Signs Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Reduction in Gingival Bleeding after Atelocollagen Injection in Patients with Hashimoto's Disease-A Pilot Study.

Periodontal diseases are one of the main causes of tooth loss and the second most common oral disease after carries. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto's disease, are more often vulnerable to infection. In the study group of patients, despite the lack of other signs of gingivitis, bleeding occurred after tooth brushing or minor trauma. Bleeding on probing is the first objective sign of ongoing inflammation. The study was conducted on a group of 17 patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease. The atelocollagen Linerase (100 mg) thinned with 5 mL 0.9% NaCl was used. A total of 0.05 mL of solution was injected into keratinized gingiva, two millimeters above the gingival papillae basement, four times in two-week intervals. The greatest decrease in the number of bleeding points was observed after the first and second injections of atelocollagen. After the third and fourth injections, the average BOP continued to decrease, but the decline was very slow. The use of atelocollagen made it possible to eliminate bleeding symptoms in the study group.

Comparison of Power versus Manual Toothbrush in Reducing Gingivitis

Introduction: Dental plaque is a bacterial biofilm consisting of complex communities of bacterial species. Materials and Methods: The study was a single-blind, parallel arm, randomized, controlled interventional trial. Total 46 male and female subjects (32 female and 16 males) with a mean age of 26 years were enrolled according to the admission criteria and accepted into this study. The subjects were assigned to either the powered brush or the manual brush based on levels of inflammation (% BOP, MGI-52), and plaque levels (53, 54, 55) using screening data. Results: BOP decreased from baseline 22% to 17% at 2 weeks and 16% at 4 weeks for Power users (Group A). For Manual users (Group B), BOP decreased from baseline 27% to 21% at 2 weeks and 19% at 4 weeks; so both groups had a reduction in BOP but there was no statistical significance for either group. Conclusion: Both groups demonstrated a reduction in signs of gingivitis (BOP and GI) in this non-flossing population after being repeatedly trained in toothbrush use over a 4-week period. Both toothbrushes were equally effective in reducing overnight plaque as a single use exercise after initial professional training.

Performance of high-translucent zirconia CAD/CAM fixed dental prostheses using a digital workflow: A clinical study up to 6 years

Background/purposeZirconia has recently become a popular material for fixed restorations. The purpose of this study was to use a digital workflow to fabricate monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) and assess the connection between variable connector sizes compared to their clinical performance. Materials and methodsClinicians evaluated monolithic zirconia FDPs in 58 patients. After definitive impressions were made, stone casts were obtained. The stone casts were scanned to a standard triangle language (STL) file. A digital wax up was fabricated, and corresponding provisional restorations were milled. Final FDPs were fabricated from a high-translucent zirconia material. During digital fabrication, the connector area of each FDP was recorded while meticulous attention was paid to ensure that the connector cross-sectional area was ≥9 mm2 for the 3-unit restorations (pontic to retainer) and ≥12 mm2 for the 4-unit restorations (pontic to pontic). Biological an technical outcomes of the FDPs were performed at 1 week, 6 months and then annually for 6 consecutive years. ResultsA total of 23 men and 35 women received a total of 63 full-contour zirconia FDPs in the posterior regions and were observed for a time period ranging between 50 and 70 months. No decementation occurred and no caries were detected during the observation period, however signs of gingivitis were detected in 4 patients. The dimension of the connector areas was 12 mm2 in the two broken 4-unit FDPs. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the use of digital scanning and milling to fabricate monolithic zirconia FDPs of posterior regions may be an acceptable alternative restorative approach to traditional metal-ceramic restorations.

Evaluation of Gene Polymorphism and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 in a Group of Turkish Periodontitis Patients.

Introduction: Periodontitis is characterized by the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a significant part in the degradation of collagen structure. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MMPs increase with the progression of periodontal inflammation. Polymorphisms can be responsible for high expression of MMPs and can exacerbate the breakdown of collagen structure. This study aims to investigate the effect of MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A polymorphism and the GCF levels of MMP-3 in a group of Turkish periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Non-smoking, stage II grade A periodontitis (S II-Gr A) (n = 68) and stage II grade B periodontitis (S II-Gr C) (n = 64) patients were recruited. Healthy individuals (H) (n = 72) without signs of gingivitis or periodontitis served as the control. Venous blood was collected from participants to obtain DNA, and the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect polymorphism. GCF samples were taken to assess MMP-3 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The MMP-3 -1179 5A/6A distribution showed no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). However, the MMP-3 GCF levels of the S II-Gr C group were higher than those of both the S II-Gr A and H groups (p < 0.05), and elevated MMP-3 levels were detected in S II-Gr A compared to H (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The MMP-3 GCF levels showed an association with periodontal tissue destruction, although single nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with the S II-Gr C and S II-Gr A groups in the Turkish population.

