Abstract
Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental biofilms. To eliminate the bacteria, immune system cells release substances that inflame and damage the gums, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone, leading to swollen bleeding gums, which is a sign of gingivitis. Damage from periodontal disease can cause teeth to loosen also. Studies have demonstrated the proteomic approach to be a promising tool for the discovery and identification of biochemical markers of periodontal diseases. Recently, many studies have applied expression proteomics to identify proteins whose expression levels are altered by disease. As a fluid lying in close proximity to the periodontal tissue, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is the principal target in the search for periodontal disease biomarkers because its protein composition may reflect the disease pathophysiology. Biochemical marker analysis of GCF is effective for objective diagnosis in the early and advanced stages of periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are also promising targets for proteomics, and several groups, including ours, have applied proteomics in the search for GCF biomarkers of periodontal diseases. This search is of continuing interest in the field of experimental and clinical periodontal disease research. In this article, we summarize the current situation of proteomic technologies to discover and identify GCF biomarkers for periodontal diseases.
Highlights
Periodontal disease is characterized by the destruction of hard and soft connective tissue constituents of the periodontium [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
A rising number of studies have recently used expression proteomics to identify proteins whose abundance levels are altered by a disease
Proteomic analysis using 2-DE and Mass spectrometry (MS) monitor changes that occur in the protein component of tissues and subcellular compartments
Summary
Periodontal disease is characterized by the destruction of hard and soft connective tissue constituents of the periodontium [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is used to investigate proteomic changes that are associated with periodontal disease [15,16,17,18] (Figure 1). Use of proteomic technologies for discovering and identifying GCF biomarkers for periodontal disease using matrix2-.aHsusmisatnedGilnagsievraldCeresvoircupltairoFnlu/iidosn(GizCaFt)iSoanmtpilmese-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Few investigators have measured GCF; their observations have differed due to the variation in the GCF samples collected. Preianò et al [28,29] investigated the influence of collection methods and storage conditions on MALDI-TOF MS profiling of GCF. Mass spectra of five peptides were expressed differentially between gingivitis patients and healthy controls Among these biomarkers, the C-terminal fragment of α-1-antitrypsin, namely C-36 peptide, and two different PTMs of the full-length S100A9 protein were found. No significant changes were observed for storage at −80 ◦C after 1 month [28,29]
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