Signs Of Phagocytosis Research Articles

The effect of chronic predatory stress on the histostructure of the rat liver

One of the topical issues of modern circulatory physiology is the study of the peculiarities of the influence of chronic emotional stress on the histostructure of the liver.Aim: To study changes in the histostructure of the liver in the simulation of chronic predatory stress.Methodology and Research Methods. The study was conducted on 60 male Wistar rats weighing 220–370 g, divided into control and experimental groups of 30 rats each. Modeling of chronic predatory stress was performed according to the method of V.E. Zeilikman et al. (2021). Histological examination of the liver was performed in animals of the control and experimental groups. The preparations were stained with hematoxylin-eosin.Results. Under conditions of chronic predatory stress, stress-induced changes develop in the liver of rats. Transformation of hepatocytes occurs with the development of dystrophic changes, expansion and fullness of sinusoidal capillaries with compression of hepatic beams and destruction of hepatic lobules, a decrease in the parenchymal-stromal ratio. Foci of foamy accumulation of macrophages appear without signs of necrosis, single or group apoptotic hepatocytes. Necrotic foci are formed. The number of Kupffer cells and binucleated hepatocytes increases.Conclusion. With chronic predatory stress, the processes of dystrophy, necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, signs of phagocytosis and regenerative processes, and decreased immune protection develop in the liver of rats.

Hyperinflammatory syndrome in a paediatric patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV/AIDS infection: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or immune reconstitution syndrome?

IntroductionHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and life-threatening condition caused by uncontrolled immune activation leading to excessive inflammation and tissue destruction. It could either be due to a primary genetic defect or be triggered by secondary causes such as infections, autoimmune diseases, rheumatological diseases or post-transplant immunosuppression. We here report the case of a 4-year-old child with a recent AIDS diagnosis who developed a severe systemic inflammation.Case reportWe here report the case of a 4-year-old child with a recent AIDS diagnosis who was admitted to the ER with acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis jiroveci infection and Aspergillosis; the following microbiological assessment also showed a CMV, HSV, EBV and HHV-7 coinfection. On the 51st day after she’d started antiretroviral therapy, 39th after she’d followed a course of Bactrim and Caspofungin for PJI and Ambisome for pulmonary Aspergillosis, she started presenting fever, unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. She also presented worsening of her clinical conditions, with evidence at the laboratory assessments of progressive raise in inflammatory indexes, coagulopathy, trilinear cytopenia and hyperferritinemia. To perform the differential diagnosis between IRIS and HLH, HLA-DR on T cells was studied, turning out negative for IRIS. Therefore, in the suspicion of HLH, a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were performed with evidence of trilinear cytopenia, prevalence of T-cells and macrophages with signs of phagocytosis. She was started on high-dose steroids and Anakinra for a total of 29 days, resulting in prompt apyrexia and progressive improvement of her clinical conditions and laboratory results.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge there is poor literature available about the differential diagnosis of HLH and IRIS, therefore medical management in the concurrence of these two conditions needs to be further investigated, especially in a setting where immunological testing is not quickly available. The clinical differences between these pathologies are blurred and the bone marrow biopsy within marker for IRIS helped us to distinguish these two entities.

Cytology of smears of prints with symptomatic forms of infertility in cows

Many works of domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to the study of etiological factors, pathogenesis, as well as the development of effective methods of diagnosis and therapy for symptomatic infertility of cows, however, insufficient attention is paid to cytological examination of the genital organs.So the goal of our work was to study the cytology of vaginal mucus at the symptomatic form of infertility of cows. The article presents the cytological composition of vaginal mucus from the mucous membrane of the caudal section of the cervix, the lateral surface of the vagina and the dorsal wall of the vaginal vestibule. Research was carried out with 5 groups of cows 4–5 years old cows 6 animals in each, weighing 500–600 kg, with an average productivity of 7500 kg of milk per lactation. The tests were cows were on the 18–24 day after insemination and during the sexual cycle braking, research of the joint course of uterus and hypotension of the ovarian, the presence of persistent corpus luteum and subclinical chronic endometritis, cysts and persistent corpus luteum of the ovarian body. For sub-clinical chronic endometritis, basal cells (32–41 %) are found in wet prep with vaginal mucosa, which are arranged in layers, parabasal (22–6 %) and superficial (5–21 %), but more interstitial (37–66 %), and bare neutrophil nuclei. According to hypofunction of ovaries in vaginal smears, neutrophils, vacuoles in interstitial cell nuclei (44–56 %), basophilic cells (30–43 %), superficial cells (20–21 %), parabasal cells (3–6 %). Basal cell hypofusions were (3–43%), parabasal (3–6 %), interstitial (44–56 %), superficial (20–21 %), and bilateral (12–26 %) (4–5 %) (36–55 %) and (30–33 %). It should be noted that for the functional state of the body, the cells from the cervix are flat. In addition, the drug contains single white blood cells with light cytoplasm without signs of phagocytosis. They are structurally similar to cells of vaginal smear. During the esrtus, the smear is dominated by interstitial and surface cells and white cells, and in the follicular proliferative phase, the number of surface cells increases, while the ovulator phase is characterized by the pronounced maturation of the cells, they are flat and spaced apart.