Oral health status of patients with repaired cleft lip and palate: A prospective study

Purpose: To determine the oral hygiene habits, levels of dental caries, and periodontal condition of patients with repaired cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Central Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A total of 78 patients (1–54 years old; median: 6 years) with CL/P were examined for dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index, gingival bleeding on probing and periodontal pocket depth. Data about dental visits, brushing habits and socioeconomic status were collected. Results: A majority of patients brushed their teeth at least once a day with fluoride dentifrice but did not floss. The caries prevalence was 87.2%. The dmft of patients aged ≤ 5 years and 6–12 years were 7.4 and 9.0. The DMFT of patients aged 6–12 years, and ≥ 13 years were 1.6, and 6.7; the difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The percentages of patients who had bleeding on probing and had periodontal pocket depth 3.5–5.5 mm were 57.7% and 5.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Patients with repaired CL/P in Central Vietnam had a very high level of caries and had signs of gingivitis but not periodontitis. It is recommended to implement dental care in the treatment protocol for patients with CL/P.

Clinical evaluation of monolithic zirconia multiunit posterior fixed dental prostheses

Statement of problemMonolithic zirconia restorations have been evaluated with in vitro studies, but limited clinical evidence of their longevity and reliability is available. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the clinical performance of posterior multiunit glazed monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses. Material and methodsA total of 20 participants received 33 monolithic posterior zirconia fixed dental prostheses (Zolid white; Amann Girrbach AG) with minimally invasive preparations. Bilaterally supported fixed dental prostheses with a connector area of at least 9 mm2 were luted with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The clinical evaluations were performed after 1 week, 6 months, and then annually after completion of the treatment. The biologic outcomes were evaluated by assessing the pocket depth, attachment level, plaque control, bleeding on probing, caries, and tooth vitality. Esthetics and the functional performance of the prostheses (color match, cavosurface marginal discoloration, anatomic form, marginal adaptation) were evaluated as per the rating scales of Cvar and Ryge. An analysis of survival was made by using the Kaplan-Meier method. ResultsAfter 39.8 ±16.7 months of observation, the overall survival rate of the monolithic zirconia multiunit posterior prostheses was 93.9%. No caries were found on the abutment teeth, signs of gingivitis were noted in 1 participant after 24 months, and increased probing depths of the abutment teeth were detected in 5 prostheses (15.1%). No loss of retention was detected. Two prostheses had to be replaced: 1 because of a biologic complication and 1 because of a technical complication. The remaining 31 prostheses received Alfa scores for marginal adaptation, cavosurface marginal discoloration, and caries. Twenty-seven (87.1%) prostheses were rated as Alfa and 4 (12.9%) as Bravo for anatomic form. The color match was noted as Alfa in 15 (48.3%) prostheses, and 16 (51.6%) were rated as Bravo. ConclusionsMonolithic zirconia restorations demonstrated a reliable treatment option after medium-term clinical use for the replacement of missing posterior teeth.

Assessment of the dental status of drug-addicted patients with parafunction of the dental-jaw apparatus

The number of drug addicts in the world is growing every year. The aim of the study was to assess the dental status of drug-addicted patients with parafunction of the dental-jaw apparatus. We used clinical, analytical, functional and histological research methods. 119 drug-addicted and 110 non-drug-dependent patients aged 18 to 54 were examined. In order to confirm the presence of parafunctions of the dental-jaw apparatus in patients, we conducted an occludogram study, as well as an assessment of the index of parafunctions of the masticatory muscles and the degree of their severity. The structure of tooth tissues was examined by histological method. Examination of drug-addicted patients revealed the presence of numerous carious cavities, secondary adentia, enamel erosion, pathological abrasion, signs of gingivitis and periodontitis, tooth chipping. The prevalence of parafunction of the dental-jaw apparatus, in particular bruxism, in drug-addicted patients is 1.56 times higher than this figure among non-drug addicts. The results of the occludogram and the index of parafunctions of the masticatory muscles differ significantly between the study groups. The mean value of the masticatory muscle parafunction index among drug-addicted patients is 2.06 times significantly higher than the value among non-drug-addicted men and 2.03 times higher among women. Histological examination of the tooth tissues of drug-addicted patients indicates a disorder of the mineralization of both enamel and dentin. Thinning of the peripheral zone of the pulp, which is normally represented by a layer of odontoblasts, which provide regeneration and nutrition of dentin, is more common in persons under 25 years of age. Drug use adversely affects the dental status of patients and the condition of the hard tissues of the tooth.

