Silence Research Articles

Doctoral career path studies:exchanging paradigms across international borders

This paper explores four doctoral education studies in the United States of America, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Kingdom and France which were presented at the 2012 European Alliance on Research Career Development workshop. These studies were directed towards research funding agencies elaborating new theoretical and methodological insights in this emerging field of doctoral career path studies. What questions do these studies choose to foreground? The studies reveal a general silence about matters of power, hierarchy and marginalisation of doctoral education instead highlighting more pragmatic operational and institutional considerations. The paper generates a set of expanding questions to ask about how the agendas of doctoral career path studies are being constructed and in whose interests they are designed and supported. The paper also offers alternate conceptions of the notion of development, freedoms and significance when evaluating such research agendas, especially for developing world contexts. Key words: doctoral career path studies, career tracking, career outcomes

Effects of SIPL1 screened by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) on biological function and drug resistance of renal cell carcinoma cells

To screen the differentially expressed genes in human renal clear-cell carcinoma (RCC) cells using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), and to explore their biological function and underlying mechanism in RCC cells. Total RNAs were extracted from human renal clear-cell carcinoma cell line RLC-310 and human normal renal cell line HK-2 cells, and SSH technology was used to construct a RCC cell library of differential expression genes and to screen the most differentially expressed genes. RNA interference vector was constructed to silence the expression of the differentially expressed gene SIPL1 in human renal cell lines RLC-310 and GRC-1. Proliferation index was estimated by cell counting, MTT and tumor xenograft assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Drug resistance potential to adriamycin was assessed by MTT. A subtractive cDNA library of highly expressed genes in the RCC cells was constructed and 12 differentially expressed genes were screened from the subtractive library, in which SIPL1 was the most differently expressed gene in the RCC cell line. SIPL1 overexpression in the RCC cells and clinical samples was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. The shRNA expression plasmid targeting to SIPL1 gene was constructed and transfected into RLC-310 and GRC-1 cells, resulting in downregulation of SIPL1. SIPL1 knockdown inhibited the cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and tumorgenesis. The tumor weights formed by RLC-310 cells transfected with SIPL1 shRNA was (0.22 ± 0.07)g and that of negative control vector was (0.85 ± 0.06)g. The tumor weight formed by GRC-1 cells was (0.32 ± 0.07)g and that of control vectors was (1.21 ± 0.11)g (P < 0.05). SIPL1 shRNA-transfected RLC-310 cells showed that more cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase [(71.13 ± 4.58)%] than that in the negative control RLC-310 cells [(53.27 ± 3.34)%, P < 0.05]. The proportion of G0/G1 phase in the SIPL1 shRNA transfected GRC-1 cells was (73.83 ± 3.97)%, significantly higher than that of (59.33 ± 3.03)% in the negative control GRC-1 cells (P < 0.05), and enhanced their sensitivity to adriamycin (P < 0.05). Silence of SIPL1 caused inactivation of AKT signaling and up-regulated expression of P27(Kip1) and P21(Cip1) proteins. A differentially expressed gene SIPL1 in the renal clear-cell carcinoma is successfully screened using SSH technology. SIPL1 functions as an oncogene in RCC, and may become a novel molecular target for RCC diagnosis and therapy.

Metastasis and drug resistance of human hepatocarcinoma cells mediated by glycogenes and N-glycans

