Siladen Island Research Articles

Meiobenthic assemblages as ecological indicator of natural variability induced by ecosystem engineers

Indonesia is biologically one of the most diverse areas in the world. Nevertheless, its biodiversity is underestimated, and this is particularly evident for meiobenthic assemblages. Seagrass meadows are known to be ecosystem engineers that can significantly modify the habitat heterogeneity and, thereby, increase the meiobenthic diversity. Therefore, a study on the meiobenthic distribution and biodiversity was conducted in two seagrass meadows around Siladen Island (Bunaken Marine National Park): Barat and Lagoon, characterized by different sedimentary regimes, as well as by different anthropogenic impact. An overall high level of diversity indices and richness were recorded (H′: 1.19–1.69; J: 0.46–0.67; number of taxa: 9–14), with meiobenthic abundances ranging between 770 and 2529 ind. 10 cm −2. The lowest meiobenthic abundance and diversity (i.e. Shannon-diversity, number of taxa) were reported at Barat meadow, probably in response to sedimentological modifications and higher anthropogenic pressure at this site. Differences in meiobenthic assemblage structures were particularly evident when only rare taxa were considered (i.e taxa found in low abundances and characterized by a sporadic distribution in the study area). This result underlines the role of rare species as possible indicators of spatial variability generated by engineer species and different environmental conditions.

Data On Percentage Coral Reef Cover In Small Islands Bunaken National Park.

This article describes the data on coral reef percent cover small islands (Bunaken Island; Siladen Island; Manado Tua Island; Mantehage Island; Nain Island) in Bunaken National Park, Noth Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The data of coral percent cover from 20 stations (1000 quadrans), surveys were done by scuba diving along 50 m belt transects established on upper reef slope, mostly with depths ranging from 5 to 10 m. The method Used Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and Coral Point Count with excel (CPCe) analysis. Percentage of coral cover between 6,27% and 69,20%. Manado Tua Island has a percentage of coral cover 42,02%, Bunaken Island 39,63%, Mantehage Island 29,10%, Siladen Island 27,87%, and Nain Island 25,97%. The average of live coral cover on the five islands is 32.92% with moderate category [2].

PENERAPAN IPTEKS DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN MUSIK MASAMPER ANAK DI PULAU SILADEN BERBASIS INDUSTRI KREATIF

Siladen is an island east of Bunaken Island with a population of approximately 300 family heads. Since the first Community as Fishermen to change since the entry of foreign and local investors invest their capital in the tourism sector by establishing resorts and international diving spot. Residents who were formerly fishermen, are now beginning to be recruited into company employees. The community of Siladen Island is derived from sangihe island and still maintains its cultural tradition, one of which is Masamper music. This art, often featured in social activities, local culture until now. To improve the welfare of the local community, the Community Service is implemented which is focused on the children. Train the creativity of children, in order to improve the welfare of the family later became the goal Keywords: Music Masamper Group of Children, Siladen Island, Creative Industry

Budidaya Tanaman Hortikultura Memanfaatkan Lahan Pekarangan di Bunaken Manado

Bunaken Island which is shaped like the crescent, has an area of 696.8 ha and is a park conservation areanational sea in North Sulawesi. Bunaken Island has two villages, first, Bunaken Village, the administrative area ofup to Parigi Headland and Siladen Island. Then the second village is Alungbanua Village. Based on the surveyresults in the village of Bunaken- Parigi Headland, it was known that there are still many yards that are still not usedfor planting horticultural crops that can provide a food source for family. In addition, it was found that there werestill many pigs released wildly by the community and produced large amounts of pig manure. Parigi Headlandpeople have the potential to develop group and family businesses in agriculture, but still have limitations indeveloping farming technology, making and using organic fertilizers, and producing organic pesticides. PKMHorticultural Crop Cultivation Utilizing Yard Land in Bunaken Manado aims to train communities and families inthe village of Bunaken-Parigi Headland to be able to utilize their yard and increase the quantity and quality ofproduction of horticultural crops in the form of chili, tomatoes and vegetables. Furtheremore, it aims to guide andtrain the community so they can produce their own organic fertilizer as a result of fermentation of livestock manure.The results obtained were 1) an increase in public understanding of the importance of using yard land as a place offarming with high economic value such as chili, 2) results obtained by the early harvest chilies weight ranged from0.50 to 1.10 kg per plant in the raised beds, and the weight of chilies grown in polybags have a range of 0.40 to 0.95kg per plant, 3) organic fertilizer fermented manure waste using biological agents effective microorganism (EM4)was gained, and 4) the construction of the maintenance enclosure for pigs.