Oral Hygiene Practices, Knowledge, and Self-Reported Dental and Gingival Problems with Rural-Urban Disparities among Primary School children in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Aim To determine oral hygiene practices, knowledge, and experience of dental caries and gingival problems among urban and rural primary schoolchildren in Lilongwe District, Malawi. Methodology. This was an analytical and quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. Four urban and four rural primary schools were conveniently sampled. Pupils aged 11–14 years (n = 409) were recruited using self-administered structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS program v20.0. Results Out of 409 pupils, most of them had knowledge that dental caries is caused by consumption of sugary foodstuffs (91.4%), toothache is a symptom of dental caries (77.6%), gingivitis is caused by ineffective tooth brushing (92.7%), and gingival bleeding is a sign of gingivitis (85.3%). Most pupils experienced toothache (30.8%); many of them had parents with secondary education and above (35.0%) compared to those with primary education (23.5%). 24.4% experienced gingival bleeding with higher percentages from urban (30.1%) than rural (18.5%) schools. Plastic toothbrush users (95%) overshadowed chewing stick users (24.9%). The use of chewing stick was significantly higher in rural (49%) than in urban (1.9%) schools. Likewise, tooth brushing before bed was significantly higher in rural (33%) than in urban (17.2%) pupils. The use of toothpaste during tooth brushing was significantly higher among urban (91.9%) than among rural (64%) pupils. The prevalence of tongue cleaning was 70.2%, and the differences were significantly higher among pupils who had parents with secondary and higher education in urban schools and among pupils aged 11–12 years in comparison with their counterparts. Conclusions Most pupils reported cleaning their teeth regularly, mostly using plastic toothbrush rather than chewing stick, using toothpaste, and having adequate knowledge about dental caries and gingival disease, and a quarter of them had suffered from these diseases with evidence of rural-urban disparities. Integration of oral health in school health promotion program and further research on its impact on oral health status are recommended.

THE BALANCE OF IL-1Β, IL-10 AND THE LEVEL OF IKBΑ EXPRESSION IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS AND GASTRODUODENITIS

The aim: To define the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-10 in the oral fluid of children with chronic gastroduodenitis, depending on the level of IkBα expression. Materials and methods: Studiing the oral fluid and scraping of the gums of 50 children 6-12 years old was carried out to determine the level of IL-1β, IL-10 and IkBα. The children were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 - 10 children with healthy periodontium and without somatic diseases. 2nd group - 20 somatically healthy children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis. The third group (20 children) of children with gastroduodenitis and chronic catarrhal gingivitis. The determination of the mRNA expression of the IkBα geneand the level of IL-10 and IL-1β in the oral fluid was carried out by real-time PCR. Results: We determined that the level of pro-inflammatory IL-1β in the oral fluid of primary school children had different levels in accordance with the state of dental and somatic health. It was the lowest in somatically healthy children without signs of gingivitis. We revealed that the level of IL-10 has anti-inflammatory properties, and an inverse relationship with the concentration of IL-1β in the oral fluid of examined children. Analysis of IkBα expression made it possible to reveal its suppression in children of the second and third groups compared with healthy children. Conclusions: We found changes in the levels of IkBα in the gums of children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis; attenuated IkBα expression may lead to the deregulation of NF-κB pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Decreased IkBα expression may affect cytokine production and inflammatory response associated with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and with chronic gastroduodenitis.

