Silicon-based Compounds Research Articles

A hollow mesoporous iron oxide nanoparticle to strengthen Fenton reaction and weaken antioxidant defense systems for high efficacy tumor ferroptosis therapy

Traditional drug delivery system (DDS) such as hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticle (HMON) can achieve efficient delivery of ferroptosis-inducing agents for tumor therapy due to its high drug loading content (DLC), but is limited by their slow degradation and the uselessness of their silicon-based compounds. In this study, a novel hollow mesoporous superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (HMSPION) was developed with 100 nm of hollow core and 40 nm of mesoporous shell with a high DLC (up to 22.9 %) of β-Lapachone (LAP), doxorubicin (DOX), sorafenib (SFN) and/or Zn2+. Furthermore, we propose a new strategy to strengthen Fenton reaction and weaken antioxidant defense systems in tumors by co-loading Zn2+ and LAP into HMSPION to generate LAP@HMSPION@Zn. Specifically, i) LAP@HMSPION@Zn is degraded into Fe2+/3+, Zn2+, and LAP in acidic tumor microenvironment. ii) LAP catalyzes O2 to be superoxide anion radical (O2•−) and Zn2+ raises the O2•− production in mitochondria. iii) The O2•− can be catalyzed into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via superoxide dismutase. iv) H2O2 and the released Fe2+ accelerate the Fenton reaction, generating highly toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH). v) The Fe3+ consumes GSH and LAP downregulates GSH level by NADPH consumption, thereby relieving the antioxidant defense systems in tumor cells.

Element Screening of High-Entropy Silicon Anodes for Superior Li-Storage Performance of Li-Ion Batteries.

The high-entropy silicon anodes are attractive for enhancing electronic and Li-ionic conductivity while mitigating volume effects for advanced Li-ion batteries (LIBs), but are plagued by the complicated elements screening process. Inspired by the resemblances in the structure between sphalerite and diamond, we have selected sphalerite-structured SiP with metallic conductivity as the parent phase for exploring the element screening of high-entropy silicon-based anodes. The inclusion of the Zn in the sphalerite structure is crucial for improving the structural stability and Li-storage capacity. Within the same group, Li-storage performance is significantly improved with increasing atomic number in the order of BZnSiP3 < AlZnSiP3 < GaZnSiP3 < InZnSiP3. Thus, InZnSiP3-based electrodes achieved a high capacity of 719 mA h g-1 even after 1,500 cycles at 2,000 mA g-1, and a high-rate capacity of 725 mA h g-1 at 10,000 mA g-1, owing to its superior lithium-ion affinity, faster electronic conduction and lithium-ion diffusion, higher Li-storage capacity and reversibility, and mechanical integrity than others. Additionally, the incorporation of elements with larger atomic sizes leads to greater lattice distortion and more defects, further facilitating mass and charge transport. Following these screening rules, high-entropy disordered-cation silicon-based compounds such as GaCuSnInZnSiP6, GaCu(or Sn)InZnSiP5, and CuSnInZnSiP5, as well as high-entropy compounds with mixed-cation and -anion compositions, such as InZnSiPSeTe and InZnSiP2Se(or Te), are synthesized, demonstrating improved Li-storage performance with metallic conductivity. The phase formation mechanism of these compounds is attributed to the negative formation energies arising from elevated entropy.

Role of Si and SiO2 in Optoelectronic Device Fabrication

Silicon and its oxide deliver a dextrous way for engineering the successors of optoelectronic/photonic devices, by integrating fabrication techniques with heterostructured material possessing tuneable properties. Besides comprehensive knowledge, a collection of functional materials with device fabrication should be amplified. In general, silicon-based allied compounds can co-form with other materials like polymers, nanometal oxides, and organic/inorganic hybrid materials to deliver multiple electronic characteristics. A noteworthy and excellent performance of Si and its oxide secures a prominent position in the realm of the optoelectronics field. This study deliberates an exhaustive overview of advances in fabrication strategies, characteristics, Si/SiO2-based optoelectronic devices, and new materials used in this field. Additionally, this investigation spotlights the potential of Si/SiO2 in accentuating diverse applications like light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodiodes, and phototransistors. In brief, this article will expose novel pathways of research and peregrination in this mushrooming field.

