Signs Of Stasis Research Articles

SUBMICROSCOPIC CHANGES OF THYMUS UNDER CELLULAR DEHYDRATION

Lack of water is one of the most stressful conditions for the body that can lead to changes in all the organs. The importance of the functional state of lymphoid organs for the homeostasis of the whole organism determines the relevance of their thorough investigation under their exposure to various factors, including dehydration. The purpose of the study is to investigate the patterns of submicroscopic changes in the thymus parenchyma of rats under cellular dehydration. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 45 white mature male rats. The method of electron was applied. Results: After 10 days of the experiment, a mild level of cellular dehydration was observed, during which some cells exhibited signs of apoptosis at various stages. There were detected numerous cells in mitosis, particularly in the cortical substance of thymus lobules and the subcapsular zone. Upon reaching the 20-day mark in the experiment, an intermediate level of cellular dehydration was identified. This stage was characterized by deformations in the nuclei of both small and medium-sized thymocytes, leading to irregularities in their nuclear membrane outlines. After 30 days, under conditions of severe cellular dehydration, a reduction in the number of poorly differentiated lymphoid cells, which serve as precursors to T-lymphocytes, was observed. Thymocytes displayed unclearly defined nuclear contours and increased osmiophilicity, all vessels within the parenchyma of the gland were dilated and filled with blood, some exhibiting damage to the vessel walls, resulting in microhemorrhages, signs of stasis, and sludge syndrome within the lumen. Conclusion: The experiment has demonstrated that after 10-30 days of cellular dehydration, pronounced accidental transformation of thymus occurs, with changes intensifying over time. These findings hold relevance for morphologists and immunologists, as they may be extrapolated to other lymphoid organs under dehydration conditions. Moreover, these results lay the foundation for developing methods to prevent and treat dehydration-related conditions.

Gallbladder cholesterolosis in patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis

Cholesterolosis, as a pathological condition caused by metabolic disorders, is potentially associated with metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and morphological features of gallbladder cholesterolosis in the contingent of patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis. 82 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for chronic calculous cholecystitis were included in our study. The experimental group consisted of 37 patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis. The comparison group included 45 patients without clinically confirmed metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis. In accordance with the purpose and objectives, morphological examination of the gallbladder wall was performed. Data to be analyzed were processed using the statistical software package SPSS 20.0 for Windows. The gender and age structure of the studied contingent did not differ from that described in the scientific literature. The morphological picture of cholesterolosis did not differ in the study groups. In a mucous membrane considerable polymorphism of folds (villi) was noted. There were signs of desquamation and regeneration in the epithelium. There was a violation of the structure Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. In some crypts microconcretions were defined. Atrophy and sclerosis of the stroma of the villi were detected in the mucous membrane. Significant expansion of the lumen of the veins in the own plate of the mucous membrane and the perimuscular layer of the gallbladder wall was noteworthy. Signs of stasis were found in the lumen of blood vessels. The lumen of the arteries was narrowed in places due to swelling and accumulation of yellow-brown pigment. Signs of spasm and significant sclerosis of the wall were identified. Dystrophic changes in the endothelium contribute not only to the development of uneven plethora of stagnant nature with significant edema, but also hemorrhage. Significant swelling of all layers was characteristic, causing their disintegration. Significant dilation of lymphatic vessels causes a significant thickening of the gallbladder wall. In some places, there is uneven hypertrophy of the muscle layer. There was an excessive increase in the tortuosity ducts of Luschka. According to the study, patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis, operated on for chronic calculous cholecystitis, along with maintaining the gender and age structure of the contingent, there is a significantly higher incidence of gallbladder cholesterolosis.

Study on Mucin in Normal-Appearing Leg Skin.

Dermal deposits of mucin in the legs have been described associated with venous insufficiency. However, some degree of stasis dermatitis is generally common in aged individuals. Therefore, some amount of mucin is expected a priori in the reticular dermis of aged patients, even in the absence of clinical lesions. To test this hypothesis, the authors investigated the mucin in the legs of aged individuals without any dermatologic disease. Cutaneous samples were taken from the legs of 15 autopsy cases. A sample of the skin of the legs (either from the left or the right leg without any distinction being made) was randomly taken (without selecting any specific area or attending to macroscopical features). The skin samples were fixed in formaldehyde, and sections obtained from all samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, iron, and Alcian blue. Iron deposits were graded as 0/4 in 7 cases, as 1/4 in 4 cases, as 2/4 in 2 cases, and as 4/4 in 2 cases. Cases with greater deposits of iron also had other signs of stasis, such as neovascularization. All the samples scored 0 for dermal mucin deposits in the reticular dermis. The authors conclude that mucin deposits in the legs are not inherent to aging. Therefore, any mucin deposit in the reticular dermis, as well as expansion of the periadnexal dermis by mucin deposits, should be considered abnormal.

Bilingual complexes: the perspective of the Gradient Symbolic Computation framework

The paper to which this commentary responds (Goldrick, Putnam & Schwarz, 2016) represents a big step forward in a field which was showing signs of stasis – the study of the grammatical properties of intra-sentential code-switching or code-mixing – and this for two reasons. First of all, it explicitly links the insights from the grammatical study of code-mixing to the rich array of results from psycholinguistic research in the domain of bilingual language processing, making use of the Gradient Symbolic Computation framework (GSC; Smolensky, Goldrick & Mathis, 2014). Second, it provides a set of tools to handle problems in the domain of code-mixing having to do with simultaneous representations in the domain of bilingual complexes.

