceptibility conferred by the HLA-B51:01/x genotype for Behcet's uveitis (P=0.0001). Conversely, the B27/x genotype did not demonstrate significant associations with Behcet's uveitis. Furthermore, we employed prevalence-corrected positive predictive value (PcPPV) calculations to gauge the clinical utility of testing for these alleles within the Iranian Behcet's uveitis patient population. The PcPPV for B27/x genotype testing was determined to be 0.05%, while the PcPPV for B51:01/x genotype testing in the same population was 0.065%. These results suggest that carriers of the B*51:01 allele, when presenting with clinical symptoms, exhibit a heightened risk for Behcet's uveitis compared to the general population. ConclusionIndividuals carrying the B51:01 allele, when symptomatic, face an elevated Behcet's uveitis risk. This insight aids in targeted clinical assessments for at-risk populations.

THE ROLE OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD AND THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE AND CENTRAL ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS

This article reveals the role of the Great Silk Road and the historical development of Chinese and Central Asian civilization. Including the role of the formation and development of the Great Silk Road in the history of China, in particular, the efforts to develop this trade route during the Qin, Han, Ming and Qing dynasties. ‎

The Climate Agenda as a Long-term Priority for Russia

The importance and urgency of low-carbon development and adaptation to climate change are becoming one of the central trends in long-term environmental strategy of Russia. It is concluded that the changes taking place in Russian legislation are confirming the country’s unchanged course to participate in the global climate agenda and search for new opportunities for economic growth (including sustainable development and the green economy). Proposals have been developed to mitigate threats to the implementation of the green agenda in the Russian economy. In particular, it is proposed to introduce new forms of international cooperation, such as active involvement in the Green Coalition of the New Silk Road, as well as increased participation of business in this and other areas.

Modern Silk Road— Historical Factors Influencing Present Opinions on BRI

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical reason behind the cautious attitude of the former Silk Road regions toward the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It starts with a detailed summary of the existing modern literature on the current respective views of the BRI from developing regions along the ancient Silk Road— Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and India. It then proceeds to search ancient texts for historical factors influencing the present. Connections between investigations of historical factors and studies of the literature on current opinions are drawn during the analyses. This research eventually shows that historical factors played a role in shaping countries’ cautious attitude toward the BRI. The results offer valuable insights from a historical perspective into many countries within vastly different regions and their people encompassed by the Belt and Road (B&R), thus shedding light on future policy- making related to the BRI and fostering mutually beneficial bilateral and multilateral cooperations between developing countries.

The Prosperity of the Silk Road Qinghai Road during the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

Qinghai Road is an integral part of the overland Silk Road and an auxiliary passage of the Hexi Corridor, the main road. During the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains was still in turmoil, and Qinghai Road once replaced Hexi Road because of its safety and convenience, and became the main line of the eastern section of the Silk Road, and all kinds of people were constantly on the Qinghai Road.

Glass Finds from the Elite House of Roue, a Sasanian City Building in Western Iran: Composition and Classification Using XRF and Raman Spectroscopy

The Silk Road connected the east of Iran to the western world. Roue city is close to the Road. Six glass samples from Roue were classified on the basis of morphology, archaeological context and compositions. The samples were analysed by means of XRF and Raman spectroscopy and two specific groups, namely Roue type 1 and Roue type 2, with close composition to high alumina plant-ash glass in circulation from the 6th to 10th centuries CE in Mesopotamia, Iran and Syria, were identified. The simultaneous occurrence of two types of glass in the excavated layers shows that the house was inhabited in the early Islamic period. Colours (black, amber-green, light and aqua blue) were produced mainly by the amount of iron and sulphur ions required for the amber chromophore and copper ions for the blue colour and the controlling of reducing conditions in the furnace.

Flatbreads in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur Groups and its Role in Sustainable Food System

