Silicate Cement Research Articles

Physicochemical properties of calcium silicate cement based endodontic sealers

AimTo mensure the physicochemical properties of three ceramic cement endodontic sealers AH Plus Bioceramic, Bio-C Sealer and Bio-C Sealer Ion+ with an epoxy resin sealer, AH Plus. Material and methodsThese properties were measured: hardening time (HT), dimensional change (DC), solubility (SL), flow (FL) and radiopacity (RD). The distilled water obtained from the SL test was analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry. A sample calculation was made considering n = 5 repetitions for each experimental sealer evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). ResultsFor the HT, AH Plus (484 ± 2.76 min) and AH Plus Bioceramic (424 ± 1.23 min) set more slowly than of Bio-C Sealer (370 ± 4.50 min) and Bio-C Sealer Ion+ (380 ± 1.42 min) (p < 0.05). AH Plus Bioceramic (12.56 ± 2.71 %) was more soluble than Bio-C Sealer (6.69 ± 1.67 %), Bio-C Sealer Ion+ (5.67 ± 2.16 %) and AH Plus (0.15 ± 0.01 %) (p < 0.05). AH Plus (0.03 ± 0.01 %) had slight expansion while the cement-based sealers had shrinkage: AH Plus Bioceramic (−1.60 ± 0.63 %) and Bio-C Sealer (−1.38 ± 0.69 %), Bio-C Sealer Ion+ (−5.19 ± 1.23 %) (p < 0.05). Bio-C Sealer Ion+ (59.80 ± 0.86 mm) and Bio-C Sealer (58.60 ± 0.98 mm) had the highest flow compared with AH Plus (56.90 ± 0.56 mm) and AH Plus Bioceramic (49.50 ± 0.63 mm) (p < 0.05). AH Plus (9.17 ± 0.06 mmAl) and AH Plus Bioceramic (8.27 ± 0.84 mmAl) showed radiopacity values when compared with those of Bio-C Sealer (4.90 ± 0.08 mmAl) and Bio-C Sealer Ion+ (4.14 ± 0.05 mmAl) (p > 0.05). ConclusionIon release is inhered to these cement-based sealers and this result in calcium ion release.

Dislodgement resistance and structural changes of tricalcium silicate-based cements after exposure to different chelating agents.

This study aimed to evaluate the dislodgement resistance and structural changes of different mineral trioxide aggregate cements (MTA) like Pro-Root MTA, Ortho MTA, and Retro MTA after exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), NaOCl-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (Dual Rinse HEDP), and NaOCl-Maleic acid (MA). The root canal spaces of 150 dentine slices were obturated using tricalcium silicate cements and divided into 3 groups (n = 50): Group1: ProRoot MTA, Group2: Retro MTA, and Group3: Ortho MTA. The samples in each group were further subdivided into four experimental (n = 10) and one control groups (n = 10): 2.5% NaOCl-17% EDTA, Dual Rinse HEDP, 2.5% NaOCl-7% Maleic acid, 2.5% NaOCl, distilled water (control). The dislodgement resistance and structural changes of cements were measured. Use of DR HEDP resulted in higher dislodgement resistance compared to17% EDTA and 7% MA in the samples obturated with Ortho MTA and Pro-Root MTA (p<0.001). In Retro MTA group, samples treated with DR HEDP and 17% EDTA had higher dislodgment resistance compared to 7% MA (p<0.001). On microstructural and elemental analysis of all the three MTA cements, samples treated with 17% EDTA and 7% MA were more amorphous and granular when compared to DR HEDP, which was pettle shaped. Calcium level was decreased more in samples treated with 17% EDTA and 7% MA when compared to DR HEDP.

Effect of a calcium silicate cement and experimental glass ionomer cements containing calcium orthophosphate particles on demineralized dentin.

The study aims to evaluate the effect of a glass ionomer cement (GIC; Fuji 9 Gold Label, GC) with added calcium orthophosphate particles and a calcium silicate cement (CSC; Biodentine, Septodont) regarding ion release, degradation in water, mineral content, and mechanical properties of demineralized dentin samples. GIC, GIC + 5% DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), GIC + 15% DCPD, GIC + 5% β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate), GIC + 15% β-TCP (by mass), and CSC were evaluated for Ca2+/Sr2+/F- release in water for 56days. Cement mass loss was evaluated after 7-day immersion in water. Partially demineralized dentin disks were kept in contact with materials while immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 56days. The "mineral-to-matrix ratio" (MMR) was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Dentin hardness and elastic modulus were obtained by nanoindentation. Samples were observed under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (α = 0.05). Ca2+ release from CSC and GIC (μg/cm2) were 4737.0 ± 735.9 and 13.6 ± 1.6, respectively. In relation to the unmodified GIC, the addition of DCPD or β-TCP increased ion release (p < 0.001). Only the dentin disks in contact with CSC presented higher MMR (p < 0.05) and mechanical properties than those restored with a resin composite used as control (p < 0.05). Mass loss was similar for GIC and CSC; however, the addition of DCPD or β-TCP increased GIC degradation (p < 0.05). Despite the increase in ion release, the additional Ca2+ sources did not impart remineralizing capability to GIC. Both unmodified GIC and CSC showed similar degradation in water. CSC was able to promote dentin remineralization.

Effects of Superfine Tricalcium Silicate Powder on the Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Its Premixed Cement as a Root Canal Filling Material.

Calcium silicate-based cement is a promising material for filling root canals. However, it has several drawbacks to its clinical application, including difficult operation and low curing strength. In this study, we successfully prepared an ultrafine tricalcium silicate powder and investigated the effects of this ultrafine powder on the performance of the premixed tricalcium silicate cement, including the curing process, setting time, hydration products, microstructure, injectivity, fluidity, and compressive strength. The results demonstrate that the addition of ultrafine tricalcium silicate powder alters the hydration product content and product morphology of the premixed cement. By increasing the content of the ultrafine powder, the injectable property of the cement can be increased to more than 95%, the fluidity can be increased from 18 mm to 35 mm, and the curing time can be shortened from 13 h to 11 h. Notably, the addition of the ultrafine powder greatly enhances the compressive strength of the hardened cement, which increases from 20.6 MPa to 51.0 MPa. These results indicate that altering the particle size distribution of the powder is an effective method for enhancing the physicochemical and mechanical properties of tricalcium silicate cement as a root canal filling material.

Evaluation of the Marginal Adaptation of Two Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cements Used in Apical Plugs: An In Vitro Study

Background: The emergence of new hydraulic calcium silicate cements has revolutionized endodontics, addressing the limitations of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The aim of this study is to assess and compare the marginal adaptation of two calcium silicate-based cements (White ProRoot MTA® and TotalFill® BC RRM Fast Set PuttyTM), when creating apical plugs for teeth with open apices. Methods: twenty-four single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups—GMTA (plug with MTA®) and GTBC (plug with TotalFill® BC RRM Fast Set PuttyTM)—and were sectioned at 1 mm and 2 mm from the apex. The transverse sections were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and the marginal adaptation of the cements was measured with ImageJ® 1.3 software. Statistical analysis (IBM® SPSS® statistics software version 27) was performed and statistical significance was set at 0.05 (p &lt; 0.05). Results: There was a significant difference in the apical region, favoring White ProRoot MTA®, with a lower percentage of marginal adaptation failure (1.32 ± 4.47), presenting a statistically significant difference in the apical region (p = 0.029) but not in the cervical region of the apical plugs (p = 0.774). Conclusions: White ProRoot MTA® showed superior marginal adaptation in the apical section compared to TotalFill® BC RRM Fast Set PuttyTM.

Characterization and stabilization of incineration fly ash from a new multi-source hazardous waste co-disposal system: field-scale study on solidification and stabilization.

The multi-source hazardous waste co-disposal system, a recent innovation in the industry, offers an efficient approach for hazardous waste disposal. The incineration fly ash (HFA) produced by this system exhibits characteristics distinct from those of typical incineration fly ash, necessitating the use of adjusted disposal methods. This study examined the physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, heavy metal leaching concentration, and dioxin content of HFA generated by the new co-disposal system and compared them with those of conventional municipal waste incineration fly ash. This study investigated the solidification and stabilization of HFA disposal using the organic agent sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate combined with cement on a field scale. The findings revealed significant differences in the structure, composition, and dioxin content of HFA and FA; HFA contained substantially lower levels of dioxins than FA did. Concerning the heavy metal content and leaching; HFA exhibited an unusually high concentration of zinc, surpassing the permitted emission limits, making zinc content a critical consideration in HFA disposal. After stabilization and disposal, the heavy metal leaching and dioxin content of HFA can meet landfill disposal emission standards when a 1% concentration of 10% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and 150% silicate cement were employed. These results offer valuable insights into the disposal of fly ash resulting from incineration of mixed hazardous waste.

Calcium silicate cements endowing bioactivity and sustaining mechanical strength of low-heat-releasing and fast-curing magnesium phosphate cements.

It is known that magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) show appreciable mechanical strength and biocompatibility, but the hydration reaction processes often lead to intense heat release while the hydration products present weak resistance to mechanical decay and low bioactivity. Herein we developed an MPC-based system, which was low-heat-releasing and fast-curing in this study, by compounding with self-curing calcium silicate cements (CSCs). The MPC composed of magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO4·3H2O) and chitosan were weakly basic, which would be more stable in vivo. The physicochemical properties indicated that the addition of CSCs could increase the final setting time while decrease the heat release. Meanwhile, the CSCs could endow MPC substrate with apatite re-mineralization reactivity, especially, which add 25 wt.% CSCs showed the most significant apatite deposition. What's more, the mechanical evolution in buffer demonstrated CSCs could enhance and sustain the mechanical strength during degradation, and the internal constructs of cement implants could still be reconstructed by μCT analysis in rabbit femoral bone defect model in vivo. Particularly, appropriate CSCs adjusted the biodegradation and promoted new bone tissue regeneration in vivo. Totally, the MPC/CSCs composite system endows bioactivity and sustains mechanical strength of the MPC, which may be promising for expending the clinical applications of MPC-based bone cements.

Investigating the Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Mineral Trioxide Aggregates as a Promising Novel Dental Material.

To enhance mineral trioxide aggregate high plasticity (MTA HP), a commonly used dental calcium silicate cement, by incorporating selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objectives included investigating the impact of SeNPs on the setting time and chemical properties of MTA HP. We performed a comprehensive study to formulate and profile SeNPs integrated into MTA HP. Diverse concentrations of SeNPs were introduced into MTA HP, and the commencement and culmination of the setting process were gauged employing a Gillmore needle cabinet. The chemical composition was validated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance and X-ray diffraction analysis. The incorporation of SeNPs led to remarkable improvements. Notably, SeNPs positively affected the setting time of MTA HP, with faster setting times corresponding to higher SeNPs concentrations. Chemical analyses confirmed the successful integration of SeNPs with MTA HP. These enhancements make the material may be suitable for dental applications, especially due to its accelerated setting time. MTA HP incorporated with SeNPs represents a significant advancement in dental materials. Its faster setting time, combined with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of selenium, provides dental professionals with an efficient and time-saving option for complex treatments. This novel nanomaterial holds promise for improving dental procedures and patient outcomes.