Taxonomic revision and morphological cladistics analysis of the diatom genus Anorthoneis (Cocconeidaceae), with description of Anorthoneis arthus-bertrandii sp. nov.

We present here an ultrastructure-based revision of the diatom genus Anorthoneis using both light (LM) and electron microscopy (SEM). The original slides and type material of all known Anorthoneis species were analysed and new, previously unseen, morphological features of the frustules, such as rota-like vela and ligulate structures around the valve margin, were revealed. The phylogenetic relationships among Anorthoneis taxa were investigated based on morphological characters using a maximum parsimony method. This analysis indicated a large, well-supported clade that included taxa that exhibited similarities in external and internal details of the central areas in both raphe-sternum and sternum valves. Revealed synapomorphies within the genus include externally and internally transversely dilated central area on both sides of the raphe-sternum valve, externally transversely dilated central area on both sides of the sternum valve, sternum valve striae parallel at the center and radiate at the apices, and areolae with hymenes in both valves. During a survey a new species Anorthoneis arthus-bertrandii sp. nov., was found on seagrass leaves collected from Siladen Island (Indonesia). This taxon is sister to A. hyalina, but can be easily differentiated from the latter by smaller valve dimensions, central area size and shape, and rota-like vela occluding sternum valve areolae - a feature that has never been observed in other Anorthoneis taxa.

Morphological discoveries in the genus Diploneis (Bacillariophyceae) from the tropical west Pacific, including the description of new taxa

Epiphytic diatoms on seaweeds and seagrasses were collected from tropical regions in the western Pacific Ocean (i.e., Siladen Island, Celebes Sea, Indonesia; Guam; Palau). Fifteen species of Diploneis are described in detail with light and scanning electron microscopy including six species new to science, D. cerebrum, D. claustra, D. craticula, D. crispa, D. rimosa and D. weissflogiopsis. Valve structure in Diploneis is particularly complicated, and two new distinctive structures are described for the first time: (1) central external raphe endings with flaps or rolled flaps and (2) internal globular papillae near the marginal ends of the virgae. In addition, we confirm that openings on the inner surface of the longitudinal canals are of taxonomic value. The structural complexities encountered in Diploneis require the study of a great many more taxa before a meaningful revision of the genus can be undertaken. Its diversity in warm waters is a rich resource for new Diploneis taxa to further our understanding of the genus.

Characteristics of Phosphate, Nitrate and Dissolved Oxygen in Gangga and Siladen Island Waters, North Sulawesi

Waters of Gangga and Siladen island, North Sulawesi is very important due to their terrestrial-influenced oceanographic conditions of the Celebes Sea and the Indian Ocean that is rich in marine resources. Research on the characteristics of the water mass in relation with nutrients, phosphate, nitrate and dissolved oxygen were carried out in the waters Gangga island (May 2011) and Siladen island (July 2011). Phosphate and nitrate levels were analyzed using spectrophotometric method using Nicolet Evolution 100 spectrophotometer, while dissolved oxygen was determined by electrochemical methods. Statistical analysis showed that the nitrate levels in the waters of the Gangga island to the Siladen island is significantly different, while the phosphate and dissolved oxygen levels were not significantly different. The fluctuative concentration of phosphate, nitrate and dissolved oxygen in the Gangga and Siladen island waters were influenced by current, the mmovement of water mass, plankton activity and input from the surrounding mainland. Keywords: Phosphate, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, gangga, siladen, north sulawesi. ABSTRAK Perairan pulau Gangga dan pulau Siladen, Sulawesi Utara merupakan perairan yang sangat penting karena kondisi oseanografinya di pengaruhi daratan, Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Hindia sehingga kaya akan sumber daya laut. Penelitian tentang karakteristik massa air kaitannya dengan zat hara fosfat, nitrat dan oksigen terlarut telah dilakukan di perairan pulau Gangga (Mei 2011) dan pulau Siladen (Juli 2011). Kadar fosfat dan nitrat dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dengan menggunakan alat spektrofotometer Nicolet Evolution 100, sedangkan oksigen terlarut ditentukan dengan metoda elektrokimia. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa kadar nitrat di perairan pulau Gangga dengan pulau Siladen adalah berbeda sangat nyata, sedangkan kadar fosfat dan oksigen terlarut tidak berbeda nyata. Tinggi rendahnya kosentrasi fosfat, nitrat dan oksigen terlarut di perairan pulau Gangga dan pulau Siladen dipengaruhi oleh arus, pergerakan massa air, aktifitas plankton dan masukan dari daratan. Kata kunci: Fosfat, nitrat, oksigen terlarut, Gangga, Siladen, Sulawesi Utara.