Objective To identify the relationship among glycogenes, N-glycans and hepatocarcinoma metastasis and drug resistance by studying the differential expressions of glycogenes and N-glycans in MHCC97-H and MHCC97-L human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, and to confirm the novel target of hepatocarcinoma metastasis and anti-tumor therapy. Methods Real-time PCR was used to quantitatively analyze glycogenes and fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC）-lectin was used to analyze glycans characteristics. RNA interference approach was used to interfere the glycogenes, and the invasive ability in vitro and drug susceptibility of MHCC97-H cells were detected before and after interference. Modification of N-glycosylation （tunicamycin and PNGase F treatment） was done, and the invasiveness in vitro, tumorigenicity in vivo and drug susceptibility of MHCC97-H cells were detected be- fore and after modification. Results The expressions of glycogenes and glycans were different in MHCC97-H cells and MHCC97-L cells. The silence of MGAT5 in MHCC97-H cells inhibited invasion ability and increased sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in vitro（ t = 7.312, P 〈 0.05）. Modification of N-glyeosylation decreased MHCC97-H cells invasion ability in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo and increased sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil. Conclusion The differential expressions of glycogens and N-glycans in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines correlate with tumor invasion and drug resistance, and they are expected to be novel targets of tumor chemotherapy. Key words: Glycosyhransferases ; Liver neoplasms ; Neoplasm metastasis ; Drug resistance

Introduction: 1 Year of Silence?

Introduction: 1 Year of Silence?

Effect of silence S100A4 mRNA by RNA interference on radiosensitivity of the pancreatic cancer cell lines

Objective To investigate the siRNA interference of S100A4 mRNA of human pancreatic cancer cell radiosensitivity.Method Cultured human pancreatic BxPC-3,AsPC-1 in vitro,logarithmic phase cells as the experimental object,were divided into three groups:normal control group (without any treatment),negative control group (transfected with negative control fragment),interference group (transfected S100A4 protein fragment siRNA),the chemical synthesis siRNAS100A4 fragment interference of S100A4 mRNA 0,1,2,3,5,7,10 Gy given 6MV X-ray irradiation,the use of clone formation assay,Giemsa stained colony formation rate is calculated and SF2,and the fitting cell survival curve.Results The siRNA interference S100A4 after BxPC-3 cells SF2 value are:the control group 0.68±0.02,negative control group 0.65±0.01.interference group,0.38±0.02,P＜0.05.AsPC-1 cells SF2 value:control group 0.48±The0.02,negative control group 0.47±0.02; interference group:0.37±0.04,P＜0.05.Conclusion siRNA interference S100A4 after increased radiosensitivity of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Key words: Pancreatic neoplasms; Radiation tolerance; RNA, small interfering

Effect of silencing transcription factor 21 gene by siRNA on Kiss-1 gene expression in human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells

Objective To investigate the effect of silencing transcription factor 21 (TCF21) gene expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of Kiss-1 gene and the cell biological behaviors of proliferation,invasion and migration in human colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 in vivo.Methods A specific siRNA molecule fragment for TCF21 was designed,and transfected into HT-29 cells by lipofectamineTM 2000.The experimental group,negative control group and blank control group were set up.Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression levels of TCF21 and Kiss-1 mRNA at 48 h after transfection.By using Western blotting,the expression levels of TCF21 and Kiss-1 proteins at 72nd h after transfection was examined.The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect cell proliferation capacity,and Transwell assay to detect the invasion and migration capacity at 72nd h post-transfection.Results The siRNA fragment could silence TCF21 gene expression successfully,then leading to a substantial drop-off in the expression of Kiss-1 mRNA (0.58 ± 0.02) and protein (0.3491 ±0.0009,P ＜0.05).CCK-8 test and Transwell assay revealed that cells after transfection proliferated more rapidly than before transfection and had an increasing capability of invasion and migration (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The silencing of TCF21 expression in colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 cells could decline the expression level of Kiss-1 mRNA and protein,and lead to the corresponding changes of cell biological behaviors,suggesting TCF21 gene might be the upstream regulator of Kiss-1 gene. Key words: Colorectal cancer; Small interfering RNA; Transcription factor 21; Kiss-1 ; Biological behavior

Silence of hepatitis B virus X protein gene enhances sorafenib-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line PLC