Experimentation and simulation study of electromechanical response characteristics of a 2-2 type cement-based piezoelectric composite sensor

In the manuscript, the piezoelectric functional element was prepared by slicing and adding method using piezoelectric ceramic PZT-5H and ordinary silicate cement 42.5 was as base materials, and then a 2-2 type cement-based piezoelectric composite sensor was prepared by an encapsulated epoxy resin. The experimental and simulation analysis was carried out to obtain the quasi-static linear sensitivity of the electromechanical response of the sample under conditions of compressive loading. The development process of the sample from local failure to overall fragmentation was observed using a high-speed camera. Found that the electrical nonlinear threshold of 35 MPa appeared before the mechanical nonlinear threshold. Further, the results showed that when the loading frequency was increased from 5 to 15 Hz under equal amplitude, the response waveform remained unchanged, however, the electrical displacement was attenuated by 19.7%. Packaging schemes using various lengths and thicknesses of an epoxy layer were conducted by using simulation. It is indicated that, under the premise of ensuring the protection package and considering the manufacturing process, the length of the package side could increase appropriately, and the single-side package side length is set to 4 mm. When the thickness of the package layer becomes less, it would be better.

The synergistic effects of strontium/magnesium-doped calcium silicate cement accelerates early angiogenesis and bone regeneration through double bioactive ion stimulation

Periodontitis-induced alveolar bone defects necessitate the use of bone grafts for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, synthetic bone grafts exhibiting consistent properties, sufficient amounts, and multiple application forms have been extensively studied. Our previously designed Ca–Si–Mg cement has demonstrated benefits regarding cell proliferation, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. Similarly, Sr exhibits osteogenic, anti-osteoclastogenic, and angiogenic properties by influencing several intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we modified the previously established Ca–Si–Mg cement by incorporating Sr, which resulted in the formation of Mg–Sr-calcium silicate (CS) cement. Furthermore, we evaluated its biocompatibility and efficacy in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The results revealed that the setting time of the cement was extended with the individual incorporation of either Mg or Sr; notably, the setting time of M5S5 (integrating both Sr and Mg in equal proportions) was 2.7 min shorter than that of M5S0 (integrating only Mg). In addition, the presence of Sr enhanced the mechanical strength to an ultimate strength of 1.89 MPa and reduced the biodegradation rate of the Mg-doped CS cement from a weight loss of 13.9 %–11.5 %. Sr and Mg also demonstrated a synergistic effect on cell proliferation, with no observed cytotoxicity in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLs). Osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphate, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin were significantly expressed in hPDLs under the combined influence of Mg and Sr on osteogenic activity. Similarly, the angiogenesis-related proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 exhibited considerable enhancement, indicating the angiogenic capability of M5S5. In summary, our in vitro experiments confirmed that M5S5 is a potential candidate for osteogenic substitutes and alveolar bone regeneration, suggesting its potential applicability in clinical practice.

Microstructural phase evolution and strength development of low-lime calcium silicate cement (CSC) paste incorporating ordinary Portland cement under an accelerated carbonation curing environment

Low-lime calcium silicate cement (CSC) is a CO2-reactive cement that utilizes the carbonation products of low- or non-hydraulic C2S, C3S2, and CS phases under H2O- and CO2-rich conditions. However, the reactivity and compressive strength of the CSC require further improvement. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a reactive source into CSC on the initial reaction kinetics, phase evolution, and compressive strength development during carbonation curing. To assess the effects of blending CSC and OPC, CSC was substituted by OPC with the incremental ratio of 20 wt%. Notably, the CSC sample with 20 wt% OPC incorporation exhibited the highest compressive strength, which increased by up to 2.5 times compared to the pure CSC paste. Analysis of the microstructural phase evolution revealed that this significant increase in compressive strength was attributed to the strong mechanical interlocks between the rhombic CaCO3 crystals, which were reinforced by a substantial amount of vaterite.

Silicate and Portland cement based compositions for protection against electrical corrosion

AbstractConductive silicate compositions and compositions based on Portland cement for screen protection against electrical corrosion of reinforced concrete structures and buildings on electrified direct current railways are theoretically and experimentally substantiated. The compositions are used as putty or plaster on structures to be protected. The resulting coating drains corrosive leakage currents from the rails through grounding. In these compositions, the component that provides electrical conductivity is dispersed graphite. Depending on the additional requirements for the coating, sodium silicate with sodium silicon fluoride or Portland cement are used as binders. It was established that in these compositions the silicate and cement components are conductors of the second kind, and graphite is the conductor of the first kind. Due to the imposition of an electric potential, the surfaces of dispersed graphite particles are divided into cathodic areas and anodic areas, where the graphite dissolves, therefore the resource of the composition is determined by the amount of electricity passed through. In addition, it was found that the electrophysical properties of the compositions are in antagonism with their rheological, physical‐mechanical, hydro physical properties, therefore, the development of their composition should be carried out by methods of compromise optimization. Formulations of compositions that have been tested in operational conditions have been developed.

MgO‐based binders

AbstractTo limit global temperature rise to below 2°C, we need to radically and rapidly change the way we build and use materials, since construction is responsible for 20‐40% of industrial CO2 emissions. Magnesium carbonate‐based cements have the potential to become a major carbon sink in construction industry, as CO2 will not be emitted during their production, but CO2 will rather be bound during hardening. Two different reaction mechanisms lead to setting and hardening of such HMC cements: i) hydration of MgO‐Mg‐carbonate, also in blends with silica and other mineral additions, in the presence of water or salt solutions (such as sodium bicarbonate solution) at ambient conditions or ii) carbonation hardening of MgO‐based systems at increased CO2 partial pressure and/or at increased temperatures.However, the utilization of hydrated magnesium carbonate and magnesium silicate cements is currently hampered by the lack of systematic experiments and of fundamental understanding of the factors affecting the hardening process, mechanical properties, long‐term behavior and durability. In particular, the role of temperature, relative humidity and addition of supplementary cementitious materials and/or industrial by‐products has not been systematically investigated. We need knowledge both on the practical side through systematic experiments with pastes, mortars and concretes as well as on a fundamental level through solubility and sorption experiments and thermodynamic modelling. In addition, reaction kinetics need to be optimized as well as the early formation of the preferred phases (stability enhancement) to develop efficient HMC cements for construction. Due to the socio‐economic relevance of cement and concrete, the impact of such “carbon”‐negative cements may go beyond a purely scientific one and lead to technological breakthroughs to the benefit of environment and society.

Research on hydration characteristics of OSR-GGBFS-FA alkali-activated materials

Based on the characteristics of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) in energy saving and emission reduction, as well as giving full play to the complementary advantages of multi-component solid waste. In this study, a new type of AAMs was prepared from oil shale residue (OSR), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA). Compressive and flexural strength tests, fluidity experiments, setting time, heat of hydration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG-TG) were used to analyse the mechanical properties, workability, mineral composition, microstructure, and hydration products of the AAMs. The results showed that the microstructure of AAMs was dense, with high early strength, good mechanical and working properties, and no tendency for retrogressive strength with an increase in the age of maintenance. Under the action of NaOH/Na2SiO3, there is a synergistic hydration of the water-hard and volcanic ash materials, and the three raw materials have synergistic hydration properties and indispensable coupling mechanisms. Meanwhile, the effect of the activator content on AAMs is bidirectional. The OSR, GGBFS, and FA in the AAMs exhibited faster hydration reactions under the action of NaOH/Na2SiO3 and abundant hydration products, which mainly included C-S-H, C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H, and small amounts of CaCO3, hydrotalcite (HT), and Ettringite (AFt). The specimens all met the requirements of the 42.5-grade composite silicate cement, and some specimens reached the strength requirements of the 62.5-grade silicate cement or above. OSR has great potential as a silicate-aluminate material, and this study provides a solid foundation for its further development and utilisation.