Abstract Background Flatbreads are various types of comparably thin bread and are widespread in a large region. People embed flatbreads with special cultural meanings and adapted local ingredients for baking flatbreads. More attention has been focused on flatbreads in recent years. However, how the cross-border Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur groups use flatbreads is understudied. Methods To understand how the cross-border Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur groups use flatbreads, the current paper reviews existing English, Mandarin, and some Russian literature to summarize how the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur groups use flatbreads. Results The results show that these three ethnic groups prepare and use flatbreads in multiple aspects. The Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur people use 23, 9, and 17 types of flatbreads respectively. The flatbreads used by the Kazakh and Kyrgyz people have more overlapping than those of the Uighur people while the relevant studies of Kyrgyz people are more understudied. This resemblance may be because of the closer nomadic lifestyle and the similar influences of Russia and the USSR. The ingredients of flatbreads are aligned with the local ecosystems and have been evolving consistently in the past centuries because of the changes in technology, politics, lifestyles, health perceptions, acculturation, and globalization. Conclusions Because of the eco-friendly features of flatbreads and the widespread use of these foods, flatbreads have a high potential to support a regional strategy for sustainable food system transformation and planetary health along the Silk Road countries. To achieve this goal, more studies should be conducted to contribute missing information about ingredients, cooking methods, features, and regional differences in using flatbreads; more nutritious and bio-diverse recipes of flatbreads and the most eco-friendly cooking energy resources for baking flatbread should be identified; new meanings should be given to flatbreads to promote the use. Key messages • The first study to summarize how Kazakh, Uighur, and Kyrgyz peoples use flatbread. • Justify a potential to use flatbread for sustainable food system transformation.

Application of Traditional Chinese Culture in Cross-Cultural English Education: A Case Study of the Maritime Silk Road in Guangdong Province

The phenomenon of aphasia in Chinese culture is serious. The existing English teaching materials emphasize too much Western culture education and lack traditional Chinese cultural elements. Therefore, this paper takes the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road as an example to study the specific application of traditional Chinese culture in cross-cultural English education. This paper first summarizes the significance of cross-cultural integration into college English education and then points out the serious phenomenon of Chinese cultural aphasia. Next, the paper focuses on English education, using English textbooks as a starting point to explore and integrate strategies related to excellent traditional Chinese culture from the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road. By integrating traditional Chinese culture into business English classes (with the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road as an example), the study explores the influence of such cultural integration on students’ cross-cultural communication skills, cultural identity, and learning effects. The results showed that the P value of the experimental group and the control group was < 0.05, that is, cultural integration had a positive effect on improving the effect of cross-cultural English education. The overall scores and cultural confidence of the experimental group are higher than those of the control group, which proves that cross-cultural teaching has a positive effect on the improvement of students’ scores.

Large-scale medieval urbanism traced by UAV-lidar in highland Central Asia.

Aerial light detection and ranging (lidar) has emerged as a powerful technology for mapping urban archaeological landscapes, especially where dense vegetation obscures site visibility1,2. More recently, uncrewed aerial vehicle/drone lidar scanning has markedly improved the resolution of three-dimensional point clouds, allowing for the detection of slight traces of structural features at centimetres of detail across large archaeological sites, a method particularly useful in areas such as mountains, where rapid deposition and erosion irregularly bury and expose archaeological remains3. Here we present the results of uncrewed aerial vehicle-lidar surveys in Central Asia, conducted at two recently discovered archaeological sites in southeastern Uzbekistan: Tashbulak and Tugunbulak. Situated at around 2,000-2,200 m above sea level, these sites illustrate a newly documented geography of large, high-altitude urban centres positioned along the mountainous crossroads of Asia's medieval Silk Routes (6th-11th centuryCE (Common Era)4,5. Although hidden by centuries of surface processes, our pairing of very-high-resolution surface modelling with semiautomated feature detection produces a detailed plan of monumental fortifications and architecture spanning 120 ha at Tugunbulak, thereby demonstrating one of the largest highland urban constellations in premodern Central Asia. Documentation of extensive urban infrastructure and technological production among medieval communities in Central Asia's mountains-a crucial nexus for Silk Road trade networks6-provides a new perspective on the participation of highland populations in the economic, political and social formation of medieval Eurasia.

Integrating carbon reduction and ecological resilience strategies in the silk road economic corridor

The Silk Road Economic Belt has become a pivotal region for China's sustainable development, focusing on the balance between carbon emissions and ecological resilience. Understanding the coordination between these factors is crucial for advancing China's westward economic shift and optimizing urban and demographic structures. This study investigates the coupling and coordination dynamics between carbon emissions and ecological resilience across 15 key cities in the Silk Road Economic Belt, using data from 2008 to 2018. By applying a "pressure-state-response" framework, the ecological resilience of the region is quantitatively assessed. Spatial disparities and the dynamic evolution of coupling coordination are analyzed through the Gini coefficient and kernel density estimation. The findings reveal significant regional variations in ecological resilience and a decline in coupling coordination over time. Shifts in the patterns of coordination indicate opportunities for enhancing resource utilization and environmental management. This research provides theoretical insights for policymakers to improve green development strategies, optimize industrial structures, and plan urban green spaces more effectively within the Silk Road Economic Belt.