Morphology of canine placental sites after induced embryonic or fetal death

Although spontaneous and medically induced canine embryonic or fetal death and “resorption” are clinically well documented, morphological studies of these processes are still missing. The objective of this study was therefore a detailed morphological investigation of canine placental sites after embryonic or fetal death. In five pregnant beagle bitches, embryonic or fetal death was induced by cloprostenol and cabergoline or by aglepristone. Two dogs served as untreated controls. Between Days 30 and 33 of gestation, the bitches were ovariohysterectomized, placental sites were fixed and examined by different methods. Morphological features of placental sites after both treatments were similar, finally leading to a complete disappearance of the placental labyrinth. Although there was an increase in the number of cells in the glandular chambers (superficial endometrial glands) expressing lysozyme after induced fetal death, signs of phagocytosis were absent in these cells, and no increased infiltration of maternal stroma by macrophages (compared to normal placental sites at the same time of gestation) occurred. We inferred that fetal and placental tissues were lysed, but no phagocytosis by genuine or “functional” macrophages was detectable. Further investigations are needed for a more detailed understanding of the morphological processes occurring after embryonic or fetal death in the dog.

Bacterial Location in Chronic Sinusitis

In chronic nonallergic sinusitis, it is often assumed that bacteria invade the sinus mucosa where the inflammatory condition begins and is maintained. However, the bacterial presence in a normal or moderately damaged epithelial layer has never been proved in biopsy studies. In this study, mucosal samples from six consecutive patients with chronic sinusitis were examined. Transmission electron microscopy was used and the presence of bacterial invasion and formation of phagosomes containing bacteria as a marker of host response were studied. Phagocytosis of bacteria was observed in the sinus mucosa in samples from only one patient. In the other five patients, no signs of phagocytosis were seen. Based on these results, we concluded that in chronic sinusitis, bacterial invasion in sinus mucosa is not an obligatory phenomenon.

Molecular profiles of mRNA levels in laser capture microdissected murine hippocampal regions differentially responsive to TMT‐induced cell death

Using a chemical-induced model of dentate granule (DG) cell death, cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify gene profiles from the laser-captured microdissected (LCM) hippocampal DG cell region versus the CA pyramidal cell layer (CA) from 21-day-old male CD1 mice injected with trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). At 6 h post-TMT, lectin + microglia displaying a reactive morphology were in contact with active caspase 3+ neurons. By 18 h, amoeboid microglia and signs of phagocytosis, and a mild astrocytic response were present in the DG. There was no evidence of IgG extravasation in the hippocampus, or cell death and glial reactivity in the CA. Atlas 1.2K Clontech array detected 115 genes changed in the hippocampus with TMT and included genes associated with immediate-early responses, calcium homeostasis, cellular signaling, cell cycle, immunomodulation and DNA repair. Early responses localized to LCM DG samples consisted of elevations in inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and receptors, as well as MIP1alpha, CD14, CD18, and a decrease in factors associated with calcium buffering. By 18 h, in the DG, changes occurred in transcripts associated with apoptosis, cell adhesion, DNA repair, cell proliferation and growth. In the CA, a differential level of elevation was seen in CD86 antigen, zinc finger protein 38 and DNA damage inducible transcript 3. A significant number of genes was decreased at these early time points in both hippocampal regions.