Effects of heat-dry curing temperature on porous silicate cement membranes fabricated by the coupling process of freeze casting and heat-dry curing

Preparation of porous cement-based materials via freeze casting is a process with great potential. However, freeze-drying and steam curing complicate the preparation process and increase the preparation period. To simplify the process, heat-dry curing was used for replacing freeze-drying and steam curing during operation. The new preparation method combined freeze casting and heat-dry curing possesses characteristics of low-energy, simplicity, and time-saving. Compared with the traditional preparation method of porous cement-based materials, the novel preparation process can shorten preparation time by at least 16 % and retrench energy consumption by at least 18 %. As the improvement condition, temperature of heat-drying curing has great influence on the structure and performance of the samples. Therefore, it is of great significance to discuss the relationship between heat-dry temperatures and structural parameters by SEM, N2-adsorption/desorption, TG, and ATR-FTIR. Lamellar pores of membranes can be easier observed at low temperatures than that at 100 °C. The separation performance of oil-water is generally improved with the increase of temperature. Meanwhile, the molecular dynamics simulation was operated to illustrate the reaction mechanism of hydration with three temperatures. This study probably provides more theoretical basis for expanding the application of porous silicate cement membranes.

Regenerative potential of a novel aloe vera modified tricalcium silicate cement as a pulp capping material: An animal study.

This study compared the histologic response of a pulp capping material Matreva MTA modified with different concentrations of aloe vera (AV) solutions to Biodentine cement. Ninety dogs' teeth were included and categorized according to the capping material into five groups (18 teeth each); Group I (Biodentine), group II (Matreva MTA), group III (Matreva MTA 10% AV), group IV (Matreva MTA 20% AV) and group V (Matreva MTA 30% AV). The histopathological findings were recorded at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Matreva MTA and Biodentine groups showed the highest inflammatory cell count compared to the AV-modified Matreva MTA groups at 2- and 4-week intervals (p>0.05). Moreover, the AV-modified Matreva MTA and Biodentine groups showed higher dentin bridge thickness compared to unmodified Matreva MTA at different follow-up periods (p<0.05). AV can significantly enhance the in vivo bioactivity of Matreva MTA, inducing mild inflammation and good dentine bridge formation comparable to Biodentine.

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Color Stability Induced by Various Calcium Silicate Cements in Full Pulpotomy of Permanent Molars: Theracal PT, Biodentine, and ProRoot MTA

AimThe objective of this study was to assess the color stability induced by Theracal PT, Biodentine, and ProRoot MTA in teeth subjected to full pulpotomy, over a span of 6 months. Materials and MethodsThe study employed a total of 48 freshly extracted intact human third molar teeth. Samples were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 12). All teeth, with the exception of the control group, underwent endodontic access. All materials were mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines and applied at a thickness of 3 mm at the orifice level before they set. The study groups were negative control (was not prepared), positive control (ProRootMTA), Biodentine, and Theracal PT. Glass ionomer and composite resin material was applied to the cavities. The color measurements were performed using the VITA Easy Shade spectrophotometer. All measurements were repeated 3 times in the determined area on the middle buccal surface of the tooth at baseline that (T0); after access preparation and material placement and setting) and then subsequently at 7 (T1), 30 (T2), 90 (T3), and T4 (180) days later. Data were statistically analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis H at a confidence level of 95% (P < .05). ResultsCompared with the negative control group, Biodentine and Theracal PT showed color stability (ΔE ≤ 3.7). The teeth treated with MTA showed clinically observable discoloration (ΔE ≥ 3.7) at T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4 intervals. At all-time intervals, the MTA group induced more discoloration than Biodentine and Theracal PT (P < .05). ConclusionsTheracal PT and Biodentine caused least discoloration compared to PMTA even 6 months after its application in teeth undergoing pulpotomy, thereby offering clinicians a reliable alternative for use in the esthetic zone.