The structure and optical properties of semiconductor nitrides MgSiN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, MgGeN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ZnSiN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ZnGeN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Theoretical modeling within LDA, GGA, and PBE approximations was herein performed to determine the electronic band structures of MgGeN2, MgSiN2, ZnGeN2, and ZnSiN2 nitride compounds and their optical properties. It is established that the compounds with germanium are direct-gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 3.0 eV (MgGeN2) and 1.7 eV (ZnGeN2), while the silicon-based compounds are indirect-gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 4.6 eV (MgSiN2) and 3.7 eV (ZnSiN2). Optical properties analysis showed the prospects of using MgGeN2 and ZnGeN2 in optoelectronics.

Identifying robust and reliable volatile organic compounds in human sebum for biomarker discovery

Sebum from sebaceous glands is a rich source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can readily be sampled non-invasively from the surface of skin. The VOC profiles of sebum can then be used to obtain information regarding different medical conditions including diabetes and Parkinson's Disease. However, the effects of sampling approaches and environmental factors on sebum VOC profiles are not established and the confident attribution of VOCs to disease states needs to be free of extraneous influences such as sampling materials and preparatory conditions. Here, we investigated a more standardised skin swab sampling approach for profiling sebum VOCs from healthy human subjects using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Using a standard GC-MS method for the chemical analysis of sebum swabs, a surprisingly high number of VOCs originate from ‘blank’ medical swab material alone (up to 74 VOCs) and from the ambient environment (up to 29 VOCs) based on control experiments. We found that heat-treatment of medical swabs prior to GC-MS reduced the number of VOCs detected from ‘blank’ swabs and improved the reproducibility of VOC profiling, however significant VOC absorption can still occur from environmental exposure to ambient air. VOCs identified in ‘blank’ swabs consisted predominantly of hydrocarbons, esters, and silicon-based compounds and depended strongly on the material used (cotton and polyester-rayon). Environmental VOCs found to absorb to swabs from the ambient air during sampling included 1-butylheptyl-benzene and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester as well as exogenous VOCs such as isopropyl palmitate and isopropyl myristate. In contrast, sebum VOCs consisted primarily of esters, alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. 23 and 18 VOCs were identified in sebum collected using polyester-rayon and cotton-based medical swabs, respectively, with 14 VOCs common to both swabs. The effect of subject bathing prior to sebum sampling had minimal impact on the VOC profiles. However, individual differences owing to external factors such as skin type, diet, and exercise will likely influence sebum production. This study highlights the importance of using rigorous controls in sebum sampling, and recommendations are provided for future research involving sebum VOC analysis. For example, the use of sebum sample replicates across multiple days, and the use of control swabs during sample collection is required to confirm the origin and reliability of sebum VOCs. It is anticipated that these recommendations in conjunction with a library of well-established VOCs from medical swabs will further strengthen biomarker identification resulting from sebum VOC analysis.

High-performance flame-retardant polycarbonate composites: Mechanisms investigation and fire-safety evaluation systems establishment

Polycarbonate (PC) is highly attractive for applications in high-speed railways and airplanes as engineering materials, but suffers from high fire hazards with severe melting dripping during burning. To overcome the challenge, highly effective flame retardants , such as sulfonate derivatives and silicon-based compounds have been developed. Unfortunately, there is still lacking of a systematic method to evaluate the fire risk of these flame-retardant PC composites. Herein, we propose a comprehensive and innovative approach to assess the fire safety of flame-retardant PC composites containing potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate (PPFBS) and a silicon-based flame retardant (PSR) through combining numerous combustion parameters obtained from different measurements. The pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of PC/PPFBS and PC/PSR were studied in detail and revealed that PPFBS and PSR could effectively reduce the activation energy of PC. PSR is effective at reducing the heat and smoke release due to the formation of a Si–C protective layer during combustion. In contrast, PPFBS has no obvious suppression effect on smoke generation, and even shows a combustion-supporting effect under high radiation flux. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a comprehensive evaluation model has been established to achieve an objective and comprehensive evaluation of the fire hazards of PC and its composites. This works provides a universal guidance for evaluating fire hazards of flame-retardant polymer composite . • The pyrolysis mechanism of PC composite has been revealed. • The flame-retardant mechanism of PC composite has been revealed. • A comprehensive safety evaluation system for flame-retardant PC has been established.