Glutamine Correction of Morphofunctional Disorders of the Small Bowel and Liver in the Posttraumatic Period of Experimental Cardiac Contusion (An Experimental Study)

Objective: to evaluate the effect of glutamine on functional and morphological changes in the liver and small bowel in the posttraumatic period of cardiac contusion. Material and methods. An experimental model of isolated cardiac contusion was used to investigate the activity of amylase from all small intestinal segments and that of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and cholinesterase (CE) in the rat serum over time during the posttraumatic period without correction, as well as during the enteral use of glutamine. Light microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin staining) was employed to evaluate the effect of glutamine on morphological changes in the small bowel (proximal, middle, and distal segments) and liver of experimental animals in the posttraumatic period of cardiac contusion. Results. The injured animals receiving glutamine versus those without correction showed a decrease in the activity of some desorbed γ-amylase fractions, ALAT, and γ-GT and an increase in the activity of CE in different posttraumatic periods of cardiac contusion. The small intestinal morphological pattern was characterized by the absence of signs of stasis, marginal neutrophil standing, and undamaged intramural nerve ganglia. The liver specimens from the animals receiving glutamine exhibited reduced necrotic area sizes and the absence of protein precipitates in the vessels and fatty dystrophy. Conclusion. Small intestinal and liver functional and morphological improvements due to the use of glutamine in experimental cardiac contusion suggest that the amino acid is involved in the metabolism of hepatocytes and enterocytes and give grounds to consider it to be a protector of extrathoracic organs in blunt cardiac injury.

Magnetic Resonance Evolution of De Novo Formation of a Cavernoma in a Thrombosed Developmental Venous Anomaly

Mechanisms that lead to de novo formations of nonfamilial-type cavernomas are not well understood. One of the interesting hypotheses is the causative relationship between developmental venous anomaly (DVA) and cavernoma formation. We report a unique case in which serial imaging demonstrated the evolution of de novo formation of a cavernoma in association with a thrombosed DVA. A detailed review of the causal hypothesis between a DVA and cavernoma is also provided. We report a 37-year-old female patient in whom a cavernoma-like lesion arose 1 year after the progressive thrombosis of a medullary (or caput medusa) vein of a DVA. The presence of an acute angulation in the draining vein may have prompted an intrinsic outflow restriction. Possible worsening of venous disequilibrium led to subsequent thrombus progression, venous congestion, and occlusion of the vein with venous dilation and signs of stasis on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, this developed into a lobulated lesion with salt-and-pepper appearance at the converging region of medullary tributaries, which typified the classic features of a cavernoma. Compared with other published cases of de novo cavernoma formation in relation to a DVA, our case, for the first time, allows us to witness the temporal evolution from a thrombosed DVA to the birth of a cavernoma around it. This supports the hypothesis that the cavernoma can be an acquired disease that arises from a DVA.

Leg Varices Originating from the Pelvis: Diagnosis and Treatment

This article reports the investigation and treatment of 24 women presenting with recurrent lower limb varicosities secondary to reflux within the pelvic venous circulation. Diagnosis based on selective retrograde pelvic phlebography enabled precise identification and classification of sites of incompetence. A total of 74 veins were treated by embolization with platinum coils and glue prior to repeat surgery to the lower limb veins. At 4-year follow-up, signs of stasis had disappeared in all patients. Repeat phlebography revealed no evidence of recurrent reflux at the sites of treatment. One patient developed recurrent varices due to incomplete embolization of incompetent pelvic veins. Endovascular occlusion of incompetent pelvic veins is an effective treatment for varicose veins secondary to pelvic venous incompetence.

In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antithrombogenic properties of the spiral vortex pump for temporary left heart bypass.

From conception to realization, the design emphasis of the spiral vortex diaphragm pump has been on promoting efficient blood flow patterns in order to lower thrombogenicity. The tracer method was used to visualize flow patterns in this pump and the results were compared with those of a conventional diaphragm pump with paraxial inlet and outlet ports. During diastole, the flow through a 45 degrees angled inlet is tangential to the axis of the pump forming a continuous vortex central along the pump axis. During systole, the vortex converges to pass through the apically located outlet. No areas of turbulence or stasis could be found, whilst in the conventional pump only random flow with recirculation could be demonstrated. Dye washout tests confirmed good washout at the periphery of this pump with no signs of stasis. However, large areas of stagnation with incomplete washout at diaphragm-housing (D-H) junctions were observed in the conventional pump. The comparative in vitro haemolysis test revealed that the level of free plasma haemoglobin was doubled in a commercially available pump compared with that of the spiral vortex pump. No thrombus formed within the pump housing after up to 50 hours of pumping in five acute animal experiments without postoperative anticoagulants. However, thrombi were found at the D-H junction of this pump due to imperfect fabrication techniques in one of the four sheep that survived 14-21 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION ON HEALING OF ISCHAEMIC SKIN FLAPS

Blood circulation was measured by laser doppler flowmetry in fasciocutaneous flaps of 24 patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for mammary carcinoma. 19 of the 24 patients had clinical signs of deficient circulation in the flaps. 14 patients were treated with electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) and 10 with placebo-ENS. Varying degrees of necrosis developed in 8 of the 10 patients who received placebo stimulation but in none of those treated with ENS. In the 5 patients with good capillary refilling and no signs of stasis or oedema before treatment, only minor increases in blood flow occurred after ENS.

Venous stasis and the state of the microcirculation in synovial membranes

The state of the microcirculation of the synovial membranes in venous stasis was investigated in dogs. After ligation of the femoral vein disturbance of the blood flow leads to changes in the microcirculation in the synovial membranes and to congestion of the venules. Thinning of the capillary walls and the formation of swellings and protrusions are observed. The severity of the changes in the vessel wall depends on the caliber of the vessels. One month after ligation of the vein, the signs of stasis in the tissues of the articular capsule are reduced, indicating the development of a collateral venous circulation.