Silent Resistance Research Articles

Louis Kahn’s Silent Space of Critique in Tehran, 1973–74

Locating modernity’s unfinished project in the historical matrix of Iran, Louis Kahn’s Silent Space of Critique in Tehran, 1973–74 examines Louis Kahn’s master plan for a new civic center in Tehran. The 1970s witnessed a period of contention between political and cultural visions of modernity in Iran: as the shah’s state fabricated progress through a series of development plans, the queen’s reformist second court sponsored cultural and preservationist projects. This strife over modernity in Iran was reflected in Kahn’s design as form, space, and program. Shima Mohajeri shows that Kahn’s layout for a modern public space in Tehran concerned the development of an ethical attitude toward architectural modernity in a non-Western context as well as constituted a silent resistance to Iran’s sociopolitical reality and its spaces of representation.

Karl Amadeus Hartmann: Komponist zwischen den Fronten und zwischen den Zeiten. Bericht uber das musikwissenschaftliche Symposium zum 100. Geburtstag in Munchen, 5.-7. Oktober 2005. Ed. by Inga Mai Groote and Hartmut Schick.

Judging by the space dedicated to composers such as Benjamin Britten and Elliott Carter in Richard Taruskin’s Oxford History of Western Music, the challenge to naive and blinkered narratives that disregard twentieth-century art music beyond Darmstadt on the one hand and Socialist Realism on the other has now firmly been set in the musicological mainstream. Karl Amadeus Hartmann, too, can be found in Taruskin, as the example par excellence of the inner émigré who, confronted by the very twentieth-century experience of totalitarianism, opts to become a recluse. Instead of emigrating, he refrains from participating in the public life of everyday fascism. Hartmann remains a fascinating figure beyond this perhaps clichéd vignette of his silent resistance in Nazi Germany and into the post-war era. His work, like that of composers such as Britten and Henze, represents a ‘third-stream’ alternative to the hard-edged narrative of Cold War opposites as it resists absorption into either the Darmstadt School or Socialist Realism.

Increasing ER stress response in pemetrexed-resistant mesothelioma cells.

7577 Background: Clinically silent progression and extraordinary resistance to therapy dictate poor survival for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients. Current standard therapies such as an...

Generating In Vivo Cloning Vectors for Parallel Cloning of Large Gene Clusters by Homologous Recombination

A robust method for the in vivo cloning of large gene clusters was developed based on homologous recombination (HR), requiring only the transformation of PCR products into Escherichia coli cells harboring a receiver plasmid. Positive clones were selected by an acquired antibiotic resistance, which was activated by the recruitment of a short ribosome-binding site plus start codon sequence from the PCR products to the upstream position of a silent antibiotic resistance gene in receiver plasmids. This selection was highly stringent and thus the cloning efficiency of the GFPuv gene (size: 0.7 kb) was comparable to that of the conventional restriction-ligation method, reaching up to 4.3 × 104 positive clones per μg of DNA. When we attempted parallel cloning of GFPuv fusion genes (size: 2.0 kb) and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway clusters (sizes: 4 kb, 6 kb, and 10 kb), the cloning efficiency was similarly high regardless of the DNA size, demonstrating that this would be useful for the cloning of large DNA sequences carrying multiple open reading frames. However, restriction analyses of the obtained plasmids showed that the selected cells may contain significant amounts of receiver plasmids without the inserts. To minimize the amount of empty plasmid in the positive selections, the sacB gene encoding a levansucrase was introduced as a counter selection marker in receiver plasmid as it converts sucrose to a toxic levan in the E. coli cells. Consequently, this method yielded completely homogeneous plasmids containing the inserts via the direct transformation of PCR products into E. coli cells.

Female’s Silent Resistance against Hegemony in The Scarlet Letter, Bekisar Merah, and Belantik: A Comparative Analysis

Social patriarchy is a gender-biased hegemonic value that is structured for the benefits of men but unfortunately disadvantages women. Lasiyah, the protagonist of Bekisar Merah and Belantik, and Hester Prynne, the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter, experienced those hegemonic values that were oppressive, from their patriarchal societies i.e. Java and Puritans. By using the theories of both Hegemony and Comparative Literature, this discussion reveals the two protagonists’ similar silent resistance against the hegemonic values in that this brought them to become new persons with new personality and identity. They were similarly reborn. Both women had comparable factors driving them to conduct silent resistance: pride, dignity, and love. Woman, who is in general considered weak and powerless, is in fact strong and powerful.

Mitford vs. Hemans: Resisting the “Omnipotence of Words” in Dramatic Romance and Romantic Drama

Romance poetry, drama, and theatrical productions shared common elements in the early nineteenth century, reflecting a hybridization of genres characteristic of Romanticism. In both published and performed work, the verse romances, dramatic poems, and staged historical tragedies of Mary Russell Mitford and Felicia Hemans bear comparison in featuring silence and withdrawal in the parts of lead characters. Mitford's and Hemans's use of antitype characters to represent large-scale national crises reflects their mutual grounding in German theater and drama, particularly that of Friedrich Schiller. Each poet has been associated with liberal idealism in representing corruptions of language as a sign of tyranny, and each poet develops characters who resist and evade the dictums of authority through silence. Nevertheless, Mitford's approach differs from Hemans's in the deployment of silent resistance to test problems with liberal idealism. Hemans emphasizes futility to alter a patriarchal script of destiny so that her resisting characters can only connect with audiences in a future time and cannot affect their own moment, while Mitford brings alternate possibilities within reach of her resisting characters in their time, leaving them to face a tentative future yet to be defined.

Buddhist Walking Meditations and Contemporary Art of Southeast Asia

This essay considers the significant role that Engaged Buddhism plays in contemporary art of Southeast Asia. It argues that this modern Buddhist intellectual movement, which came about in the 1960s in Southeast Asia as a response to political crisis in the world, merits visibility in positions. I look closely at the works by two artists, Montien Boonma and Ann Hamilton. I argue that their works are artistic embodiments of Vipassana meditation and social sufferings, both issues that Engaged Buddhism engages with. Furthermore, I point out that Boonma's installations and Hamilton's site-specific works create a path where the viewers are invited to walk in and to participate in the space of compassion and mindful healing. Last, this essay is a poetic meditation on the political role that Buddhist walking meditation plays as a silent political resistance to an increasingly tourist world of Southeast Asia. I have chosen with deliberation a poetic style of writing that subverts the traditional academic style of writing and in effect, provides an alternative way of articulation that challenges the hegemonic mode of representations in the academy.

Between Market Logic and Communal Practices: Pastoral Nomad Groups and Globalization in Contemporary Sudan (Case Studies from Central and Western Sudan)

Abstract This article deals with the conflict between communal practices typical of pastoral Sudanese groups, especially in accessing and managing natural resources, and market logic, which became dominant during the consolidation of global capitalism in Sudan. The focus is on wider socio-political structures and cultural values that support communal practices and their contradiction with individualistic (neo)-liberal ideology. The main factors and actors of recent transformations are illustrated first. Secondly, the local perception of changes, the transmission of ideological influence and the permanence of some institutions as signalling a 'silent resistance' by pastoral socio-cultural systems to commoditization, are analysed. The dilemma and contradiction experienced by the Ahâmda (Central Butana) and the Awlâd Nûba (Southern Kordofan) in this context of conflicting patterns is described.

Nach dem Kapitalismus: Warum der Staatssozialismus ökonomisch ineffizient war und was das für Alternativen heute bedeutet

In the 20 th centmy, different types of socialist societies failed - not only because of an evident lack of democracy, but also due to their economic inefficiency, Apart from the historical underdevelopment of Russia and other socialist countries, there could be given three main reasons for this inefficiency: 1) Based on the Leninist concepts of party and leadership, the socialist states were characterized by new social contradictions that led the majorities to a kind of silent resistance to central planning, 2) The socialist model of development and modernization didn't offer a real alternative to the economic paradigms in capitalism. Socialist countries turned out to be incomplete copies of fordist societies, 3) The socialist countries didn't find answers to some fundamental systemic problems of planning, as there are: decentralization of decision-making and scope for a self-determined reorganization of working processes,

Literature and National Consciousness of the Greek Minority in NorthernEpirus

<p>The first period of Albanian rule in Northern Epirus, from 1912 to 1945, witnessed a continuation of the oral tradition enriched by the experience of the unceasing struggle for liberation. It should be stressed that what we now call "literature of the ethnic Greek minority of Albania" is in fact nothing but an integral part of Greek literature. It is the literary output of the Greek inhabitants of the area who, despite the adverse political developments that left them outside the borders of the Greek state, maintained their creativity and their Greek identity. From 1945 onwards, with the establishment of the People's Republic of Albania, any attempt to assess the literature of the Greek minority in Northern Epirus stumbles upon the political and national dichotomy of the land and its people. Firstly, the writers who identified themselves with the Communist ideals were following the principles of Socialist Realism. Secondly, those who followed a path of silent resistance and struggled for the preservation of the Greek language reverted to allegory and cryptic writing.</p>

Aux origines de l'Inserm : André Chevallier et l'Institut national d'hygiène

Before Inserm : André Chevallier and The Institut national d'hygiène It was in 1941, under the Vichy government that the INH, later to become the Inserm, the first ongoing government organization was created for research in medicine and public health in France. One can presume that an authoritarian regime is more capable of establishing a health policy than a parliamentary democracy which is more sensitive to the protection of the individual and minorities, but it is also necessary to recognize the importance of American aid to France during WWII and in particular that of the International Health division of the Rockefeller Foundation. The first general manager of INH was Pr André Chevallier, a physician specialized in physiology of nutrition and vitamines in Marseille. From 1942 to 1946, the date when Chevallier resigned from the management of the INH in Paris for political reasons — too much collaborations not with the Germans but with the Americans! — , he placed the most emphasis on questions of prenatal care and pediatrics in response to the problems of food and vitamines shortages. Another sections of the INH was in charge of social diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis or cancer. In spite it had most difficulty in doing its work in epidemiology because of the tradition of corporatism and the silent resistance of French practitioners to social medicine, to the great satisfaction of the French Ministry of Health, the INH could publish the conclusions of its first survey before the war ended.

Iran's Tortuous Path Toward “Islamic Liberalism”

This article provides an overview of the intellectual and sociopolitical roots of Iran's tortuous path toward “Islamic liberalism” and reform. It analyzes the shift in the ideological orientation of a major faction within the political elite from a radical to a relatively moderate and liberal interpretation of Islam. The authors trace the roots of this ideological shift to a series of political developments since the triumph of the Islamic revolution in 1979, including various failures of the revolutionary regime to fulfill its populist and egalitarian promises; a considerable erosion in the legitimacy of the ruling clerics; the successful (though largely silent) resistance of the youth and women against the culturally restrictive policies of the Islamic Republic; the rise of a distinctly anti-fundamentalist, liberal-reformist interpretation of Islam by a number of Iranian theologians and religious intellectuals; and the precipitous decline in the popularity of revolutionary ideas in the 1990s. In spite of the increasing appeal of liberal-democratic ideas of individual freedom, pluralism, and political tolerance in the new reform movement and the overwhelming endorsement of these ideas in four recent national elections, including two presidential polls, the authors argue that the movement has had but a limited and, for the most part symbolic, influence on Iran's objective, and still repressive, political conditions.

Aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase genes are universally present in mycobacteria: characterization of the aac(2')-Ic gene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the aac(2')-Id gene from Mycobacterium smegmatis.

The genus Mycobacterium comprises clinically important pathogens such as M. tuberculosis, which has reemerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide especially with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The use of fast-growing species such as Mycobacterium smegmatis has allowed important advances to be made in the field of mycobacterial genetics and in the study of the mechanisms of resistance in mycobacteria. The isolation of an aminoglycoside-resistance gene from Mycobacterium fortuitum has recently been described. The aac(2')-Ib gene is chromosomally encoded and is present in all isolates of M. fortuitum. The presence of this gene in other mycobacterial species is studied here and genes homologous to that of M. fortuitum have been found in all mycobacterial species studied. In this report, the cloning of the aac(2')-Ic gene from M. tuberculosis H37Rv and the aac(2')-Id gene from M. smegmatis mc(2)155 is described. Southern blot hybridizations have shown that both genes are present in all strains of this species studied to date. In addition, the putative aac(2')-Ie gene has been located in a recent release of the Mycobacterium leprae genome. The expression of the aac(2')-Ic and aac(2')-Id genes has been studied in M. smegmatis and only aac(2')-Id is correlated with aminoglycoside resistance. In order to elucidate the role of the aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase genes in mycobacteria and to determine whether they are silent resistance genes or whether they have a secondary role in mycobacterial metabolism, the aac(2')-Id gene from M. smegmatis has been disrupted in the chromosome of M. smegmatis mc(2)155. The disruptant shows an increase in aminoglycoside susceptibility along with a slight increase in the susceptibility to lysozyme.

Conflict and community in southern England: essays in the social history of rural and urban labour from medieval to modern times (review)

162 Reviews Stapleton, Barry, ed., Conflict and community in southern England: essays in the social history of rural and urban labourfrom medieval to modern times, Stroud and N.Y., Allan Sutton and St Martin's Press, 1992; cloth; pp. xvii, 252; 6 maps, 11 tables; R.R.P. £35.00. Thetitleof this book provides a loose framework for a very diverse collection of essays which differ very considerably in their focus and philosophy. The redirection of interest from government to society has led medieval and early modem historians to put old wine in new bottles, adapting traditional approaches to formal records by an injection of sociology. This is not uniformly successful. Peter Symonds' useful but conventional account of the decline of serfdom infifteenth-centuryWiltshire hardly proves his assertion that it was a form of successful silent resistance of tenant to landlord. Christopher Durston's attempts to bolster an argument linking sporadic evidence of religious nonconformity in Newbury with unorthodox political opinions by reference to modern American sociological research lays no foundations for similarity. George Watts' s objective of disputing the conventionally accepted relationship between the 1381 rising and commercial development is argued anecdotally, piling up examples of resistance over more than a century which vary substantially in type. John Rule is more successful in contributing to the ongoing debate on labour consciousness by analysis of three eighteenth-century industrial disputes in Exeter, as is Bob Bushaway in illustrating the proposition that custom is subject to change and development as it serves as a legally recognized underpinning for the structure of life at village level. Roger Wells provides a useful reminder that all crime is not socially motivated or a form of popular protest, even in the countryside, by demonstrating the urban links of professional criminal gangs operating in early-nineteenth-century Sussex. Mick Reed equally shows that small farmers, who he identifies as peasants, survived in larger numbers in nineteenth-century southern England than is usually assumed while Jeff Porter's contribution reminds us of the important role of fishing in rural poaching. O n the whole, however, the volume is a little disappointing. The contributions are generally slight and sometimes, as is the case with Stapleton's own demographic survey of Odiham, merely reinforce what others have said before. Some are more fashionable than illuminating. Graham Davis's attempt to deconstruct the official view of nineteenth-century Bath slums does not reveal much of the residents' self-perceptions, and Celia Miller's look at hiring agreements in rural Gloucestershire effectively only provides formal documentation of the more compelling vision of Hardy's Wessex. The essays are a reflection of existing pre-occupations with custom, ritual ceremonial, and crime. Painstaking historical detective work puts a little flesh Reviews 163 on to the bones of the inarticulate masses of the past adding to the specific examples available without for the most part offering any new insights or useful methodological breakthroughs. Sybil M . Jack Department of History University of Sydney Starn, Randolph and Loren Partridge, Am of power: three halls of state in Italy, 1300-1600 (The new historicism: studies in cultural poetics, no. 19), Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford, University of California Press, 1992; cloth; pp. xi, 374; 8 colour plates, 128figures;R.R.P. US$65.00. In Jacob Burckhardt's portrait of Renaissance Italy, the state became 'a work of art'. As the authors of Arts of power observe correctly, the Swiss historian shied away from the corollary of his own insight that art became a work of state. It is the complex interrelationships, exchanges, and transferences between politics and art, between power and imagination, that provides their theme. Their focus is the decoration of three halls of state in Renaissance Italy: Ambrogio Lorinzetti's frescoes, commonly known as Good and bad government, in the Sala dei Nove in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena; Mantegna's frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi in the ducal palace in Mantua; and Vasari's paintings in the Sala Grande in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. The last are considered in conjunction with the decorations for the state entry into Florence in 1565 of Giovanna of Austria, bride of Francesco de'Medici. The three...