Objective To explore whether hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) gene specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhances the effect of sorafenib promoting liver cancer cell line PLC apoptosis and the possible mechanism.Methods PLC cells were treated with HBx-siRNA or in combination with sorafenib.The level of HBx mRNA was assessed by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR).The apoptosis rate was detected by using flow cytometry.The changes in genes profiles of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway before and after treatment with HBx-siRNA in combination with sorafenib in PLC cells were observed by using real-time gene array.Results After treatment with HBx-siRNA for 24 h,the expression of HBx mRNA in PLC cells was decreaseed significantly to 0.61 (P ＜ 0.05).HBx-specific siRNA could enhance apoptosis of PLC cells significantly (P ＜ 0.05) and the apoptosis rate was 43％.After treatment with sorafenib in PLC cells,the expression of two genes was increased to more than two times,and that of 11 decreased to below 0.5 times in the MAPK signal pathway by using real-time PCR array.After HBx siRNA and treatment with sorafenib,the expression of one gene was increased to more than two times,and that of 37 decreased to below 0.5 times in the MAPK signal pathway by using real-time PCR array.Conclusion HBx-si RNA suppresses Hbx gene expression and enhances the response of PLC cells to sorafenib.The mechanism is related to more systemic inhibitory effect on MAPK signal pathway. Key words: Hepatitis B virus ; Small interfering RNA ; Sorafenib ; Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway

RNA Interference Treatment for a Type of Amyloidosis

Certain small RNAs silence the production of a particular protein — a phenomenon called RNA interference. In the amyloidoses, different proteins are

The chitosan-small interfering RNA suppressed the expression levels of multidrug resistant-associated protein 1 in C6 cells

Objective To investigate the chitosan-small interfering RNA (siRNA) NP ratio with maximum transfection efficiency and silence effect.Methods The diameter and Zeta potential of the chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles were measured by using laser particle size analyzer.Fluorescent-labeled siRNA was transfected into C6 cells for preliminary appraisal transfection efficiency.The transfected C6 cells were divided into 6 groups:three experimental groups,which were transfected with chitosan-siRNA nanoparticle ratio of 175∶ 1,88∶1 and 44∶ 1,the positive control group,which was transfected with multidrug resistantassociated protein 1 (MRP1)-siRNA by LipofectamineTM 2000 and MRP1 siRNA; the negative control group,which was transfected with chitosan-negative control siRNA nanoparticles,and the blank group,which was transfected with blank chitosan-nanoparticles.The expression levels of MRP1 mRNA and protein in C6 cells were assessed by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting respectively.Results The chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles were successfully prepared.With decreases in NP ratio,the chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles had the diameters of 186.7 nm,209.5 nm,and 492.3 am,and the potentials were 18.57 mV,13.52 mV,and 48.58 mV,respectively.Target protein expression could be down-regulated to (23.2 ± 4.3)％ when the NP ratio of nanoparticles was 175.Conclusion In C6 cells,MRP1 can be effectively suppressed when the chitosan-siRNA ratio was 175∶ 1. Key words: Chitosan; Small interfering RNA; Multidrug resistant-associated protein 1

Research progress of miRNA and siRNA in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a type of polyglutamine (polyQ) disease with expansion mutant ATXN3 gene as its causative gene which contains cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat sequence at the coding region of 3-terminal. The polyQ expansion mutant ATXN3 gene encoded polyQ expansion mutant ataxin-3 protein with a polyQ peptide chain at its carboxyl-terminal. The polyQ expansion mutant ataxin-3 protein selectively accumulates in specific areas of the central nervous system, such as cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, etc, and forms neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NⅡs). Researches about micro RNA (miRNA) and small interference RNA (siRNA) are dramatically rapidly increasing. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that widely exist in higher eukaryotes, with approximately 21-23 bp. They inhibit target gene expression by combining with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the target gene mRNA. siRNAs are the effect molecules in RNA interference (RNAi) technology, with a length of about 21-23 bp. They induce mRNA degradation and silence on the basis of completely complementary combination with mRNA coding sequence (CDS). miRNA and siRNA have many similarities in both structure and mechanism, and both of them can be used to analyze gene function and to investigate pathogenesis of diseases.