Effects of Ion-Releasing Materials on Dentine: Analysis of Microhardness, Appearance, and Chemical Composition

The aim of this study was to compare the potential of standard ion-releasing materials to repair demineralized lesions with recently introduced alkasite and glass hybrid materials. Glass ionomer (GC Fuji TRIAGE), two glass hybrids (EQUIA Forte HT, Riva SC), calcium silicate cement (Biodentine) and an alkasite (Cention Forte) were tested. A total of 72 human third molars were used for sample preparation; on the dentine surface, a class-I cavity was prepared, and one half was covered with nail varnish. The teeth were subjected to a demineralization protocol, filled with the examined materials, and cut in half. The evaluation included a dentine microhardness assessment (n = 10) and SEM/EDS analysis (n = 2). The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software and compared using an analysis of variance and Scheffe post-hoc test. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Mean microhardness values (HV0.1) after 14 and 28 days were, respectively: EQUIA Forte HT (26.7 ± 1.45 and 37.74 ± 1.56), Riva Self Cure (19.66 ± 1.02 and 29.58 ± 1.18), Cention Forte (19.01 ± 1.24 and 27.93 ± 1.33), Biodentine (23.35 ± 1.23 and 29.92 ± 1.02), GC Fuji TRIAGE (25.94 ± 1.35 and 33.87 ± 5.57) and control group (15.57 ± 0.68 and 15.64 ± 0.82). The results were significantly different between most groups (p &lt; 0.001). SEM/EDS revealed varying patterns, material deposits and distinct elemental variations. To conclude, all materials increased microhardness and affected the dentine surface appearance and chemical composition; EQUIA Forte HT demonstrated the most pronounced effects.

Guided Autotransplantation of an Immature Premolar to the Maxillary Incisor Region with Immediate Restoration of Esthetics: A Case Report

This case report describes the treatment of two maxillary central incisors following a traumatic injury with tooth #8 developing replacement resorption and #9 developing inflammatory root resorption. A 10-year-old girl presented complaining of pain in her maxillary central incisors. Upon clinical examination, teeth #8 and #9 were tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal soft tissues. Thermal and electrical pulpal sensitivity tests for teeth #8 and #9 were negative. An intraoral periapical radiograph revealed resorptive defects in tooth #8, which were filled with bone-like tissue, while tooth #9 had radiolucent resorptive defects along the root surface and a periapical radiolucency. A diagnosis of replacement resorption was made for tooth #8 and external inflammatory root resorption for tooth #9. Tooth #8 was treated with a multidisciplinary approach utilizing a guided template for premolar autotransplantation with an immediate veneer restoration, while tooth #9 was managed with root canal treatment using a tricalcium silicate cement to fill the canal. At the 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24-month follow-ups, the patient remained asymptomatic, and there was no radiographic evidence of root or periapical pathosis on either tooth. The root-end of the donor tooth transplanted to the #8 site continued to develop. This case report highlights successful interdisciplinary management of two forms of root resorption using modern treatment strategies that provided immediate function and esthetics to the maxillary central incisors in a young patient following trauma.

Biocompatibility and Bioactivity of a Dual-Cured Resin-Based Calcium Silicate Cement: In Vitro and in vivo Evaluation

IntroductionThis study aimed to assess the biocompatibility and bioactivity of a dual-cured resin-based calcium silicate cement in vitro and in vivo. MethodsFor in vitro analyses, standardized samples were prepared using TheraCal LC, TheraCal PT, and ProRoot MTA. The amount of residual monomer released from TheraCal LC and TheraCal PT was assessed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Calcium ion release from the materials was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the calcium weight volume in the materials. For in vivo analysis, a rat direct pulp capping model with TheraCal LC, TheraCal PT, and ProRoot MTA groups (n = 16 per group) was used. The rats were euthanized after 7 or 28 days, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses (CD68 and DSPP) were performed. ResultsBisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate release from TheraCal PT was lower than that from TheraCal LC (P < .05). Similar results were obtained for calcium-ion release and calcium weight volume, with ProRoot MTA showing the highest values. In the in vivo evaluation, TheraCal PT showed significantly greater hard tissue formation than TheraCal LC (P < .017). TheraCal PT showed lower CD68 expression and greater DSPP expression than TheraCal LC (P < .017). There were no significant differences in the expression of CD68 or DSPP between the TheraCal PT and ProRoot MTA groups. ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, the biocompatibility and bioactivity of TheraCal PT could be comparable to those of ProRoot MTA.