Microglial and astrocytic involvement in a murine model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

We have studied the reaction of glial cells in mice treated with an intraperitoneal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a selective neurotoxin of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Signs of injury to the dopaminergic neurons started on the 1st day after MPTP administration and progressed up to the end of the observation time (21st day). A transient microglial reaction was demonstrated from the 1st until the 14th day in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. The cells showed an increase in number and changes in morphology. At the ultrastructural level, signs of phagocytosis and features indicating the secretion of biologically active substances were observed. Astrocytosis followed the microglial reaction by one day and was noticed until the end of the observation time. Interleukin-6 immunoreactivity was observed within microglia and astrocytes in the SN on days 2 and 3. There were no signs of depletion of dopaminergic cells or glial activation after the administration of MPTP simultaneously with pargyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B that prevents MPTP neurotoxicity. Our study indicates that microglia and astrocytes are involved in the pathological process in the nigrostriatal system following MPTP administration. MPTP alone is not responsible for glial cell activation but its metabolite MPP+ and/or agents released by injured neurons may participate in this process.

Apoptosis in human colorectal tumours: ultrastructure and quantitative studies on tissue localization and association with bak expression

Apoptotic cell death in human tumours has been demonstrated by electron and light microscopy. In adenomas, fragmented and apoptotic nuclei and signs of phagocytosis have been observed close to the basement membrane. In carcinomas the characteristic structures were apoptotic bodies with small fragments of chromatin. DNA fragmentation was shown by in situ end-labelling. Quantitative assessment of apoptosis and proliferation revealed a high apoptotic index (AI) in all types of adenoma (tubular: 1.77+/-0.35%, tubulovillous: 2.38+/-0.41%; villous: 3.3+/-0.39%) as well as loss of compartmentalization of proliferating and dying cells. In carcinomas a shift towards proliferation was evident, as shown by lower AIs than in adenomas (0.9+/-0.68% and 1.1+/-0.12% for moderately and poorly differentiated tumours), higher Ki67 indices (38.32+/-2.23% and 57+/-3.89%, respectively) and higher mitosis (0.9+/-0.56% and 1.21+/-0.17%, respectively). However, apoptosis was observed in all tumours and is available as a target for therapeutic intervention. Expression of the apoptosis related proteins bcl-2 and bak also reflected loss of compartmentalization. While bcl-2 did not show a consistent relationship to AI in tumour specimens, bak was positively correlated with apoptosis in 4 of 8 adenomas and 4 of 7 carcinomas, suggesting a role for this protein in the induction of apoptosis in a subset of tumours.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

To study the nature of multinucleated and mononuclear cells from peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 40 cases of PGCG were immunohistochemically stained for vimentin, alpha I-antichymotrypsin, CD68, S-100 protein, lysozyme, leucocyte common antigen (LCA), factor VIII-related antigen and muscle cell actin. Six cases of PGCG were also studied by transmission electron microscopy. Vimentin, alpha I-antichymotrypsin and CD68 were expressed in both the mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells. Dendritic mononuclear cells, positive for S-100 protein, were noted in 67.5% of the lesions, whereas lysozyme and leucocyte common antigen were detected in occasional mononuclear cells. Ultrastructural examination showed mononuclear cells with signs of phagocytosis and sometimes interdigitations with similar cells. Others presented non-specific characteristics and the third type exhibited cytoplasmic processes and occasional Birbeck granules. Some multinucleated giant cells showed oval nuclei, abundant mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum whereas others presented with irregular nuclei and a great number of cytoplasmic vacuoles. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural results suggest that PGCGs of the jaws are composed mainly of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and that Langerhans cells are present in two thirds of the lesions.

Emperipolesis of marrow cells within megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of sublethally irradiated mice.

The incidence of megakaryocytic emperipolesis was studied in the bone marrow of normal and X-irradiated mice. Two groups of mice received total body irradiation with a single dose of 5 Gy and one of the two groups had been treated with a radioprotective drug, ethiofos (WR-2721), before irradiation. Mice from a third group remained unexposed to irradiation and served as controls. The Wright-Giemsa stained bone marrow smears were analyzed every 5 days during a 30-day period, starting 1 day after irradiation. The number of megakaryocytes exhibiting the phenomenon was determined and expressed as an average value for every experimental group. The frequency of megakaryocytic emperipolesis was less than 15% of megakaryocytes from control smears but increased to 34% in mice that had only been irradiated and to 43% when mice were treated with WR-2721 before irradiation. In the last case, i.e., irradiation and treatment with a radioprotective drug, a positive correlation between the macrocytic megakaryocytes and elevated emperipolesis was noted. Under light microscopy, there were no signs of phagocytosis; engulfed cells remained unaltered with their normal structure intact. Granulocytic, erythroid, and lymphoid cells appeared to be the most frequent marrow cells engulfed by mature megakaryocytes. The number of incorporated cells in one megakaryocyte ranged from 1 to 3, though occasionally more than 6 were seen in macrocytic megakaryocytes. Based on our findings and on a review of the associated literature, we believe emperipolesis is an interesting cellular phenomenon related to the fast passage of marrow cells across the marrow-blood barrier, especially through the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in response to an increased demand for cell delivery. The high demand for cell delivery which occurs after irradiation may cause certain mature bone marrow cells to take a transmegakaryocyte path to enter the circulation of the blood. Irradiation seems to have an immediate effect (observed after 24 h) on emperipolesis, suggesting that a humoral factor is involved in the pathogenesis.

Pregnancy-induced structural changes and trophoblastic invasion in the segmental mesometrial arteries of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.).

Light microscopic, electron microscopic and histochemical studies were carried out on the segmental mesometrial arteries of non-pregnant guinea pigs and on pregnant ones at each of the nine weeks of gestation. Pregnant animals show drastic changes in arterial structure and dimensions. Hypertrophy and structural dilatation of the arterial wall are obvious. In midpregnancy, the elastic membranes begin to disappear; only small fragments remain. From the fifth week on, mononuclear cells appear in the media; they form aggregates and occasionally giant cells with signs of phagocytosis in the seventh week of gestation. In the eighth week further degenerative changes can be observed, resulting in widespread destruction of the arterial wall. Deposition of necrotic cell debris is obvious in the ninth week. By this time there appear in the endothelial layer conspicuous single cells, cell aggregates and giant cells with heavily folded nuclei, prominent nucleoli, abundant vesicles, free ribosomes, intracellular lacunae and the histochemical properties of placental trophoblast. These cells in the endothelium are distinctly different from the medial giant cells of mononuclear origin. According to these observations, the segmental mesometrial arteries of pregnant guinea pigs show cytological and structural changes similar to those described for the mesometrial arteries in the hamster and the spiral arteries in man. The results show that, beside structural dilatation, degenerative changes and apparent trophoblastic giant cell invasion occur in the arteries studied. Trophoblastic invasion occurs later than structural dilatation and obviously does not trigger or control the structural dilatation of the segmental mesometrial arteries.

The hagfish retina: electron microscopic study comparing receptor and epithelial cells in the Pacific hagfish, Polistotrema stouti, with those in the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa.

The fine structure of receptor and epithelial cells in the retina of the pacific hagfish, Polistotrema stouti, has been investigated and compared with previous observations made in the atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. The receptor cells in Polistotrema have cylindrical outer segments which consist of numerous discs arranged perpendicularly to the long axis of the cell. Characteristic synaptic bodies (synaptic lamellae) occur at the receptor base. Membranous inclusions in the epithelial cells suggest phagocytosis of outer segments. In Myxine, the outer segments are whorl-like, and synaptic bodies are absent at the receptor base. There are no signs of phagocytosis in the epithelial cells. The results are discussed from a functional and phylogenetical point of view.

Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an den Hülsenarteriolen in der Milz des Hundes

The endothelial cells of sheathed arterioles of dog spleen were found to contain an abundance of intracytoplasmic filaments about 80 A in diameter. The endothelium is surrounded by a fenestrated clastin skeleton. The sheath cells show signs of phagocytosis. A possible vasomotor function of the endothelial cells is discussed.

Effect of cobra venom on leucocytes.

Intermittent injections of sublethal doses of the venom of Naja haje of Egypt caused temporary leucopenia followed by leucocytosis in guinea-pigs and rabbits. There was always a rise in the percentage of neutrophil leucocytes and a corresponding drop in the percentage of lymphocytes. The leucocytes of both types of animals exhibited morphological signs of phagocytosis and degeneration.