ANALYSIS OF HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL INDEXES OF CHILDREN WITH I TYPE DIABETES MELLITUS

Gingivitis and periodontitis are two forms of periodontal disease that are well known as oral complications in diabetic patients. Particular attention should be paid to the diagnosis of periodontal disease at an early age among patients with this endocrinological pathology. The aim of this scientific work was to assess the gum bleeding and the state of the periodontium in children with type I diabetes mellitus during the periods of milk bite and period of mixed dentition.&#x0D; Scientific studies of gingivitis during milk and variable occlusion in children with diabetes are quite rare. In addition, the period limited by the age ranges is transitional for the dental-maxillary system. This fact will allow us to have a great opportunity to study the differences from deciduous and permanent teeth.&#x0D; 258 children aged from six to fourteen were examined for this scientific work, namely 129 children with type I diabetes mellitus and 129 children without somatic diseases. All patients were divided into appropriate subgroups: somatically healthy children without signs of gingivitis, somatically healthy children with signs of gingivitis, children with type I diabetes mellitus without signs of gingivitis, children with type I diabetes mellitus with signs of gingivitis.&#x0D; The hygiene index was determined according to Fedorov - Volodkina (1968) and OHI-S (Green, Vermillion, 1964). The periodontal condition was assessed by the PMA index (papillary-marginal-alveolar index) modified with Parma (1960). Bleeding index was determined according to Loe, Silness (1967), that is, the so-called gingival index (GI). We also calculated the bleeding index according to Muhleman H.R. (1971).&#x0D; There was no statistically significant difference in the values of the intensity of caries, its prevalence and hygiene indexes in the group with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared with healthy children.&#x0D; Our studies showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and patients with type I diabetes mellitus regarding periodontal indexes and gingival bleeding, consistent with existing data in the literature. Inflammatory processes in the periodontium of children and adults with diabetes mellitus have been increased. It is also very important to recognize this process as soon as possible.&#x0D; The results of this research work determine that children with diabetes have a great risk of bleeding gums compared to children without diabetes.&#x0D; We cannot say that gingivitis in children always lead to destructive periodontal disease in adulthood, a number of Ukrainian and foreign authors point out that children with insulin-dependent diabetes are more prone to periodontal destruction, than healthy ones. This is important because the most common periodontal diseases can be prevented even in people with an increased susceptibility to them and the development of destruction can be stopped by early detection of the disease in the early stages. Moreover, there is evidence that the treatment of periodontal disease in adults with diabetes has a positive effect on the level of metabolic control of these individuals.&#x0D; Thus, in light of the current results, oral screening and preventive programs should emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis of periodontal disease even during the milk occlusion and period of mixed dentition, especially in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Association between ABO blood groups and dermatoglyphics with periodontal status among individuals: A pilot study

Aim: The present study will be conducted to determine any correlation between periodontal diseases and ABO blood groups and dermatoglyphics pattern. Material and Method: Periodontal examination will consists of probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. Healthy participants displayed periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss 4 mm, no attachment loss with signs of gingivitis. Periodontitis patients exhibited at least one site with periodontal pocket depth more than 4 mm and attachment loss more than 3 mm.Thumb prints of each patient were recorded using ink pad method. They were then classified into different forms like arches, whorls and loops. Result: It was observed that there was no statistical significant association between periodontal status and blood groups. On statistical analysis significant association was found only between Left Thumbprints and periodontal status where patients with radial thumbprint were more prone to develop periodontal status. Conclusion: Within the limits of the study dermatoglyphics can be of potential diagnostic aid in determining genetic basis of periodontal diseases. However, further large scale qualitative and quantitative research will aid in proving the rightfulness of present study and investigate the biological plausibility to explain the association.

Oral health status of athletes with an intellectual disability competing in the Special Olympics GB National Games 2017.

Background The aim of this paper is to describe the oral health status of athletes with intellectual disabilities competing in the Special Olympics, GB National Games, held in Sheffield in August 2017.Methods and materials A convenience sample of athletes who participated in the Special Olympics Special Smiles screening programme was used. All data was recorded on validated Healthy Athletes screening forms.Results Of the 692 athletes that participated, 14% had untreated decay, 51.9% had at least one filling and 28.6% had signs of gingivitis. Furthermore, 6.2% reported pain from their mouth and 2.7% were found to require urgent treatment. Overall, 90.3% reported to clean their mouths at least once per day and 0.7% were found to be edentulous.Discussion The findings from this screening highlighted lower rates of decay, pain and urgent treatment need in comparison to Special Olympic screenings worldwide.Conclusion The oral health of athletes competing in the GB National Games 2017 was better than noted at most Special Olympic events throughout the world. There is little data published on the oral health of individuals with learning disabilities in the UK. These results provide valuable baseline data to monitor and review the oral health of Special Olympic athletes within Great Britain.

Oral Health Status of Patients with Repaired Cleft Lip and Palate in Central Vietnam.

To determine the oral hygiene habits, levels of dental caries, and periodontal condition of patients with repaired cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Central Vietnam. A total of 78 patients (1-54 years old; median: 6 years) with CL/P were examined for dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index, gingival bleeding on probing and periodontal pocket depth. Data about dental visits, brushing habits and socioeconomic status were collected. A majority of patients brushed their teeth at least once a day with fluoride dentifrice but did not floss. The caries prevalence was 87.2%. The dmft of patients aged ≤ 5 years and 6-12 years were 7.4 and 9.0. The DMFT of patients aged 6-12 years, and ≥ 13 years were 1.6, and 6.7; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The percentages of patients who had bleeding on probing and had periodontal pocket depth 3.5-5.5 mm were 57.7% and 5.3%, respectively. Patients with repaired CL/P in Central Vietnam had a very high level of caries and had signs of gingivitis but not periodontitis. It is recommended to implement dental care in the treatment protocol for patients with CL/P.

Current Status of Proteomic Technologies for Discovering and Identifying Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Periodontal Disease.

Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental biofilms. To eliminate the bacteria, immune system cells release substances that inflame and damage the gums, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone, leading to swollen bleeding gums, which is a sign of gingivitis. Damage from periodontal disease can cause teeth to loosen also. Studies have demonstrated the proteomic approach to be a promising tool for the discovery and identification of biochemical markers of periodontal diseases. Recently, many studies have applied expression proteomics to identify proteins whose expression levels are altered by disease. As a fluid lying in close proximity to the periodontal tissue, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is the principal target in the search for periodontal disease biomarkers because its protein composition may reflect the disease pathophysiology. Biochemical marker analysis of GCF is effective for objective diagnosis in the early and advanced stages of periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are also promising targets for proteomics, and several groups, including ours, have applied proteomics in the search for GCF biomarkers of periodontal diseases. This search is of continuing interest in the field of experimental and clinical periodontal disease research. In this article, we summarize the current situation of proteomic technologies to discover and identify GCF biomarkers for periodontal diseases.

Oral health status of pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria

Oral diseases have been shown to negatively affect pregnancy outcomes, yet, routine oral health care is not a component of the antenatal care package in Nigeria. This study was designed to describe the pattern of the oral conditions in pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant controls. Two hundred and twenty-five pregnant women and 166 non-pregnant controls were studied from two healthcare facilities in Ilorin. Oral-related complaints were assessed in the pregnant population while both of the groups had an oral cavity examination. The mean age of the respondents was 28.24 years ±4.77 and 80% had at least a secondary school level of education. The prevalence of oral complaints among the pregnant women was 19.1%. Gingivitis was more common among the pregnant women than the non-pregnant women, and more demonstrable on examination. Oral healthcare should be a component of the antenatal care in our environment.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Women experience oral disorders in pregnancy, which may be worsened by the physiological changes in pregnancy.What do the results of this study add? This study has demonstrated a higher prevalence of gingivitis in the pregnant women than in the non-pregnant women on oral examination. The signs of gingivitis were higher than its related complaints.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Therefore, dental care and an examination should be part of a routine antenatal care package to prevent the unwanted pregnancy outcomes that are related to oral disorders.

High Level of Gingival Inflammation in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Despite Regular Dental Visits and Limited Microvascular Complications

The aim of the study was to evaluate small fiber neuropathy and periodontal health conditions on a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes. The study participants were 18 females and 23 males with a mean age of 37.9 years (age range: 18-83 years). First, a routine medical examination was conducted at the Diabetology Clinics of the Geneva Universtity Hospital. Electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) was measured by Sudoscan, a noninvasive tool for detecting diabetic small fiber neuropathy. Participants were further examined for presence of periodontal disease by means of Plaque and Gingival indices (PI and GI respectively), probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing. Self-reported attitudes and behavior regarding dental care was also collected during the visit. The mean duration of affliction with diabetes was 14.6 ±11.9 years, with a mean glycosylated heamoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.96±1.68%. The Sudoscan measurements showed an average ESC value between right and left sides for the hands of 68.2±13.4 microSiemenns (µS) and for the feet an ESC value of 79±6.9 µS. Seven percent of the subjects presented moderate dysfunction (ESC values 60-40 µS) whereas only one subject presented severe dysnfunction (&amp;lt; 40 µS). The periodontal examination revealed that all patients (except from 2) had signs of gingivitis, defined as presence of at least 2 sites with a GI&amp;gt;1. Gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing was present in 66% of the participants in more than 20% of sites independently of the presence of small fiber neuropathy. Periodontitis was observed in 15% of the subjets with a mean of 13 sites with PD&amp;gt;4mm and bleeding on probing. The majority of subjects (70%) reported having regular dental visits at least once per year. In the present cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes the main finding was the occurrence of pronounced gingival inflammation in the majority of subjects independently of small fiber neuropathy and despite regular dental visits. Disclosure M. Roy: None. G. Gastaldi: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S, Medtronic, Dexcom, Inc., Sanofi, Roche Diabetes Care Health and Digital Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. A. Mombeli: None. C. Giannopoulou: None.

T2 relaxation mapping MRI of healthy and inflamed gingival tissue.

To investigate the use and reproducibility of MRI transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping in healthy and inflamed gingivae. 21 subjects were recruited into 2 groups: those without evidence of gingivitis ("healthy"; n = 11, age 24.0 ± 3.66 years) by visual assessment and those with moderate to severe gingivitis ("gingivitis"; n = 10, age 28.9 ± 6.03 years) exhibited across the second mandibular premolar and first mandibular molar buccal gingivae. Subjects were imaged by MRI twice in a single day. Three T2 weighted turbo spin-echo volumes with 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.8-mm3 resolution were acquired at echo times of 16, 32 and 48 ms for T2 decay fitting. Image analysis was fully blinded; the two imaging sessions were not identifiable as coming from the same subject. Each imaging session had independent regions of interest drawn on the first echo image and applied to the calculated T2 decay maps. The coefficient of variation was low and similar in healthy and gingivitis populations: 6.10 and 5.25% populations, respectively, with 5.65% populations across both groups. Bland-Altman analysis revealed no bias (mean -2.93%; 95% confidence intervals -22.20 to 16.34%) between sessions. The intersession agreement was good (r = 0.744, ρ = 0.568, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.68). T2 mapping did not differentiate healthy from gingivitis groups. The mean T2 value in the healthy group (63.7 ms) was similar to that of the gingivitis group (65.23 ms) (p = 0.30). Mapping of the T2 decay in the gingivae was a repeatable process; however, T2 value alone did not differentiate those with clinical examination-determined gingivitis from those without signs of gingivitis.

English

English

Tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico en pacientes con gingivitis y periodontitis moderada. Respuesta bioquímica y microbiológica

ObjectiveTo ascertain inflammatory response through interleucina 1β presence and identify pathogenic microorganisms as possible immunological and microbiological markers in diagnosis and treatment non-surgical periodontal in patients with gingivitis and moderate chronic periodontitis in a sample of Mexican population. Material and methodsIn the present prospective cohort study, 18 patients with signs of gingivitis and 17 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were selected. Samples of subgingival biofilm and of crevicular gingival fluid were collected. Interleukine 1β was quantified during the pre-treatment, post-treatment and maintenance phases of the nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Student test, as well as categorical variables which were analyzed with the TurkeyKramer test. For independent groups the Pearson test was used. ResultsMicrobiological response variables showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans significantly decreased in subjects with gingivitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Actinomyces ssp. decreased in cases. Biochemical response variables showed significant decrease in IL-1β concentration and total count in individuals with moderate chronic periodontitis in treatment maintenance phase. The same result applied to clinical response variables. ConclusionsThere is a decrease in Interleukin 1β levels with decrease in microflora. Interleukin 1β are sensitive markers for diagnosis of periodontal disease and assessment of its severity.

Non surgical periodontal treatment in patients with gingivitis and moderate periodontitis. Biochemical and microbiological response

ObjectiveTo ascertain inflammatory response through interleukin 1β presence and identify pathogenic microorganisms as possible immunological and microbiological markers in diagnosis and treatment non-surgical periodontal in patients with gingivitis and moderate chronic periodontitis in a sample of Mexican population. Material and methodsIn the present prospective cohort study, 18 patients with signs of gingivitis and 17 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were selected. Samples of subgingival biofilm and of crevicular gingival fluid were collected. Interleukin 1β was quantified during the pre-treatment, post-treatment and maintenance phases of the non- surgical periodontal treatment. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Student test, as well as categorical variables which were analyzed with the Turkey-Kramer test. For independent groups the Pearson test was used. ResultsMicrobiological response variables showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans significantly decreased in subjects with gingivitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Actinomyces ssp. decreased in cases. Biochemical response variables showed significant decrease in IL-1β concentration and total count in individuals with moderate chronic periodontitis in treatment maintenance phase. The same result applied to clinical response variables. ConclusionsThere is a decrease in Interleukine 1β levels with decrease in microflora. Interleukin 1β are sensitive markers for diagnosis of periodontal disease and assessment of its severity.