The effect of mucin 1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Objective To detect the effect of gene silence targeting mucin 1 (MUC1) on biological behaviour of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,and explore the function of MUC1 in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Methods To construct the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral vector targeting MUC1.After transfection,the interference effect of MUC1 on Eca109 cells was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting.The cell proliferation of Ecal09 was assessed by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and the cell invasion was detected by transwell assay.Finally,RT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine the expression levels of E-cadherin in Ecal09 cells.Results Compared with the untransfected control,MUC1 expression in Eca109 cells transfected with MUC1 shRNA was decreased significantly at both mRNA (1.000 ±0.061 vs.0.612 ±0.019)and protein levels (11.230 ± 1.120 vs.7.440 ±0.970) (P ＜0.05).Meanwhile,the cell proliferation of Eca109 cells transfected with MUC1 shRNA was significantly lower at 48 h (0.393 ±0.028 vs.0.281 ±0.020) and 72 h (0.792 ± 0.052 vs.0.463 ± 0.028),respectively (P all ＜ 0.05),and the invasion ability of which was decreased obviously (87 ± 4 vs.48 ± 7,P ＜ 0.05).Notable,E-cadherin expression in Eca109 cells transfected with MUC1 shRNA was significantly higher at both mRNA (1.000 ± 0.072 vs.2.510 ±0.767) and protein levels (0.070 ±0.020 vs.0.130 ±0.030,P＜0.05).Conclusion MUC1 might promote the invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Key words: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Tumor invasion and metastasis; Mucin 1

Effect on invasion ability of cervical cancer cells after silence heparanase gene expression in Hela cells

Design and synthesize short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector of RNA for specific silencing of heparanase (HPA) gene, screened plasmid which silence effects is the best. Observe the function of cell invasion after inhibiting the expression of HPA in cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa). The genomic sequence of HPA gene was retrieved from GenBank database. Designed four pairs of specific oligonucleotide sequences and a negative control according to the shRNA design principles. They were inserted into the vector pYr-1.1, vectors, and transfected into HeLa cells via lipofectamine. Reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and immunofluorescence were employed to detect the expression of HPA gene in the transfected cells at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The plasmid were screened and transfected into HeLa cells, then transwell small room stromal invasion experiment were employed to observe the cervical carcinoma cell invasion. RT-PCR results of transfected HeLa cells shown that the mRNA amplification multiples were 0.54 ± 0.05 in the HPA-592 group, 0.89 ± 0.18 in HPA-995 group, 0.82 ± 0.22 in the HPA-1351 group, 0.91 ± 0.47 in HPA-1658 group. While, they were 1.31 ± 0.72 and 1.09 ± 0.16 in negative control and blank control group, respectively. Green fluorescence was visible in the cytoplasm, which indicated that the HPA protein was expressed in the cytoplasm, of them the weakest green fluorescence in the HPA-592 group . The relative numbers of invasive cells among the HeLa cells were as follows: 182 ± 6 in the blank control group, 258 ± 17 in the negative control group, and 44 ± 4 in the HPA-592-specific interference group (P < 0.01) . Successfully screened shRNA vector targeting human HPA, efficiently inhibit expression of HPA gene when transfected into HeLa cells, and significantly reduced the invasion capacity of cervical carcinoma cells.

An Odyssey of Silence: Voice, Body and Breath

An Odyssey of Silence: Voice, Body and Breath

La literatura de la Cristiada: una visión apocalíptica de la historia de México

The collapse of social and political order provoked by the 1910 Mexican Revolution and the Cristero war (1926-1934) are two historical moments that saw the breakdown of the religious world’s certainty. Apart from the institutional conflict between Catholic church and Mexican State, the people experienced the threat of a hecatomb, the deprivation of religious protection, known and alive since the period of the Spanish conquest and colonization. This lack of a space for the community and the impossibility of expressing religious rites fed an apocalyptic vision of the world. Not being allowed to access places of worship under the government of Plutarco Elias Calles unleashed the violent reaction of a profoundly religious people, which took arms to defend what it considered fundamental: its own ancestral tradition and a sacred space which it had been denied. In the midst of the silences which official historiography maintained during the years following this unpleasant chapter of Mexican history, Cristero literature has constructed its own vision, an apocalyptic vision which breaks down the temporal and social boundaries within which it has been studied. The present work concentrates on the analysis of the Cristero novel which represents the Cristiada from different perspectives, one of which underlines the redeeming nature of the battle favoring the use of the apocalyptic metaphor of martyrdom.

Enhanced immune activity of mouse spleen T lymphocytes by small specific interfering RNA silencing expression of casitas B cell lymphoma-b gene

Objective To investigate the effect of specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing the expression of casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) gene on the immune activity of the mouse spleen T lymphocytes.Methods T lymphocytes were isolated by Nylon Wool Fiber Columns.By using anti-CD3 antibodies (1 mg/L) as the first signal of T lymphocyte activation in vitro,and at 12,24 and 48 h after transfecting by liposome,the expression of CD69,CD25 and CD71 was detected and analyzed by using fluorescence conjugated monoclonal antibodies and flowcytometry.At 48 h after transfection,the proliferation of the T lymphocyte was measured with CCK-8 kit.Results Specific Cbl-b siRNA could effectively silence the expression of Cbl-b gene.At 12 h after transfection,CD69 molecular expression levels in transfection group,negative control group and blank group were (46.78 ±4.89)％,(21.36 ±2.06)％,and (25.09 ±2.27)％ respectively (P ＜ 0.01).At 24 h after transfection,CD25 molecular expression levels in transfection group,negative control group and blank group were (19.27 ± 1.84)％,(8.18 ±0.71)％,and (9.25 ± 0.65) ％ respectively (P ＜ 0.01).At 48 h after transfection,CD71 molecular expression levels in transfection group,negative control group and blank group were (43.26 ± 3.89)％,(23.99 ±1.97) ％,and (28.09 ± 2.15)％ respectively (P ＜ 0.01).At 48 h after transfection,A values detected by CCK-8 kit in transfection group,control group,and blank group were 0.763 ± 0.063,0.356 ± 0.039,and 0.383 ± 0.015 respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Specific siRNA silencing Cbl-b gene can markedly promote the immune activity of mouse T lymphocytes. Key words: Casitas B cell lymphoma-b; Small interfering RNA; Gene silencing; T-Lymphocytes

Effect of self-secreted interleukin-6 of proliferation and cell cycle of liver cancer cell line HepG2

Objective To study the effect of self-secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6) of proliferation and cell cycle of liver cancer cell line HepG2.Methods The interleukin-6 was made to be silence by using RNA interference technology,and then the control groups were established accordindy by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) with insignificant order,liposome only and no transfection and transfected IL-6-RNA.Detect the proliferation and cell cycle by using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry technology.Results The expression of IL-6 mRNA were 104.00 ± 10.71,309.00 ± 15.19,162.50 ±9.85,26.75 ±7.54; The cell proliferation rate were 100.00％,160.72％,130.39％,55.54％ by using MTT; the cell proportion in different cell circles was detected by using Flow cytometry technology in different teams as follows:G0/G1 phase account for (68.09 ±0.98)％,(63.28 ±0.92)％,(67.01 ±0.93)％,(73.43±1.16)％; S phase account for (23.04 ±0.99)％,(32.32 ±0.83)％,(25.11 ±1.24)％,(20.34 ±0.20)％; S ±G2/M phase account for (31.91 ±0.98)％,(36.72 ±0.92)％,(32.99 ± 0.93) ％,(26.57 ± 1.16) ％.Conclusion It can supress the expression of IL-6 mRNA in liver cancer cell HepG2 by using RNAi interference technique; it can supress the proliferation and extend the cell circle of liver cancer cell HepG2 when IL-6was silence; its proliferation was promoted and cell circle was shorten when it secreted higher interleukin-6 in liver cancer cell line HepG2. Key words: Interleukin-6 ; Cell proliferation ; Cell circle

The role of brahma-related gene 1 on cell migration and invasion of human breast cancer cell and its molecular mechanisms

Objective To investigate the role of brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) on human breast cancer cell migration and invasion and its molecular mechanisms.Methods The BRG1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were transferred into MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 breast cancer cells.The migration abilities of two breast cancer cells were detected by cell migration assay.The invasive abilities were detected by cell invasion assay.The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitorof metalloproteinase (TIMPs) proteins expressions were detected by western blotting and the MMPs activities were detected by gelatin zymography.Results Compared to the control siRNA treatment,BRG1 interference could drastically decreased cell migration abilities of both cells by 58％,and the cell invasive abilities of both cells by 66％ and 42％,respectively.The expression levels of MMP-2 protein were drastically decreased by 24％ and 28％ and the expression levels of MMP-9 protein were drastically decreased by 30％ and 46％ in the two breast cancer cells after BRG1 interference.but TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein expression level was significantly increased.The MMP-2 activity was significantly suppressed in the two breast cancer cells by 17％ and 20％,and the MMP-9 activity was significantly suppressed by 21％ and 11％,respectively,compared to the control cells.Conclusion Silence of BRG1 could suppress human breast cancer cell invasion through up-regulation of TIMP-1,2 and down-regulation of MMP-2,9. Key words: Brahma-related gene 1 ; Breast cancer ; Invasion ; Matrix metalloproteinase ; Tissue inhibitorof metalloproteinase

A formação pedagógica no ensino superior e o papel da pós-graduação stricto sensu

Desenvolvemos este trabalho com base na ideia de que ser docente no ensino superior não é apenas uma questão de domínio de conteúdo, de expertise em determinado campo. A prática pedagógica em tal nível de ensino é complexa, contextualizada, muitas vezes imprevisível e se configura por escolhas éticas e políticas. Nesse sentido, entendemos que a docência demanda um processo formativo que pode ter como fase inicial a pós-graduação stricto sensu. A partir de tal discussão, estabelecemos como objetivo estudar o modo como a formação pedagógica é tratada no âmbito das políticas públicas para o ensino superior, mais especificamente no que tange à pós-graduação stricto sensu. Para tanto, valemo-nos de dois referenciais metodológicos: a teoria dos campos de Pierre Bourdieu e a análise crítica do discurso de Norman Fairclough. A compreensão da pós-graduação como um campo científico e a análise do Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação indicaram que esse nível de formação superior está basicamente voltado para a acumulação de capital científico e para a formação de habitus científico, tudo isso em meio a um silêncio sobre a dimensão do ensino no fazer e ser docente. Concluímos que há a necessidade de desenvolver uma cultura de valorização do ensino na universidade, processo este que pode ter na valorização de um capital pedagógico e na formação de um habitus pedagógico na pós-graduação stricto sensu uma fase de grande relevância.

Thirty Years After: A Re-assessment of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943

On April 12, 1973, The Jewish Quarterly, in association with the Committee for Jewish Culture, presented a lecture by Reuben Ainsztein on the 30th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The lecture took place at the John Power Hall, St Jame's Square, London, with Mr David Astor, editor of The Observer, in the chair. It was preceded by the reading of a chapter from Katzenelson's poem, ‘The Song of the Murdered Jewish People’, in an English translation, given by the Israeli actor, Ilan Reichler ben Neria. Mr Ainsztein, who is the author of a two-volume work on the ‘Jewish participation in the Polish and Soviet Resistance Movement during World War II’, shortly to be published by Elek, reminded his audience of ‘the conspiracy of silence surrounding Polish-Jewish relations during the years of the Final Solution’, As far back as 1958 that silence was broken for the first time by an article he had written which, thanks to Mr Astor, had been published in The Twentieth Century. Prior to that, and since then, M...

Language and silence: a case for Elie Wiesel

Language and silence: a case for Elie Wiesel