Diversity of Mushroom Coral (Fungidae) in Siladen Waters, North Minahasa

Mushroom coral are well known in the waters of southeast asia because in this region has encountered in high abundance in shallow water and reef slope. Research on the diversity of mushroom coral (Fungiidae) conducted in July in the sea of Siladen island with four observation stations, they are Siladen I, Siladen II, Siladen III and Siladen IV. The research aims to determine mushroom coral species and diversity in the sea of Siladen Island, North Minahasa. This research use belt transect method and be extends parallel of the shoreline with 50x3m length of transects. The results showed that 13 species from seven genera were recorded. They are Fungia, Heliofungia, Ctenactis, Herpolitha, Polyphyllia, Sandalolitha and Podabacia. The number of coral species are found in the sea of Siladen island reached 32% of all coral species in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Diversity Index of mushroom coral in the Siladen waters ranged from 0.837–0.97. Mushroom coral density each station ranged from 0,11-0,22 ind/m2.Keywords : Diversity, mushroom coral, Siladen Island, North Minahasa

MOLUSKA PADA HYDROID (Aglaophenia cupressina) DI PERAIRAN BARAT PULAU SILADEN MANADO SULAWESI UTARA

Mollusks are one of benthic organisms that live on the sea bottom, often on the roots, stems, and leaves of plants. Hydroids (Aglaophenia cupressina), one constituent of coral reef organisms in the waters of Siladen Island, Manado, North Sulawesi, which is also an organism that has stingy nematocysts for divers in the region where they live, is a habitat of mollusks. Hydroids sampling was done by Scuba diving at 5 different depths, reef-flat, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 20 m, respectively. All mollusks specimens were taken to the laboratory for species identification. Results found three species of epibiont mollusks on the hydroids, in which the bigger the hydroid size the larger the volume, and higher number was found. This results from that the mollusks use the hydroids as a shelter from predator attacks, strong currents and waves, and food search.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME MARINE MASTOGLOIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) BELONGING TO SECTION SULCATAE, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.

Epiphytic diatoms on seagrass and seaweed were collected from tropical (e.g., Siladen Island, Celebes Sea, Indonesia and Phú Bài, China Sea, Vietnam), subtropical (e.g., Sharm el-Sheikh, Red Sea, Egypt), and temperate regions (e.g., Patmos Island, Greece) in 2000, 2005, and 2006. Eight species of Mastogloia, belonging to the section Sulcatae, are described mainly through scanning electron microscopy, including two new species to science, M. oculoides and M. sergiana. These species show a differently shaped median depression on the external valve face between the raphe-sternum and the valve margin. Moreover, they lack a developed conopeum or pseudoconopeum, which covers the median depression in other species of the section Sulcatae. This study gives new insights on the ultrastructure of the Mastogloia's valves and provides an update of their current geographical distribution.

New insights to the ultrastructure of some marine Mastogloia species section Sulcatae (Bacillariophyceae), including M. neoborneensis sp. nov.

Pennesi C., Poulin M., De Stefano M., Romagnoli T. and Totti C. 2011. New insights to the ultrastructure of some marine Mastogloia species section Sulcatae (Bacillariophyceae), including M. neoborneensis sp. nov. Phycologia 50: 548–562. DOI: 10.2216/10-39.1This paper describes the morphology of six Mastogloia species of the section Sulcatae, including one new species, M. neoborneensis. Specimens were collected from seagrass and macroalgae in tropical (Siladen Island, Celebes Sea, Indonesia), subtropical (Sharm el-Sheikh, Red Sea, Egypt) and temperate (Patmos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece) regions. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that all six species, M. baldjikiana, M. borneensis, M. hustedtii, M. mediterranea, M. neoborneensis and M. umbra, have different-shaped median depressions on the external surface of the valve face between the raphe-sternum and the margin, and variably developed siliceous outgrowths (conopeum and pseudoconopeum) covering the depressions to various degrees. This study provides new information on the frustule ultrastructure and geographical distribution of these Mastogloia species.

Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage

The hydroid assemblage of the Siladen Island coral reef (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) is made up of 107 species belonging to 51 genera and 28 families. The study of their spatial distribution has identified three different zones which are well-characterized: (1) the reef flat, where hydroids are mainly represented by cryptic species living in the shady crevices of the corals, epibiontic on sponges or sea grasses; (2) the edge of the reef characterized by hydroids growing mainly on the shady side of the corals, with the exception of the tufts of the large colonies of the stinging zooxanthellateAglaophenia cupressina; and (3) the vertical reef, where hydroids reach their maximum diversity and abundance and are often involved in symbiotic relationships.The number of hydroid species shows a seasonal trend with a summer minimum (July–September) and a winter maximum (November–February). The strong correlation between these variations and the abundance of rainfall suggests that food availability, strictly related to the seasonal amount of rain, represents the main abiotic factor triggering the hydroid species richness and the abundance of this tropical assemblage.

Sperm morphology in the black coral Cirrhipathes sp. (Anthozoa, Antipatharia)

Abstract. Male polyps of the antipatharian Cirrhipathes sp., collected along the coral reef of Siladen Island (Sulawesi, Indonesia), were studied in order to gain an insight into the reproductive biology. Spermatocysts (maximum size 120 μm) are located within the primary gametogenic mesenteries and are separated by mesenteric cell cytoplasmic extensions. Sperm, maturing along radial rows, have a fairly round shape and contain a series of electron‐dense vesicles in the apical nuclear region. A single mitochondrion flanks the nucleus. A peculiar cup‐like electron‐dense body, edged with regularly spaced electron‐dense granules, is interposed between the nucleus and the tail, and delimits a central region that includes two centrioles. Cross‐sections of the cup‐like body reveal that the distal centriole has a pericentriolar system, consisting of nine arms arranged in a radial pattern. Each arm branches into three processes that are connected to the electron‐dense granules. Indirect evidence of spawning is derived from the accumulation of sperm in the gastric cavity. This process takes place through the lysis of the cells bordering the mesenteries. Intact cells of this bordering layer appear to be involved in the phagocytosis of non‐expelled gametes.

Female gametes of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina (Anthozoa, Antipatharia) from the Indonesian Marine Park of Bunaken

Summary Female polyps of Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina were collected in August 2007 from the coral reef of Siladen Island in the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). The primary transverse mesenteries, which separate the adjacent lateral tentacles from one another, were filled with oocytes developing within the mesoglea. Cross-sections of the oral region revealed that young gametes were located both at the emergence of the primary transverse mesenteries from the gastroderm lining the coelenterons, and at the point where the mesenteries were linked to the pharynx. By contrast, at a lower level, where the mesenteries gave rise to mesenterial filaments, young gametes were limited to the initial part of the mesenteries. Oocytes were lodged in individual chambers, and were separated from one another by mesogleal elements. On occasion, oocytes were found in proximity to cells with short microvillous-like processes that interdigitated with those emerging from the oocyte surface. Oocytes varied in size according to the stage of the vitellogenetic process, the largest measuring 125 μm in diameter. Their cytoplasm was enriched with inclusions of three main kinds: lipids, yolk and both rod- and ovoid-shaped bodies. These bodies were characterized by an electron-dense core with a dotted appearance, surrounded by a sequence of tightly-packed fibrils arranged in parallel fashion. These bodies pushed the oocyte membrane slightly outwards, giving rise to irregular “spiny” protrusions. In addition to the microvillous-like extensions, oocytes also showed short lobose pseudopodia; both are probably involved in nutrient uptake. No other membrane specializations were observed in the oocytes, the general morphology of which seemed to be coherent with the assumption that they had reached their final stage of growth. Investigations on the reproduction of the black coral may provide insights into the feasibility of transplanting fertile colonies into areas where they have been decimated by anthropogenic pressure.

Acropora community composition at Siladen Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Acropora community composition at Siladen Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia