Signs Of Lymphedema Research Articles

Lymphedema

Lymphedema is a chronic, debilitating condition that has traditionally been seen as refractory or incurable. Recent years have brought new advances in the study of lymphedema pathophysiology, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic tools that are changing this perspective. To provide a systematic approach to evaluating and managing patients with lymphedema. We performed MEDLINE searches of the English-language literature (1966 to March 2006) using the terms lymphedema, breast cancer-associated lymphedema, lymphatic complications, lymphatic imaging, decongestive therapy, and surgical treatment of lymphedema. Relevant bibliographies and International Society of Lymphology guidelines were also reviewed. In the United States, the populations primarily affected by lymphedema are patients undergoing treatment of malignancy, particularly women treated for breast cancer. A thorough evaluation of patients presenting with extremity swelling should include identification of prior surgical or radiation therapy for malignancy, as well as documentation of other risk factors for lymphedema, such as prior trauma to or infection of the affected limb. Physical examination should focus on differentiating signs of lymphedema from other causes of systemic or localized swelling. Lymphatic dysfunction can be visualized through lymphoscintigraphy; the diagnosis of lymphedema can also be confirmed through other imaging modalities, including CT or MRI. The mainstay of therapy in diagnosed cases of lymphedema involves compression garment use, as well as intensive bandaging and lymphatic massage. For patients who are unresponsive to conservative therapy, several surgical options with varied proven efficacies have been used in appropriate candidates, including excisional approaches, microsurgical lymphatic anastomoses, and circumferential suction-assisted lipectomy, an approach that has shown promise for long-term relief of symptoms. The diagnosis of lymphedema requires careful attention to patient risk factors and specific findings on physical examination. Noninvasive diagnostic tools and lymphatic imaging can be helpful to confirm the diagnosis of lymphedema or to address a challenging clinical presentation. Initial treatment with decongestive lymphatic therapy can provide significant improvement in patient symptoms and volume reduction of edematous extremities. Selected patients who are unresponsive to conservative therapy can achieve similar outcomes with surgical intervention, most promisingly suction-assisted lipectomy.

Validation of the inverse water volumetry method: a new gold standard for arm volume measurements

No consensus exists with respect to a commonly accepted and standardized method for measuring arm volumes in patients with lymphedema. Knowing the exact volume in (potential) lymphedemic arms and comparing this volume with healthy arms is important to detect the first signs of lymphedema and to study the effects of treatment. A new apparatus, based upon the principle of measuring shortness of water, was developed to measure arm volumes. This measuring-method, inverse water volumetry, was prospectively validated in patients, suffering from lymphedema after complete or partial mastectomy for primary breast cancer. Healthy and lymphedemic arm were measured 3 times: twice by nurse A (A1 and A2) and once by nurse B (B). Subsequently, these differences in volumes were compared with differences in volumes obtained by the Herpertz method, which is based upon circumferential measurement. In every patient at every occasion volume of the lymphedemic arm was bigger than the corresponding volume of the control arm. Mean volumes of healthy arms were 3958(A1), 3966(A2) and 3961(B) ml respectively. Mean volumes of lymphedemic arms were 4721(A1), 4752(A2) and 4773(B) ml respectively, volume B being significantly different from volume A1. Volume difference of edemic arms minus control arms was not significant between measurements (A1 vs. A2 and A1 vs. B, respectively), while this difference was significant (A1 vs. B) using the Herpertz method. Inverse water volumetry is an easy measuring device with a high inter- and intra-observer agreement. The small but significant volume increase of lymphedemic arms in time compared to the constant volumes of control arms is as well indicative for the accuracy of the method as for the volume of lymphedemic arms to increase when no therapeutic garment is carried.

Age Differences in Post???Breast Cancer Lymphedema Signs and Symptoms

This secondary data analysis was designed to explore the age differences in lymphedema (LE) occurrence and self-reported symptoms in post-breast cancer LE. A descriptive-exploratory cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample composed of 102 women treated and followed for breast cancer at a midwestern cancer center. Sequential circumferential arm measurement was used to estimate limb volume differences. Self-reported symptoms were assessed by the Lymphedema and Breast Cancer Questionnaire (LBCQ) designed and tested by the research team. Lymphedema occurrence was relatively higher (41.2%) in breast cancer survivors younger than 60 than in those older than 60 (30.6%). Six subjectively reported symptoms were found to occur more often (P </= .05) in the younger women with LE: numbness now and in the past year, tenderness in the past year, aching now and in the past year, increased temperature in arm now. Numbness, tenderness, and aching were the most prevalent symptoms among women in both age groups regardless of LE presence. Our findings suggest that younger breast cancer survivors may have increased LE risk and report LE-related symptoms more often. Future research should focus on age differences in LE risk, occurrence, and perceptions of LE-related symptoms in women treated for breast cancer.

Age Differences in Post???Breast Cancer Lymphedema Signs and Symptoms

Age Differences in Post???Breast Cancer Lymphedema Signs and Symptoms