Potential of Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation

Thermoelectrics can convert waste heat to electricity and vice versa. The energy conversion efficiency depends on materials figure of merit, zT, and Carnot efficiency. Due to the higher Carnot efficiency at a higher temperature gradient, high-temperature thermoelectrics are attractive for waste heat recycling. Among high-temperature thermoelectrics, silicon-based compounds are attractive due to the confluence of light weight, high abundance, and low cost. Adding to their attractiveness is the generally defect-tolerant nature of thermoelectrics. This makes them a suitable target application for recycled silicon waste from electronic (e-waste) and solar cell waste. In this review, we summarize the usage of high-temperature thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in applications such as commercial aviation and space voyages. Special emphasis is placed on silicon-based compounds, which include some recent works on recycled silicon and their thermoelectric properties. Besides materials design, device designing considerations to further maximize the energy conversion efficiencies are also discussed. The insights derived from this review can be used to guide sustainable recycling of e-waste into thermoelectrics for power harvesting.

Influence of organosilicon admixtures on the hydration of Portland cement

AbstractThe impact of three different organosilicon compounds: poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), potassium methylsiliconate (MESI) and triethoxyoctylsilane (OTES), used as integral admixtures, on Portland cement hydration has been investigated by isothermal calorimetry and DTA-TG analysis. The silicon-based compounds are widely used as internal hydrophobic agents added into batch water; therefore, their effectiveness was investigated by means of capillary water absorption test. The isothermal calorimetry was used to measure the rate and amount of heat released during ordinary Portland cement hydration with integral organosilicon admixtures at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. It allowed to determine the activation energy as well. The results indicate that used admixtures (except MESI admixture) decrease in the rate and amount of heat release during cement hydration. In addition, it is noticeable that the addition of MESI admixture significantly prolongs the induction period and delays hydration. In contrast to MESI and OTES admixtures, PDMS-based admixture does not affect significant on the activation energy. DTA-TG analysis had shown differences between reference sample and samples containing organosilicon admixtures during thermal decomposition, in terms of the amount of moisture and bound water, as well as Ca(OH)2or carbonates. The results presented in this paper enable a better understanding of the interactions between the organosilicon integral admixtures and the cement matrix. The study shows the effect of integral admixtures on cement hydration and thus the potential effect on the final properties of the cement-based material.

Discovery and Facile Synthesis of a New Silicon Based Family as Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: A Computational and Experimental Investigation of Metal Monosilicides.

A new family of transition-metal monosilicides (MSi, M = Ti, Mn, Fe, Ru, Ni, Pd, Co, and Rh) electrocatalysts with superior electrocatalytic performance of hydrogen evolution is reported, based on the computational and experimental results. It is proposed that these MSi can be synthesized within several minutes by adopting the arc-melting method. The previously reported RuSi is not only fabricated more readily but eventually explored 8 MSi that can be good hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Silicides then can be another promising electrocatalysts family as carbides, wherein carbon has the same electronic configuration as silicon. All explored silicides electrodes exhibited low overpotentials (34-54 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ) with Tafel slopes from 23.6 to 32.3 mV dec-1 , which are comparable to that of the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C (37 mV, 26.1 mV dec-1 ). First-principles calculations demonstrated that the superior performance can be attributed to the high catalytic reactivity per site that can even function at high hydrogen coverages (≈100%) on multiple low surface energy facets. The work sheds light on a new class of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, with earth-abundant and inexpensive silicon-based compounds.

PLASMA PARAMETERS AND COMPOSITION IN CF4 + O2 + Ar AND CHF3 + O2 +Ar IN REACTIVE ION ETCHING PROCESSES

The comparative analysis of both CF4+O2+Ar and CHF3+O2+Ar plasma systems under the typical conditions of reactive ion etching of silicon and silicon-based compounds was carried out. The data on internal plasma parameters, plasma chemistry as well as the steady-state plasma composition were obtained using a description of Langmuir probe diagnostics and 0-dimensional (global) plasma modeling. As a presented in the literature, both experimental and modeling procedures were carried out at constant total gas pressure, input power, bias power. The obtained results allowed one 1) to figure out the influence of oxygen on steady-state densities of plasma active species through the kinetics of both electron-impact and atom-molecular reactions; 2) to understand the features of fluorine atoms and fluorocarbon radicals kinetics which determine chemical activity and polymerization ability of plasmas in respect to treated surfaces; 3) to perform the model-bases analysis of heterogeneous process kinetics (etching, polymerization, polymer destruction) which determine the overall etching regime and output parameters. It was found that the substitution of argon for oxygen in both gas mixtures 1) results in monotonic increase in fluorine atom density; 2) is accompanied by decreasing polymerization ability of a gas phase and 3) causes the rapid (by about two orders of magnitude at ~ 20% О2) decrease in fluorocarbon polymer film thickness with the higher values for CHF3+O2+Ar system.

Accelerated laboratory weathering of polypropylene composites filled with synthetic silicon-based compounds

Non-functionalized and n-alkyl functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), siloxane-silsesquioxane resins and the sol-gel silicas were for the first time examined as possible UV-stabilizers and/or antioxidants in polypropylene (PP). The obtained composites were subjected to the accelerated laboratory weathering tests. The influence of the weathering conditions on the structure and properties of the PP materials was evaluated on the basis of the results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. It was found that weathering resistance of the PP materials was strongly depended on the kind of the silicon-based filler used. Functionalized silsesquioxanes and siloxane-silsesquioxane resins improved weathering resistance of the PP materials, most probably because of its uniform dispersion in polymer, and thus, they could be considered as antioxidant additives. The changes in structural characteristics influenced thermal properties of the PP composites. It was revealed that the addition of the n-alkyl functionalized POSS and siloxane-silsesquioxane resins caused less significant changes in the melting and crystallization behaviour of PP materials.

Potassium silicate as a resistance elicitor in sweet corn yield traits under water stress

Plant water stress is a major problem in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Dry periods and random climatic events cause quality and yield losses in sweet corn plants. Compounds, such as silicon (Si), are being studied to reduce the negative impacts of water stress on agricultural crops. Further tests may allow farmers to increase the use of silicon-based compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production parameters of the sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) (Poaceae) Tropical Plus® hybrid with water stress and potassium silicate doses applied with foliar spraying. A randomized block design with four soil water tensions (15, 30, 45 and 60 kPa) and four potassium silicate doses (0, 6, 12 and 24 L ha-1) was used in a greenhouse. The studied factors, alone or in interaction with each other, did not affect most of the sweet corn yield parameters. The hypothesis that these results may have been partially affected by the presence of silicon are discussed. The sweet corn plant yield was affected mainly by the soil water tension of 60 kPa.

Advances in Materials for Recent Low-Profile Implantable Bioelectronics.

The rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technologies to engineer a variety of materials has enabled new types of bioelectronics for health monitoring and disease diagnostics. In this review, we summarize widely used electronic materials in recent low-profile implantable systems, including traditional metals and semiconductors, soft polymers, biodegradable metals, and organic materials. Silicon-based compounds have represented the traditional materials in medical devices, due to the fully established fabrication processes. Examples include miniaturized sensors for monitoring intraocular pressure and blood pressure, which are designed in an ultra-thin diaphragm to react with the applied pressure. These sensors are integrated into rigid circuits and multiple modules; this brings challenges regarding the fundamental material’s property mismatch with the targeted human tissues, which are intrinsically soft. Therefore, many polymeric materials have been investigated for hybrid integration with well-characterized functional materials such as silicon membranes and metal interconnects, which enable soft implantable bioelectronics. The most recent trend in implantable systems uses transient materials that naturally dissolve in body fluid after a programmed lifetime. Such biodegradable metallic materials are advantageous in the design of electronics due to their proven electrical properties. Collectively, this review delivers the development history of materials in implantable devices, while introducing new bioelectronics based on bioresorbable materials with multiple functionalities.

Thermodynamic and transport properties of plasmas including silicon-based compounds

The characterization of the thermodynamic and transport properties of plasmas including silicon species could be of great interest for the investigation of many different systems containing the product of the ablation of silicon-based materials. Different plasma systems (pure silicon, silicon–argon, silicon dioxide and silicon carbide) have been investigated in a wide temperature range (103–4 104 K) and for different pressures (1, 10, 30 and 100 atm), relying on the construction of accurate and extended databases of internal energy levels and binary-interaction transport cross sections for the silicon compounds. The results have been compared with the available results in the literature also studying the dependence on the ratio of components.

Initiation of explosive conversions in energy-saturated nanoporous silicon-based compounds with fast semiconductor switches and energy-releasing elements

The first findings concerning the initiation of explosive conversions in energy-saturated nanoporous silicon-based compounds via the electrical explosion of a semiconductor bridge are presented. The obtained results indicate that the energy parameters of an explosive conversion depend on the mass of a combustible agent—namely, nanoporous silicon—and the silicon-doping type.

Effect of high temperature oxidation on the radiative properties of HfC-based ceramics

Hafnium carbide (HfC) is a promising material for high-temperature heat exchangers due to its high melting point (4170K). Nevertheless, its fast oxidation into fragile hafnia prevents it from being used for open-air solar receivers. The incorporation of silicon-based compounds would reduce its oxidation kinetics and extend the lifetime of HfC-based elements. The oxidation behavior of HfC sintered with the addition of 10vol% TaSi2 or ZrSi2 is here investigated. The optical properties on the as-received surfaces and on the oxidized ones were measured, especially the ratio of the 0.6–2.8μm emissivity (close to the solar absorptivity α) to the total hemispherical emissivity ε. These optical properties are important parameters for applications using concentrated solar radiation.

Talented 12 class of 2015: Where are they now?

TALENTED 12 Talented 12 class of 2015: Where are they now?Changing the world takes a while. We asked our inaugural class what they’ve been up to this past year. ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2016, 94 (33), p 50August 22, 2016Cite this:C&EN 94, 33, 50Here, Erb (left) celebrates the feat with grad student Thomas Schwander. “Put your helmets on, we are going to cycle CO2!” (Credit: Erb Lab )Figure1of2Balskus, a microbial metabolism expert, poses with Hitomi Nakamura (left) and Smaranda Bodea (right). (Credit: Courtesy of Emily Balskus)Figure1of2 Brad OlsenMIT Olsen reports that his group published its first paper on loop defects in polymer networks in Physical Review Letters (DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.188302). Tobias ErbMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Erb’s team successfully engineered enzymes to pull CO2 from the atmosphere and efficiently convert it into useful carbon-based compounds. Luke LavisHoward Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Research Campus “After a year of heavy traveling and writing papers, I finally got back into the lab and made some dyes with my own hands.” Matt MacDonaldAir Products & Chemicals MacDonald tells us he’s been whipping up new silicon-based compounds to build microelectronic devices with three-dimensional memory technology. Troy ListerSpero Therapeutics Lister disclosed his company’s lead drug candidate, SPR741, for the first time at a meeting in Boston. SPR741 is a molecule that disrupts the outer membrane of resistant bacteria so that antibiotics can sneak in and attack. Denis MalyshevTop secret start-up “I got a job at a biotech company that I’m super stoked about.” The firm is still in stealth mode, though, so Malyshev wouldn’t name names. Kami HullUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Hull reports that her lab has “successfully done both directed and undirected anti-Markovnikov-selective amination” this year. (Translation for nonorganickers: They’ve achieved both tight and loose control over a reaction that adds amines to the most crowded carbon in a carbon-carbon double bond.) Hosea NelsonUCLA “My lab ran its first experiment. It worked!” Nelson says. The organic chemist adds that he also taught his first classes ever. “The second class was 100 times better than the first.” Karen HavenstriteTangible Science Havenstrite says her firm was issued two patents and received U.S. Food & Drug Administration clearance for its contact lens technology, which helps treat dry eye. Emily BalskusHarvard “I graduated my first class of Ph.D. students this year!” Jacob HookerHarvard Medical School Hooker celebrated his first graduate student getting her Ph.D. And the radiochemist will soon celebrate the birth of his second child, in mid-September. Matt KananStanford Kanan pointed us to a paper his team published in Nature on a reaction that uses simple molten salts to convert greenhouse gas CO2 into building blocks for making a type of polyester plastic (DOI: 10.1038/nature17185).

Separation and identification of oligomeric vinylmethoxysiloxanes by gradient elution chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A high-performance liquid chromatography with online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS) has been used to separate and identify the reaction products resulting from controlled acid-catalyzed hydrolytic polycondensation of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VMS). The reaction products were prepared in the molar ratio of water to VMS (r1) ranging from 0.6 to 1.2, characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques, and subsequently analyzed by HPLC–UV absorbance detection and HPLC–ESI-MS. Linear vinylmethoxysiloxane oligomers with the number of repeat units (n) ranging from 3 to 11 are predominant species at the beginning of the reaction (for r1=0.6). Then they transform into monocyclic (for r1=1.0) and bicyclic (for r1=1.2) species with gradually increasing amount of water in the reaction mixture. The oligomer conversions suggest that structure growth of vinylmetoxysiloxanes proceeds by nonrandom cyclization reactions, which are favored over chain extension under the chosen reaction conditions. Direct ESI-MS, HPLC–ESI-MS and HPLC–UV were used to determine the molar mass distributions for the vinylmethoxysiloxane oligomers prepared in three different values of r1. The molar mass averages increase slightly with the amount of water in the reaction mixture and vary somewhat with the method used. Our results indicate that with the combined capability of separation, sensitivity and identification, HPLC–ESI-MS is especially useful to study highly complex silicon-based compounds with hyperbranched, caged or cubic structures as building blocks for hybrid materials.

Silicon, Silica and Silicone in New York

In our technologically advancing world, silicon has become the foundation for a majority of the electronic products that we use everyday. From computers to hand-held devices to medical products, our lives basically revolve around silicon. New York is one of many states that has transformed silicon and silicon-based compounds into the commercial applications that we have incorporated into our lifestyle. In this paper, the presence of silicon in the great state of New York is reviewed.

STATE OF THE ART IN REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODS OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE BRIDGE STRUCTURES

This paper summarizes the current development for repairing and strengthening deteriorated concrete bridge structures in Japan, especially those deteriorated due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and chloride attack. Generally, surface treatments are applied as the repair method due to ASR and chloride attack. Barrier coating and penetrating sealer are two methods that are actively applied as surface treatments in Japan. An investigation of repaired concrete bridge structures using these methods indicate that acrylic-based surface coatings are the most suitable method for repairing concrete structures, and the silicon-based compounds repair concrete structures with low risk of corrosion. Furthermore, the use of sodium or potassium for silicate-based surface treatments should be avoided, as these solutions may exacerbate ASR. This finding was backed up by an accelerated mortar bar test experiment under a modified ASTM C1260 test method. The results show that large ASR expansion occurred on mortar bars immersed in sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3). In regards to strengthening, CFRP sheet bonding, concrete jacketing and PC-confined method with prestressing steel wire were applied for concrete bridge structures. Especially for the PC-confined method, this method can be applied not only as an earthquake strengthener but also an ASR expansion controller on deteriorated bridge piers.